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The concept of the Indo-Pacific region: role and significance of India

The term ‘Indo-Pacific region’ (IPR) was first used in international studies by the Indian researcher G.S. Khurana, who included in this concept the maritime space that unites the Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific, all Asian (up to the Middle East) and even North African countries, highlighting the connecting elements of ‘energy routes’. Therefore, this article is devoted to the concept of the Indo-Pacific region (IPR), which is a new geopolitical concept in which India is being introduced. This Asian country is now seen as one of the most important elements of the region because of its enormous potential. Therefore, Western countries are trying to ‘win’ it over and bring it into the ‘leading four’ of the ITR (the United States, Japan, India, and Australia). To understand how India has become a "key element" of the RIIT, the authors analyse the main factors that influenced this. It is shown that the US views interaction with India as a ‘bearing axle’ in the American strategy in the Asia-Pacific region. The concept of the Indo-Pacific region has a clear anti-Chinese orientation and is created as a counterweight to the main initiative of the People’s Republic of China ‘One Belt, One Road’. As for India’s participation in the new format, Delhi’s difficult relations with Beijing, the rivalry of the two countries on the Asian continent, and the concerns of India, the United States, Japan and many Asian countries about China’s actions in the South China Sea are taken into account here. The role of the concept of IPR as a key element of the modern India’s foreign policy strategy is considered, the importance of economic, security, civilizational and cultural factors in this process is analyzed.

Troubleshooting Tips for Diagnosing Complex Fetal Genitourinary Malformations.

Fetal genitourinary anomalies can present a diagnostic challenge for the radiologist. The absence of a normally located kidney may represent agenesis or be secondary to a fusion or migration abnormality. A dilated renal pelvis should prompt evaluation for a specific cause, including ureteropelvic junction obstruction, reflux, or an obstructed duplicated system. Cystic parenchymal changes are characteristic of a multicystic dysplastic kidney but may also be seen in obstructive cystic dysplasia. There are numerous causes of megacystis including chromosomal (trisomy 18 syndrome), obstruction (posterior urethral valves, urethral atresia), or muscular dysfunction (prune belly syndrome, megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome). Important mimics of a large bladder include hydrocolpos and urogenital sinus or cloacal malformation. Complications of genitourinary malformations are common and include oligohydramnios, urinary ascites, and urinoma. Making an accurate diagnosis often requires additional US views beyond those obtained in the standard fetal survey and occasionally performing fetal MRI. The appropriate use of orthogonal T2-weighted sequences, in conjunction with diffusion-weighted images for evaluation of the kidneys and gradient-recalled-echo sequences for evaluation of T1-hyperintense meconium in the colon, can play an integral role in diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis of fetal genitourinary malformations is vital to direct patient counseling and pregnancy management as outcomes are highly variable. Some conditions can be surgically corrected quite simply, some require multiple complex procedures, and some are lethal. The authors offer troubleshooting tips to narrow the differential diagnosis for four observations: unilateral absent kidney, dilated renal pelvis, cystic renal parenchyma, and megacystis and its mimics. ©RSNA, 2023 Test Your Knowledge questions are available in the Online Learning Center.

Protecting the environment in armed conflict: Evaluating the US perspective

AbstractThis article outlines and evaluates the US perspective on how treaty and customary international law protect the natural environment during international armed conflict. It surveys the relevant treaties to which the United States is a party and examines US views on their pertinent provisions. It then assesses claims that the environmental obligations residing in the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Conventions have attained customary status, outlines the United States’ rejection of those claims, and evaluates the reasonableness thereof. Finally, it highlights ambiguities in certain US environmental positions, the resolution of which would bring much-needed clarity to the law.

