Landscape Point Of View Research Articles

Conservation and Landscape Evaluation of Some Endangered Species in Türkiye

In addition to in-situ conservation activities related to endangered taxa, it has a great importance to provide ex-situ conservation activities to increase awareness and to determine their usage areas by examining reproduction methods. In the line with, the aim of the study is to prevent the extinction of some endangered endemic taxa in Ayaş, Beypazarı and Nallıhan regions of Ankara province in Türkiye, to evaluate the taxa within the framework of sustainable conservation and use principles by raising awareness, and thus to protect the biodiversity in the region. For these purposes, during their vegetation periods throughout the years 2020-2022, some observations were recorded in landscape point of view from the habitats of 9 Critically Endangered (CR) and 3 Vulnerable (VU) taxa. Moreover, all the taxa are photographed and have been archived in the Collections of National Botanical Garden of Türkiye (NBGT) as National Herbarium (TC), DNA and Tissue Banks. Also, samples have been kept in 70% EtOH for Microscobic Slide Collection of NBGT. In addition, the possibilities of using taxa in the landscape area were evaluated. The results of the habitat observations for years serve as a basis for future conservation and landscape gain efforts for the taxa.

The ‘Deluge’ of 25 October 1822 in Genoa, Italy

The ‘Deluge’ of 25 October 1822 in Genoa, Italy

CHARCTERISTICS OF NEW BUILDINGS IN THE IMPACT AREA OF A LARGE CITY

The existence of many field estates, despite their apparent order, from the landscape point of view is chaotic, incoherent and inefficient in terms of communication. The article attempts to create a typology of the most characteristic layouts of housing estates and to indicate the main factors influencing the formation of building complexes. The subject of the study is the analysis of the specificity of the spatial development of suburban zones in three cities: Rzeszów, Poznań and Warsaw. The aim of the analysis is to show the similarities and differences in selected areas. The implementation effect is the recognition of the nature of the buildings spreading outside the city’s territory. Determining the typology of buildings that can be located in specific areas may also help in practice of issuing decisions on development conditions. The catalogue of possible solutions, together with the analysis of the produced communication systems, will allow to forecast the spatial shape of future investments and, consequently, to optimize the provisions limiting pathological solutions.

Environmental Identities and the Sustainable City. The Green Roof Prospect for the Ecological Transition

This research deals with the issue of the recovery of the historic urban fabric with a view towards ecological transition, nowadays considered the preferable direction of sustainability for the reform of the house–city–landscape system. The massive incentives provided by the Italian government for sustainable building, in view of the post-pandemic economic recovery, risk being reduced to mere support for the real estate sector, which turns the financial transfer from the public into an increase in asset value for the private sector. Such an incentive system could contradict the original function of the city, which is to be the privileged place for social communication and the creation of the identity of settled communities. A process of property development that disregards the distribution of income favors the most valuable property, thus increasing the socioeconomic distance between centrality and marginality. The latter is a condition that often characterizes the parts of the historic city affected by extensive phenomena of physical and functional obsolescence of the built heritage, and it is less capable of attracting public funding. The increase of building decay and social filtering-down accelerates the loss and involution of neighborhood identities; the latter constitutes the psycho-social energy that helps preserve the physical, functional and anthropological integrity of the city, due to the differences that make its parts recognizable. This study, with reference to a neighborhood in the historic city of Syracuse (Italy), proposes a model of analysis, evaluation and planning of interventions on the buildings’ roofs, aimed at defining the best strategy for ecological–environmental regeneration. The model presented allows one to generate a multiplicity of alternative strategies that combine different uses of roofs: from the most sustainable green roofs, but that are less cost-effective from the identity and landscape point of view; to the most efficient photovoltaic roofs from the energy–environmental point of view; and up to the most cost-effective ones, the vertical extensions with an increase in building volume. The proposed tool is an inter-scalar multidimensional valuation model that connects the multiple eco-socio-systemic attitudes of individual buildings to the landscape, identity, energy–environmental and economic overall dimensions of the urban fabric and allows one to define and compare multiple alternative recovery hypotheses, evaluating their potential impacts on the built environment. The model allows the formation of 100 different strategies, which are internally coherent and differently satisfy the above four perspectives, and it provides the preferable ones for each of the five approaches practiced. The best strategy characterizes most green roofs, 427 out of 1075 building units, 277 blue roofs, 121 green–blue roofs and 46 grey roofs.

