Viewpoint Of Shape Research Articles

IMPROVEMENT AND EXTENSION OF SHAPE EVALUATION CRITERIA IN MULTI-SCALE IMAGE SEGMENTATION

Abstract. From the last decade, the multi-scale image segmentation is getting a particular interest and practically being used for object-based image analysis. In this study, we have addressed the issues on multi-scale image segmentation, especially, in improving the performances for validity of merging and variety of derived region’s shape. Firstly, we have introduced constraints on the application of spectral criterion which could suppress excessive merging between dissimilar regions. Secondly, we have extended the evaluation for smoothness criterion by modifying the definition on the extent of the object, which was brought for controlling the shape’s diversity. Thirdly, we have developed new shape criterion called aspect ratio. This criterion helps to improve the reproducibility on the shape of object to be matched to the actual objectives of interest. This criterion provides constraint on the aspect ratio in the bounding box of object by keeping properties controlled with conventional shape criteria. These improvements and extensions lead to more accurate, flexible, and diverse segmentation results according to the shape characteristics of the target of interest. Furthermore, we also investigated a technique for quantitative and automatic parameterization in multi-scale image segmentation. This approach is achieved by comparing segmentation result with training area specified in advance by considering the maximization of the average area in derived objects or satisfying the evaluation index called F-measure. Thus, it has been possible to automate the parameterization that suited the objectives especially in the view point of shape’s reproducibility.

IMPROVEMENT AND EXTENSION OF SHAPE EVALUATION CRITERIA IN MULTI-SCALE IMAGE SEGMENTATION

From the last decade, the multi-scale image segmentation is getting a particular interest and practically being used for object-based image analysis. In this study, we have addressed the issues on multi-scale image segmentation, especially, in improving the performances for validity of merging and variety of derived region’s shape. Firstly, we have introduced constraints on the application of spectral criterion which could suppress excessive merging between dissimilar regions. Secondly, we have extended the evaluation for <i>smoothness</i> criterion by modifying the definition on the extent of the object, which was brought for controlling the shape’s diversity. Thirdly, we have developed new shape criterion called <i>aspect ratio</i>. This criterion helps to improve the reproducibility on the shape of object to be matched to the actual objectives of interest. This criterion provides constraint on the aspect ratio in the bounding box of object by keeping properties controlled with conventional shape criteria. These improvements and extensions lead to more accurate, flexible, and diverse segmentation results according to the shape characteristics of the target of interest. Furthermore, we also investigated a technique for quantitative and automatic parameterization in multi-scale image segmentation. This approach is achieved by comparing segmentation result with training area specified in advance by considering the maximization of the average area in derived objects or satisfying the evaluation index called F-measure. Thus, it has been possible to automate the parameterization that suited the objectives especially in the view point of shape’s reproducibility.

Geometric Accuracy Evaluation of Fabricated Parts by Additive Manufacturing toward Parallel Fabrication

Most rapid prototyping models are fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM) devices, which are usually called as 3D-printers. The AM models are expected to be used as practical parts for small batch manufacturing and maintenance parts supply. The main problem of AM for practical parts depends on processing accuracy and productivity. To compete with these problems, the parallel fabrication is considered. In this paper, after the concept of the parallel fabrication is introduced, the geometric accuracy of AM parts is evaluated and discussed from viewpoints of shape and processing. Two primitive shapes, which are a cube and a cylinder, are chosen as evaluation objects. These models are fabricated by two different type AM processing, which are Stereo Lithography (SL) and Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). The geometry of objects is measured by a contact type 3D measurement system. As a result, characteristics of geometric error, which depend on shape features and AM processing, were found. The design guideline for contact surfaces between segmented parts is discussed.

Some New Four Coordinated Hg(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, Electrochemical Behavior, Antibacterial/Antifungal Properties, and Theoretical Investigation

Five mercury(II) complexes of a recently synthesized bidentate Schiff base ligand were prepared. All mercury(II) coordination compounds were characterized perfectly with the aid of elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV-Visible, and molar conductance. Morphology of mercury bromide particles as typical one in the view point of shape and size were qualified by SEM. Electrochemical behaviors of Hg(II) complexes as compared with ligand were evaluated by using cyclic voltammetry method. The results showed a similar redox behavior for coordinated ligand in complexes with respect to free ligand. Antibacterial/antifungal properties of the compounds were checked against three Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), Salmonella spp., and two Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Coryne- bacterium renale, and three fungal strains (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Candida albicans). The results revealed acceptable antibacterial/antifungal activities for most of the compounds. HgL(N3)2 showed remarkable activity against Penicillium chrysogenum. Furthermore theoretical investigation of ligand and mercury complexes was performed by Gaussian 98 at the UB3LYP/LANL2MB level of theory. Some structural and energetic data such as bond length, bond angle, torsional angle, dipole moment of compounds, Gibbs free energy, and enthalpy and entropy of complex formation were evaluated.

Feasibility of Rotary Cup Atomizer for Slag Granulation.

At the present molten slag from a blast furnace (B.F.) is granulated by impinging much water without any recovery of its much sensible heat (1 823 K), polluting water and atmosphere. To solve these problems, we studied the dry granulation of molten slag by Rotary Cup Atomizer (RCA), in which the influence of the rotating speed of the RCA on slag drop size was mainly examined. In the experiment, the molten B.F. slag was supplied to the center of RCA with air blast. Slag drops flown from the cup lip due to centrifugal force were collected and examined from viewpoints of shape, dimension and the flown distance of the drop.Most significantly, molten slag was successfully granulated under the dry conditions without water impingement. The rotating speed of the RCA influenced the diameter and shape of slag drop very strongly. The higher rotating speed made the slag drops smaller, more spherical and more uniform. Drops with 5 to 6 mm of average dimension were obtained at the rotating speed of 15 rps (900 rpm), and drops with less than 1 mm, at that of 50 rps (3 000 rpm). In the former case, the shape of drop obtained was distributed, changing from sphere to stick at the further place from the center of RCA. The results revealed a possibility of alternative, new slag granulation process with many benefits.

Optimization of Pass Schedule from the View Point of Shape and Profile of Cold Rolled Strip

The paper aims at finding analytically an optimum pass schedule for producing strip with uniform thickness across the width and dead flat shape. The profile of strip is calculated by a three-dimensional analysis in which the elastic deformation of rolls and the plastic deformation of strip are considered as one system. The flatness defect is considered as the elastic buckling by the the residual stress which is calculated from the stresses at the exit of roll gap.