Analysts’ perceptions of cash flow reporting: earnings reliability, confidence and implications for evaluating firm performance

PurposeThis study aims to provide insights into US and Australian analysts' views regarding the relative importance of disclosing the direct method (DM) or indirect method (IM) statement of cash flows and forecasting firm performance.Design/methodology/approachEvidence is collected from responses to 104 surveys and 52 interviews completed by US and Australian analysts from 2017 to 2022. The survey and interview questions are developed with reference to the literature.FindingsUS and Australian analysts believe that the DM format provides incremental benefits compared to the IM for (1) confirming the reliability of earnings; (2) improving earnings confidence; (3) more accurate ex ante forecasts of operating cash flow and earnings; and (4) identifying opportunistic accruals manipulation. Analysts view that DM disclosure can lower firm-level cost of equity, although US interviewees more uniformly expect lower costs of equity under DM disclosure when firms yield low earnings quality. DM disclosure is also more important during unstable economic periods, as proxied by COVID-19.Originality/valueLimited research currently exists regarding disclosure of the DM or IM and its impact on analysts' forecasting accuracy, earnings quality, economic uncertainty and cost of equity. Previous research has relied on archival research to examine differences between the DM and IM methods and are limited by data availability. Our findings are particularly relevant to the US market with few US firms reporting the DM format.

Escaping the Long Shadow Cast by Agranulocytosis: Reflections on Clozapine Pharmacovigilance Focused on the United Kingdom.

A recent article in this journal presented a US perspective regarding the modernization of clozapine prescription and proposed an escape from the long shadow cast by agranulocytosis. Here, an international group of collaborators discusses a point of view complementary to the US view by focusing on worldwide outcomes of clozapine usage that may be uneven in terms of frequency of clozapine adverse drug reactions. Studies from the Scandinavian national registries (Finland and Denmark) did not find increased mortality in clozapine patients or any clear evidence of the alleged toxicity of clozapine. Data on clozapine-associated fatal outcomes were obtained from 2 recently published pharmacovigilance studies and from the UK pharmacovigilance database. A pharmacovigilance study focused on physician reports to assess worldwide lethality of drugs from 2010 to 2019 found 968 clozapine-associated fatal outcomes in the United Kingdom. Moreover, the United Kingdom accounted for 55% (968 of 1761) of worldwide and 90% (968 of 1073) of European fatal clozapine-associated outcomes. In a pharmacovigilance study from the UK database (from 2008 to 2017), clozapine was associated with 383 fatal outcomes/year including all reports from physicians and nonphysicians. From 2018 to 2021, UK clozapine-associated fatal outcomes increased to 440/year. The interpretation of fatal outcomes in each country using pharmacovigilance databases is limited and only allows gross comparisons; even with those limitations, the UK data seem concerning. Pneumonia and myocarditis may be more important than agranulocytosis in explaining the uneven distribution of fatal outcomes in clozapine patients across countries.

The Indo-Pacific Geostrategy and the Quad: The Pacific Century and China-USA Disputes

In 2011, during the Obama administration (2009-2017), changes in the course of the United States' geostrategy for Asia were named America's Pacific Century; which marks the shift in the US foreign policy towards a focus on the Pacific in the 21st century, and on the great powers present in the region, mainly China. Such actions are mainly based on the geopolitics of Offensive Realism as a strategic premise. In order to oppose the Chinese rise in the interstate system and maintain the primacy of its interests in Asia, the US proposes the Indo-Pacific strategy, in order to balance the Chinese role in the continent; in addition to the formation of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad), together with Japan, Australia, and India, to establish a security partnership with those considered the greatest adversaries, in the US view, to Chinese interests in the Pacific. This strategy for Asia seeks to counteract the gradual Chinese preponderance in the Asia-Pacific region. Therefore, this article proposes to analyse the origins and main motivations for the establishment of a structure to contain China in the Pacific by the United States, as well as the Chinese positions and considerations for the region.

The US View of the Transforming Strategic Context in the MENA

US Secretary of State Antony Blinken recently reiterated US support for the expansion of the Abraham Accords and called for renewed Israeli-Palestinian negotiations. As highlighted by this volume’s authors, the Accords are the most significant regional peacemaking achievement in decades, having already reduced Arab-Israeli tensions—particularly at the government level—and provided opportunities for Arab states to mediate between Israel and the Palestinians. The changing regional security architecture can only be welcomed by the United States. Yet, due to political authoritarianism in the region, the Accords may fall short of their potential if the economic gains fail to reach marginalized populations. This essay contends that trade relations that support job creation and access to water and energy may increase public support. Just as a return to Israeli-Palestinian negotiations is important, political reform in the Arab countries is needed to make the Accords successful by bringing more economic benefits to the Arab streets and ensuring that there will not be a “Cold Peace.”