Coastal vs volcanic processes: Procida Island as a case of complex morpho-evolutive response

The island of Procida (Gulf of Naples, Italy) is a site of considerable importance from a historical, cultural, and landscape point of view. The island is located along a volcanic active area in the mid-Tyrrhenian and owes its formation to several explosive eruptions started more than 70 ka BP. Presently, the entire perimeter of the island is bordered by cliffs, often articulated in an alternation of headlands and coves, sometimes with shallow sandy beaches at the base (pocket beaches). However, the presence of different orders of submarine terraced surfaces represents a significant clue to coastal response to former sea-level stands.This paper aims at reconstructing the main coastal changes that occurred in the area during the Holocene mainly driven by the interaction between the post-glacial sea-level rise, vertical ground movements (VGMs) of volcano-tectonic origin, and wave action. The coastal sector was investigated using a multi-techniques approach including direct and indirect methods, in order to obtain a detailed geomorphological characterization of the whole study area. In particular, data from direct coastal surveys were integrated with photo-interpretation of areal and satellite photos, morphometric analysis of high-resolution DTMs from Lidar and bathymetric data, interpretation of morpho-acoustic data, archaeological, geomorphological and geological sea-level markers. The geomorphological analysis of this multidisciplinary dataset resulted in the detection of the main morphological elements interpreted as evidence of ancient seascapes. In particular, three orders of paleo-shore platforms were mapped in the underwater sector, allowing the evaluation of as many phases of relative sea-level stand, at −23.2 m, −11.2 m, and − 4.2 m MSL dated at approximately 4.0, 2.0, and 1.0 ka BP. These coastal landforms were interpreted as the main consequence of a seacliff retreat, exacerbated by volcano-tectonic intermittent subsidence that favoured their poly-cyclic formation. However, the integration between the geomorphological and meteo-marine analysis allowed discriminating differentiated cliff backwearing responses between the western and eastern coastal sectors of the island, due to a prevailing occurrence of storms from the south-western sector. The proposed methodological approach focused on a multi-temporal geomorphological analysis applied to a multi-modal dataset, aims to comprehensive reconstruct the coastal response of a volcanic high rocky coast to the complex interaction between endogenous and exogenous forcing factors during the Holocene.

Sassi of Matera Building Material: High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy Characterization for Radioprotection

The Sassi of Matera (Basilicata region, southern Italy) is a peculiar site, but not unique in Italy, from a landscape point of view. Most of the buildings are excavated in rocks of calcarenite origin and used as homes and accommodation facilities. For this reason, the contribution of gamma radiation to the population due to this building material has been investigated for the first time. Even though the type of rock is not mentioned among the construction materials indicated in Italian Legislative Decree 101/2020 to be subjected to radiological characterization, the methodology indicated in the decree was applied, comparing the values with those present in the literature. The content of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K was then investigated with gamma spectroscopy, and the gamma index was calculated. The results obtained showed a low level of activity concentration of natural radionuclides in this type of stone, confirming the radiological safety. This result can also support the recovery and restoration initiatives for these buildings to conserve the architectural and landscape heritage of this village.