Knowledge Communities in US Foreign Policy Making: The American China Field and the End of Engagement with the PRC

The United States’ long-standing approach to the People’s Republic of China—“engagement”—is at an end, replaced by a tougher approach, labeled “strategic competition.” Foregrounding the role of knowledge communities in the making of US foreign policy, I show that engagement’s demise followed less a rational process responding to shifts in Chinese behavior and the balance of power, and more a paradigmatic turnover in key individuals’ views of China within the government and the China expert community. Adopting a sociological perspective attuned to the social and professional underpinnings of US foreign policy, I trace the paradigmatic turnover in US views of China to three processes: politicization, professional status competition, and personalization. Drawing on a range of sources, including over one hundred original interviews with members of the US China expert community, this article traces the entanglement of engagement at once political, professional, and deeply personal.

Distance, proximity, and authenticity in the point of view of US military drone operator autobiographies

Drone warfare disrupts the generally understood experience of war, and drone operators’ distance from the battlefield has called into question the authenticity of their experiences as participants in conflict. This article examines the autobiographies of three US military drone operators, analysing how the narration is discursively oriented to particular spatial and ideological perspectives. It argues that the linguistic construction of point of view in each text reflects a dynamic and sometimes paradoxical relationship between drone operators and their distance from the battlefield. Observing the position and shifting of deictic centres, the analysis draws parallels between spatial perspective, ideology, and the social identities of drone operators and victims of drone strikes. It concludes by reflecting on the variety of discursive strategies employed across these texts, and considers this variation itself to be an emerging trend in the discourse of drone warfare.

Foreign‐ and US‐educated faculty members’ views on what constitutes excellent teaching: Effects of prior graduate training, rank, and teaching experience

AbstractThis chapter compared views of US‐ and foreign‐educated faculty who teach in American universities on what represents excellent teaching using an online version of the teacher behavior checklist (TBC). Demographic criteria (including prior graduate training in teaching, rank, and teaching experiences) were used as bases for comparison. Both groups agreed on eight qualities of excellent teaching (although in different order) and the results underscore the role of prior graduate training in teaching, rank, and years of teaching experience in how faculty perceive excellent teaching. The results contribute novel and useful insights into the literature on master teaching as well as to faculty/instructional developers in higher education.

Mobile Ultrasound Tracking and Magnetic Control for Long‐Distance Endovascular Navigation of Untethered Miniature Robots against Pulsatile Flow

Mobile Ultrasound Tracking and Magnetic Control In article number 2100144, Li Zhang and co-workers propose an innovative combination of eye-in-hand ultrasound imaging and mobile-coil magnetic manipulation system to realize real-time tracking and navigation of a helical magnetic robot against pulsatile flow. Two novel algorithms that can overcome the US noises and view lost are presented to ensure the tracking stability and accuracy. This method provides a promising approach for microrobot navigation in the vascular system of the human body.

Monetary Keynesianism before Keynes? The January 1932 Harvard memorandum on anti-depression policies

A spotlight was directed by Laidler and Sandilands (2002) on the neglected 1932 Harvard memorandum (by Lauchlin Currie, Paul Theodore Ellsworth and Harry Dexter White). They interpret the memorandum as advocating fiscal inflationism as opposed to Keynesian fiscalism in tackling the Great Depression. While the former involves the creation of new money, the latter can operate independently of new money. This paper goes beyond this interpretation of the memorandum and argues the following: (i) the memorandum emphasises recovery in a manner which does not lose sight of secular growth; (ii) it does not take an isolationist position on the US depression but views it as a part of the broader international calamity; (iii) the memorandum appears at odds with the post-1936 notion of the liquidity trap and the consequent ineffectiveness of monetary policy and (iv) is aware of the various intricacies involved in expanding the money supply. In brief, the memorandum is an elegant piece of writing which displays a good understanding of the nuts and bolts of the money-supply process.

The United States - China Rivalry and the BRI

The article describes the United States - China rivalry and Chinas Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) through a fine-grained review of primary materials such as major US policy documents and speeches by and media interviews with key American foreign policy decisionmakers, as well as the selective use of secondary materials such as think tank studies and articles in scholarly publications. It shows that the BRI has fueled the bilateral rivalry since its birth in 2013 and that the rivalry, in turn, has affected US views about the BRI. Under President Barack Obama, the US took a muted stance towards the BRI, expressing modestly cooperative sentiments regarding it. In contrast, under President Donald Trump, Washingtons posture towards the BRI dramatically changed with his administration frequently denigrating the BRI, raising it in major security and foreign policy documents, initiating competing development schemes such as the BUILD Act, and building closer cooperation with allies against Chinas venture. Despite its angst about the BRI, however, the Trump administration never launched any large-scale countermeasures. This article contributes to clarifying the situation by correcting some factual errors in past analyses and updating the general understanding about the Trump administrations response. It systematically contemplates how internal and external economic, political, and ideational factors affected the Obama and Trump administrations responses to the BRI, demonstrating that such factors shaped or shifted US policy or bounded its form and intensity. These factors, being similar to those stressed by neoclassical realists who emphasize the role of leaders as interpreters within limits of the external environment and responders to it subject to various domestic constraints, provide a foundation which is used to speculate about the USs probable response to the BRI under President Joseph Biden, Jr.

Interchangeable Parts: Acting, Industry, and Technology in US Theater by Victor Holtcamp

Reviewed by: Interchangeable Parts: Acting, Industry, and Technology in US Theater by Victor Holtcamp Christopher Grobe INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS: ACTING, INDUSTRY, AND TECHNOLOGY IN US THEATER. By Victor Holtcamp. Theater: Theory/Text/Performance series. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2019; pp. 360. Scholarly monographs on acting tend to define their subjects narrowly. They might focus on a single teacher or theorist, or they might measure the impact of one company, school, or movement. This kind of narrowness allows for depth and erudition, so it has produced invaluable knowledge. But it can make broader trends and common foundations hard to see. For instance, scholars so exhaust themselves in disentangling the American Stanislavskians (Strasberg, Adler, Meisner, Hagen, et al.) from Stan-islavski and from one another, they have scarcely any energy left to unearth all the many assumptions these theorists share—not just with one another, but with most actors, teachers, and theorists throughout a century or more of US acting history. In Interchangeable Parts, Victor Holtcamp highlights a few of these broadly shared assumptions, connecting them to broader trends in American culture. Those assumptions include: that acting is “a collection of disparate skills” or component techniques (11), that can therefore “be broken down into a system” (7); that “exercises” could be invented to develop each of the system’s component techniques (19); that these techniques “could be learned off-stage, rather than on” (18); and that the goal is to enable “precision, control, accountability, and stability” from scene to scene, night to night, and role to role (4). Holtcamp refers to this set of assumptions as “the idea that acting [can] be technologized” (7), and he hears in it the constant echo of modern American industrial values. This newly “atomized conception of an actor’s work,” Holtcamp argues, is related to the rise of “interchangeable parts manufacturing,” the “rapid assembly” of complex things “from functionally identical components” (11–12). By teaching people to see common objects as “assemblages of smaller and smaller identical components,” this industrial innovation encouraged people to think in subdivided systems, even (apparently) when they thought about art. To keep us thinking on this level—seeing the forest, not the trees—Interchangeable Parts offers a panoramic view of US acting. In eight chapters, an introduction, and an epilogue, it ranges from stage to screen, from professional to amateur, from mainstream to avant-garde—and from the 1870s to the 1980s. Even within each chapter, Holtcamp’s argument ranges widely, holding one variable steady (usually chronology), while letting all the other variables go wild. Chapter 2, for example, tracks the impact of Frederick Winslow Taylor’s “scientific management” on acting theory in the 1910s and ’20s. But it assembles, for that purpose, an unlikely cast: not just E. Gordon Craig, but also Minnie Maddern Fiske, the Provincetown Players, and the minor critic and journal editor Luther Anthony. Because these figures share so little with one another, the habits of mind and turns of phrase they do share stand out in sharp relief. The first three chapters lay three cornerstones for Holtcamp’s argument. Chapter 1 unearths the nineteenth-century origins of what it calls the actor’s “Dream of Scales”—the belief that actor training could be systematized with the help of exercises that, like musical scales, would help actors develop the component techniques of acting. Chapter 2 shows how theatre-makers of the 1910s and ’20s came to see acting as a reproducible process and acting theory as a “science” (that is, Taylor’s ideas of “scientific management”). Chapter 3 shows how these industrial logics crystallized into particular training regimens (for example, the one purveyed by the American Laboratory Theatre) and production tools (like acting editions, director prompt-books, and other tools enabling amateur revivals of professional work). The last five chapters follow this industrial ideology of acting into different eras, aesthetic schools, and performing arts workplaces. Chapter 4 explores actor training in the silent film era, when ideologies [End Page 257] of acting from the theatre encountered film’s “inescapable connection to technology and industrial practice” (158). Chapter 5 retells the early days of Stanislavski’s uptake in America, showing how Richard Boleslavsky and the Group Theatre...