El paisaje salinero canario. Alternativas para su revitalización

Las salinas constituyen uno de los paisajes más singulares que la humanidad ha creado al borde del mar y son considerados como espacios etnográficos de gran interés para la ciudadanía. Ante el manifiesto estado ruinoso que presentan las salinas canarias debido al abandono por parte de la sociedad actual de las mismas por falta de actividad, se pretende apostar por la recuperación de las mismas desde un punto de vista paisajístico, creando espacios ajardinados de carácter liquido e iluminados artificialmente en horario nocturno mediante el constaste de las tonalidades de las lámparas. La iniciativa planteada posibilitaría recuperar lo que aún no se ha perdido de estas construcciones tan singulares procedentes del patrimonio industrial tradicional canario y aportarían un valor añadido respecto a las diversas rutas culturales, patrimoniales y paisajísticas pensadas fundamentalmente en horario diurno.

A differential game in a duopoly with instantaneous incentives

In this paper, we study a differential game in which two competing firms exploit a public renewable resource that is relevant from a landscape point of view. We consider a policy maker that provides an instantaneous incentive to the firms in order to prevent the resource exhaustion during the whole extraction period, which coincides with the harvesting license period. We compute an open-loop Nash equilibrium of the differential game, showing that it coincides with a linear feedback Nash equilibrium. Finally, we compute the value of the incentive that leads to the maximization of social welfare considering the incentive both as a pure transfer and as a cost.

Digital mapping for archaeological heritage

This essay intends to show the results of a research about Phlegraean Fields, a large zone which extends to the west of the city of Naples, very important from an historical, archaeological and landscape point of view. Surveying and representation methods have been experimented which can read and effectively represent the complexity of areas characterized by the presence of archaeological sites. A the same time, the potential of the techniques of interactive representation including immersive shoots have been verified, with the goal of identifying new methods of spreading knowledge to enhance cultural assets.

HIGH DENSITIES OF CERVIDAE EFFECT TO FOREST REGENERATION IN MIXED BROADLEAF FOREST IN SOUTH PART OF LITHUANIA

The abundance of Cervidae species is increasing in Lithuania as well as in thewhole Baltic region. High densities of forest ruminants: Moose (Alces alces), Reddeer (Cervus elaphus), Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), Fallow deer (Dama dama)and European bison (Bison bonasus) cause a significant damage both to naturalforest regeneration and afforestation. Strong negative impact on forest regenerationlead to increased costs of forest regeneration, formation and maintenance. Thus, thebalance among intensive silviculture and big game management must be found forsustainable use of environment recourses. In our study, we observed the influenceof cervids density increment to natural forest regeneration in mixed broadleafforest, which is located near the Zuvintas strict reserve, and in landscape point ofview connected with other forest arrays by natural migration corridors. We foundthat natural regenerated forest understory is hardly damaged as well as culturalforest plantations. Thus, hunting pressure in our research area is obviously too lowand the current abundance of wild ruminants will not allow the economicallyeffective intensive silviculture. After investigation we found a steady Cervidaeabundance, not exceeding the highest optimal densities. Cervid winter pasturequality is relatively good – economically and browsing very intensively did noteffect ecologically important tree species regeneration in forest understory.However, damage degree to forest regeneration in our observed stands was veryhigh. Natural as well as artificial forest regeneration is rather difficult, thus cerviddensities should be reduced of expensive protection tools should be implemented inforest regeneration stands.

Maquinações de natureza em episódios urbanos

O artigo aborda maquinações entre natureza e cidade a partir das políticas de subjetivação contemporâneas analisadas com enfoque nas interações entre hegemonias e resistências. Explora interações e rupturas entre hegemonia e resistência através da contextualização de situações contributivas para a reflexão do urbanismo sob a ótica da paisagem, das visibilidades, da política e dos afetos citadinos. Tais interações desdobram-se de três episódios contextualizados nas cidades de Salvador, Recife e Rio de Janeiro: 1) Desaparecimento e morte dos rios; 2) Um lugar ao sol na natureza urbana: territorialidades e paisagem; e 3) Pesca artesanal e paisagem: territorialidades de memória e apagamentos. Os episódios articulam sentidos de “hiper-realidade” (BAUDRILLARD, 1991); “maquínico” (DELEUZE e GUATTARI, 2007); e “justificativas ambientais” (ACSELRAD, 2010), entre outros, assumindo diferentes configurações para práticas urbanas relacionadas com a natureza. A abordagem pelo viés da subjetivação instaura campos de forças tensionados, denominados de natureza celibatária.