A Perspective on the State of the World's Nursing Report.

This article is a review and US view of the State of the World's Nursing (SOWN) report, released in April 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic and authored and promoted by nurses and nonnurses from the World Health Organization and Nursing Now. The report offers a comprehensive analysis of how national governments, educational, and health care institutions, public agencies, and private partners must collaborate over the coming decade to meet the anticipated growing stress on the nursing workforce. It also details the case to overcome geographic, economic, and demographic disparities that block access to effective, affordable universal health care. As an early participant in the research and preparation of this document, the National League for Nursing has been a vocal advocate for one of its key themes: serious investment in nursing education and leadership as a vital link in cocreating equitable, sustainable access to outstanding, inclusive, culturally sensitive universal health care.

Stormy Seas: The South China Sea in US-China Relations

How do the United States and China perceive each other’s role in the South China Sea disputes? In this paper, we trace how interactions between the US and China in the South China Sea have hardened perceptions of each other’s broader strategic intentions. Based on our examination of US and Chinese views, we argue that the South China Sea disputes have evolved from a contest over sovereign rights among the claimants into a contest between the US and China over the regional order, including the balance of power and international norms and rules. On the one hand, China views US involvement in the South China Sea disputes as a threat not just to its sovereignty claims but to its rise more generally. On the other hand, the United States views China’s efforts to strengthen its claims and influence in the South China Sea as a threat to the regional order and US leadership in the region. Our findings have two important implications. First, as the US and China use interactions in the South China Sea as an indicator of the other’s broader strategic intentions, hardened perceptions of each other in the South China Sea are likely to fuel adversarial perceptions in other issues. Second, unresolved territorial and sovereignty disputes may heighten the peril associated with power transitions, increasing the risk that the US and China will become entangled in an escalatory spiral.

US Policy Towards Ukraine in Conditions of the New World Order

The US policy towards Ukraine in the post-bipolar period is considered. The United States was one of the first countries to recognize Ukraine as a new subject of international law. It is proved that in the first years of Ukraine’s independence in the American expert circles the idea of its great international importance as a strategic partner was established. The United States paid great attention to the Ukrainian nuclear issue and helped to shape Ukraine’s nuclear-free status, while guaranteeing territorial integrity and security under the Budapest Treaty Memorandum of 1994, along with the Russian Federation. The United States has consistently provided support for Ukrainian democracy, reform, market transformation and national security. The US views Ukraine as an outpost to strengthen its geopolitical influence in the post-Soviet space and in Eastern Europe, as well as a unique alternative to Russian imperial policy. The United States maintained its support for Ukraine during the difficult times of its historical development, marked by a decline in democracy and an increase in authoritarianism. An important step on the part of the United States was the adoption by the Senate of a bill on the Declaration of Freedom in Ukraine of December 11, 2014, which declared full support for the Ukrainian state. Another important gesture from the US was the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions after annexation of the Crimea by Russia and the deployment of hybrid aggression in the Donbass. Since then, the United States has been providing $ 300 million in annual financial assistance to Ukraine, providing defense weapons and training to the Ukrainian military. Recently, the US has been contributing to improving Ukraine’s energy security by supporting the diversification of natural gas and nuclear fuel supplies. The prospect of further strengthening of Ukraine’s energy security should be the expansion of the network of LNG terminals in Eastern Europe. Thanks to the imposed sanctions, the US managed to suspend the construction of the Russian gas pipeline “North Stream-2”, which is aimed at undermining Ukraine’s energy transit status. However, the negative sides of Ukraine-US relations should include pressure on Ukraine by the US to prevent China’s partial privatization of the Motor Sich plant and Ukraine’s involvement in US Presidential election scandal.

Відносини між США та ЄС в контексті проблем безпеки Близького Сходу в період президентства Д. Трампа.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the transatlantic relations in the Middle East under the D. Trump administration. The research presents comparative analysis of US and EU policy toward main regional security issues – the Iranian nuclear program, the Arab-Israeli conflict and the Syrian crisis. It also examines the differences in American and European approaches to these problems and their impact on the transatlantic relations.The author came into conclusion that under the D. Trump presidency the contradictions between two actors in the Middle East have deepened. This was due to D. Trump's abrupt departure from the policies of his predecessors, as well as to his unilateral decision making. А series of contradictory steps by the American president were not supported by European allies: withdrawal from the agreement on the Iranian nuclear program; US unconditional support to Israel, including the relocation of the US embassy to Jerusalem and recognition of Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights; the decision to withdraw troops from Syria.While the United States is showing a declining interest in the Middle East, the importance of the region for European security is growing. Trump administration’s unilateral steps, as well as the differences in US and European views on important regional security issues, will require a more independent policy on the part of the European Union. However, a number of objective circumstances, above all, contradictions within the EU itself, do not allow it to act as an effective actor in the Middle East. If US involvement in the region wanes, Europe will increasingly be pushed to work with alternative powers, such as Russia and China, to further its interests.

Pathology's historic 2019 incoming residents: Why “the internationalization of pathology” may markedly advance transfusion medicine and cellular therapeutics

ObjectivesThis study had two objectives: (1) to determine if, in the United States of America (US), the proportion of non-US citizen international medical graduates (non-US IMGs) entering pathology residencies had increased (again) in 2019 and (2) to assess how this multi-year trend might impact transfusion medicine in the US. MethodsThe most recent (2019) “National Resident Matching Program” (NRMP) data were analyzed. To assess potential future impact, using controversies related to Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria, conflicting US and non-US perspectives were reviewed. Differences between published US and non-US views were identified regarding, for example, the value of Pf-resistant (“variant”) red blood cells (RBCs) and exchange transfusions. ResultsYear 2019 is the first year non-US IMGs were the largest group to fill residency-training positions for a major US specialty via the “Main Residency Match.” Also notable, US and non-US views were found to differ markedly regarding (1) the value and safety of Pf-resistant RBC variants and exchange transfusions, and (2) the threat of drug-resistant Pf-malaria parasites. Non-US clinicians and researchers seem more concerned about Pf-malaria, and their interest in cellular therapies seems greater and more optimistic. ConclusionsIn 2019, the historically high proportion of non-US IMGs among incoming pathology residents dramatically highlights the steady demographic shift that began years ago: “the internationalization of pathology” in the US. Fortunately, a review of publications related to exchange transfusion, Pf-malaria, and variant RBCs suggests non-US IMGs may markedly promote and advance cell therapies such as therapeutically-rational exchange (T-REX) of disease-resistant RBCs.

China–US trade War: an Indonesian perspective

ABSTRACTThis paper takes a holistic approach to the effect of US-China trade war on Indonesia. The paper starts by laying out the context of the rise of protectionism and nationalism, comparing developed and developing country context, and its various causes such as unequal distribution of benefits and responses to the rise of China. The new US approach focusing on goods trade deficit, targeting mainly China but also other countries, including Indonesia and it should be seen as a tool to address the real concerns of the US regarding unfair trade, such as technology transfer, industrial subsidies and trade and investment distortions. It also reflects the US view of the inadequacy of the WTO. In terms of direct impact, the US-China trade war is creating uncertainities to global growth and in particular any decline in China’s growth is likely to hit Indonesia and other ASEAN countries given that China has become their number one trading partner. As for benefit from trade diversion and investment relocation to avoid the trade war, given the structure of its exports and lack of integration in the Global Value Chains, Indonesia is unlikely to benefit compared to several other Southeast Asian countries, such as Vietnam. However, any net benefit from this, will far outweigh the cost of the uncertainty in the rules based multilateral trading system (MTS) and the retreat of the US leadership to safeguard the MTS. The paper looks at how the current US unilateralism is framed in a carrot and stick approach, which does not benefit developing countries like Indonesia. To fill the leadership vacuum to maintain an open rules based order, other countries need to take the leadership position. This can be done by pursuing their own unilateral agenda of structural reforms, increasing regional economic integration and take collective leadership to conduct necessary reforms of the WTO especially on issues that are at the heart of the US-China trade war such as industrial subsidies, strengthening IPR, investment issues related to technology transfer, and competition policy and the level playing field.