Thematic Parks in the Context of Rural Development in Peripheral Regions

Thematic parks being an element of rural land management in peripheral regions may constitute a very important factor for the development of these areas. To fulfil this task, the programmes and scope of investment of such parks should comply with the specificity of a given region. Localisation, the dimensions as well as the range of influence of thematic parks, should include natural and cultural characteristics of the potential investment area. Thesis: Small, thematic parks promoting the culture and natural values of a given region should be created in the areas which are valuable from a cultural and landscape point of view. Degraded areas may become fields of substantial investment in the thematic parks which are a culture-creating factor activating a given region and at the same time constituting an element of natural rehabilitation of a region.

The 27 February 2014 San Leo landslide (northern Italy)

The report describes a recent landslide occurred in San Leo (northern Italy), an outstanding village from the historical, architectural and landscape point of view. On February 27, 2014, around 6 pm local time, about 0.30 Mm3 of rock detached from a sub-vertical cliff and fell into the facing valley, producing a roar and a shake, which was initially perceived by the inhabitants as an earthquake, then followed by a dust cloud produced by the fragmentation of material during the collapse. Fortunately, nobody was injured, neither the landslide damaged any relevant structure; anyhow, it is still posing a severe threat to the village and, above all, to the fortress that represents an architectural masterpiece dating back to the middle ages. An outlook of the event will be given, along with the description of the peculiar geological and geomorphological features driving the slope instability phenomena, which indeed are widely diffused in the entire region. Lastly, an overview of the landslides, which historically affected the village, is also given, showing how natural hazards can influence the history of a site.

Path dependence and landscape: initial conditions, contingency and sequences of events in latgale, latvia

The notion of path dependence has not yet been well explored as a tool for analysing landscape change. Within geography it is primarily economic geographers who have, up until now, shown a keen interest in this concept which stresses the role of social agency and institutions in understanding the development trajectories of regions. Further, the notion of path dependence usefully captures the idea of contingency in historical sequences. This article presents such a perspective on landscape change analysis, discussing two dominant types of sequences in path‐dependent systems. Self‐reinforcing sequences characterize the formation and long‐term reproduction of a given institutional pattern, while reactive sequences describe chains of temporally ordered and causally connected events. From a landscape point of view, by the former we can describe the fixity of practices, by the latter the particular development of (or changes in) landscapes. Within such a framework of path dependence analysis, examples from south‐eastern Latvia, the historical region of Latgale, are used to account for the institution of partible inheritance and to explain its impact on landscapes. The landscape biographies of two villages are studied in order to understand the particular key breaking points and the (series of) reactions that follow from these events. The challenge of using the tool of path dependence analysis lies in its openness for various interpretations, suggesting the need for supplementary theory.

IDENTIFYING SENSITIVE INDICES IN THE RESPONSE OF AQUATIC BIOTA TO LANDSCAPE PATTERN CHANGES: A CASE STUDY OF THE TAIZI RIVER BASIN IN NORTH CHINA

It is widely accepted that riverine ecosystems are influenced by the landscape pattern changes of their corresponding watersheds, but few studies have identified the most sensitive and nonsensitive biotic indices, the most influential landscape metrics and the relationship between aquatic biota and landscape patterns. To address this problem, Taizi river basin of Northeast China is taken as a case study, in which GIS technology and landscape ecology method are adopted. The study is performed at both the basin scale (entire drainage area upstream from certain sample point) and the riparian scale (a certain width buffer on each side of sample point extending the length of drainage network) to direct future landscape pattern design at the corresponding scales. The results show that at the basin scale, the species richness of benthic macroinvertebrate (B-S) and the fish index of biotic integrity (F-IBI) are the most sensitive biotic indices to landscape metrics, whereas the species richness of phytoplankton (P-S), the Shannon–Weaver diversity index of phytoplankton (P-H), zooplankton (Z-H), benthic macroinvertebrate (B-H) and fish density (F-D) are not sensitive to landscape pattern changes; at the riparian scale, F-IBI, B-S and zooplankton density (Z-D) have significant correlations with 9 of 10 landscape metrics calculated in this study, whereas P-S, P-H, Z-H, B-H, F-D and species richness of fish have very low correlations with riparian landscape pattern changes. At the basin scale, no landscape pattern metrics show obviously more influence on the riverine ecosystems than other metrics. At the riparian scale, Shannon's diversity index is a very influential factor. As to both of the two scales, B-S and F-IBI are correlated with most landscape metrics. The information derived above can help understand the impacts of landscape change on river ecosystems more clearly and provide useful scientific information on river ecosystem protection from the viewpoint of landscape. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

建築家ジュゼッペ・ポッジによるコッリ大通りの路程と機能

The main street Viale dei Colli designed by the architect Giuseppe Poggi was one of the largest projects of the city planning after Florence became the Capital of the Kingdom of Italy in 1865. This street has been mainly evaluated from the view point of landscape on studies in Italy. In this research, Poggi's consideration for the upgrade of the transportation infrastructure, for the flood prevention, for the water supply and for the expropriation of land will be clarified.

Thoughts about the connection between spatial development and sustainable landscape at the region of the Northern Great Plain

This paper tries to find connections between sustainable landscape and spatial development policy of the Northern Great Plain region on the basis of specific examples explained in scientific literature. Searching for the common roots of spatial development and sustainability the paper explains two interpretation of sustainability from the view point of landscape, than the most significant element of current landscape change, the polarization of landscapes, will be introduced. This trend in landscape change basically determines the direction of spatial development. This paper analyses the Northern Great Plain region form two different approaches. In the first grouping the region is exposed from the view point of landscape. In the second partitioning the area is divided into subject matters based on the principles of sustainability and polarization of landscape. This research – analysing development plans and strategies – considers the current situation and the tasks of the future within the subject matters.

Comunicación visual mediante técnicas GIS en el litoral del Campo de Dalías: la defensa costera de los pueblos del interior.

<p>Monitoring of the coast for the protection of the in-land populations has been one of the main problems in the province of Almería during a significant part of Modern Age. Due to this was planned and developed an entire infrastructure defensive and observational in view of the arrival of pirates and corsairs to the coast of Almería. With the present work it is tried firstly to give importance to these structures from a landscape point of view, tourism and culture through GIS techniques to create view sheds. On the other, from overlapping each different view shed, their presence or absence, can give useful conclusions for the archaeology science, as a part of a research project on the visual connection between the coastal defenses and in-land populations.</p>

建築家ジュゼッペ・ポッジによるミケランジェロ広場の形態と機能

The Piazzale Michelangelo designed by the architect Giuseppe Poggi was one of the largest projects of the enlargement in nineteenth century Florence. This Piazzale has been evaluated from the view point of landscape on studies in Italy. In this research, Poggi's consideration for the land condition after the unification of Italy and the transfer of the capital to Florence, the prevention of landslide of the Monte alle Croci and the hygienic situation in addition to the landscape construction will be clarified.

On the connection between spatial development and sustainable landscape in the Northern Great Plain region

This paper tries to find connection between sustainable landscape and spatial development policy of the Northern Great Plain region on the basis of specific examples explained in scientific literature. Searching for the common roots of spatial development and sustainability the paper explains two interpretations of sustainability from the view point of landscape, than the most significant element of current landscape change – the polarization of landscapes – will be introduced. This trend in landscape change basically determines the direction of spatial development. This paper analyses the Northern Great Plain region from two different approaches. In the first grouping the region is exposed from the view point of spatial development. In the second partitioning the area is divided into subject matters based on the principles of sustainability and polarization of landscape. This research – analyzing development plans and strategies – considers the current situation within the subject matters.