Modal View Research Articles

Beliefs about multimodality with English learners and their peers in the content areas: A mixed methods study of pre-service teachers

A substantial body of research highlights the promise of multimodal instruction and assessment for English learners (ELs) in the content areas. However, realizing this promise will likely require that teachers develop beliefs conducive to enacting multimodal pedagogies in their classrooms. This sequential mixed methods study employed the researcher-developed Beliefs about Multimodality in Instruction and Assessment with English Learners (BAMIA-EL) questionnaire to investigate pre-service teachers’ (PSTs’) beliefs about multimodality. Following a rigorous design process, the 16-item questionnaire was administered to 96 PSTs. A subset of 11 PSTs participated in retrospective interviews in which they explained their responses to each item. Findings from the quantitative analysis indicated that PSTs’ beliefs about multimodal instruction were largely favorable, while their beliefs about multimodal assessment were more varied. Findings from the qualitative analysis helped explain and complicate the quantitative findings. For example, whereas PSTs’ questionnaire responses indicated favorable beliefs about multimodality with ELs, the interviews revealed that PSTs adopted a narrow view of nonlinguistic modalities as compensatory scaffolds toward English language development. This study offers substantive implications for preparing teachers to cultivate the rich meaning-­making resources that ELs bring to content classrooms as well as methodological implications for emerging research on teachers’ beliefs about multimodality.

Alethic modality is deontic

According to one view of alethic modality, alethic modality is deontic modality with respect to thoughts or language. To say that something is necessary is to prescribe norms on how we must think or use language. This view has been argued to have many philosophical advantages over the traditional view that takes alethic modality to describe things in the world. In this article, I argue that the deontic view also enjoys a wide range of empirical support from linguistics and psychology.

Agnostic-Specific Modality Learning for Cancer Survival Prediction from Multiple Data.

Cancer is a pressing public health problem and one of the main causes of mortality worldwide. The development of advanced computational methods for predicting cancer survival is pivotal in aiding clinicians to formulate effective treatment strategies and improve patient quality of life. Recent advances in survival prediction methods show that integrating diverse information from various cancer-related data, such as pathological images and genomics, is crucial for improving prediction accuracy. Despite promising results of existing approaches, there are great challenges of modality gap and semantic redundancy presented in multiple cancer data, which could hinder the comprehensive integration and pose substantial obstacles to further enhancing cancer survival prediction. In this study, we propose a novel agnostic-specific modality learning (ASML) framework for accurate cancer survival prediction. To bridge the modality gap and provide a comprehensive view of distinct data modalities, we employ an agnostic-specific learning strategy to learn the commonality across modalities and the uniqueness of each modality. Moreover, a cross-modal fusion network is exerted to integrate multimodal information by modeling modality correlations and diminish semantic redundancy in a divide-and-conquer manner. Extensive experiment results on three TCGA datasets demonstrate that ASML reaches better performance than other existing cancer survival prediction methods for multiple data.

English

In this note, we intend to propose a chrysippian modal view of the hydrogen atom in quantum physics.

Thinking About Reasons for One's Choices Increases Sensitivity to Moral Norms in Moral-Dilemma Judgments.

Whereas norm-conforming (deontological) judgments have been claimed to be rooted in automatic emotional responses, outcome-maximizing (utilitarian) judgments are assumed to require reflective reasoning. Using the CNI model to disentangle factors underlying moral-dilemma judgments, the current research investigated effects of thinking about reasons on sensitivity to consequences, sensitivity to moral norms, and general action preferences. Three experiments (two preregistered) found that thinking about reasons (vs. responding intuitively or thinking about intuitions) reliably increased sensitivity to moral norms independent of processing time. Thinking about reasons had no reproducible effects on sensitivity to consequences and general action preferences. The results suggest that norm-conforming responses in moral dilemmas can arise from reflective thoughts about reasons, challenging the modal view on the role of cognitive reflection in moral-dilemma judgment. The findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between degree (high vs. low elaboration) and content (intuitions vs. reasons) as distinct aspects of cognitive reflection.

СЮЖЕТНАЯ СТРУКТУРА РОМАНТИЧЕСКОГО ФЭНТЕЗИ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ РОМАНОВ О ПОПАДАНЦАХ)

The article examines the specifics of the plot structure of the romfant’s works based on the material of three novels: “Trapped in the Academy of Dragons” by Lyubov Svadbina, “The Chosen One of the Storm” by Olga Pashnina and “Trapped with a Light” by Elena Schastina. Special attention is paid to the analysis of texts based on the structural and typological method developed by V.Y. Propp in his work “Morphology of a fairy tale”. The works are considered from the point of view of formality and modality, which to some extent correspond to the structure of a fairy tale and its main functions described by Propp.

English

In this note, from the appropriate modal mathematical notions, we define a modal view of the RSA cryptosystem, and then, we propose an practical application.

The Modal Future

<i>The Modal Future</i>

A review of deep learning-based deformable medical image registration.

The alignment of images through deformable image registration is vital to clinical applications (e.g., atlas creation, image fusion, and tumor targeting in image-guided navigation systems) and is still a challenging problem. Recent progress in the field of deep learning has significantly advanced the performance of medical image registration. In this review, we present a comprehensive survey on deep learning-based deformable medical image registration methods. These methods are classified into five categories: Deep Iterative Methods, Supervised Methods, Unsupervised Methods, Weakly Supervised Methods, and Latest Methods. A detailed review of each category is provided with discussions about contributions, tasks, and inadequacies. We also provide statistical analysis for the selected papers from the point of view of image modality, the region of interest (ROI), evaluation metrics, and method categories. In addition, we summarize 33 publicly available datasets that are used for benchmarking the registration algorithms. Finally, the remaining challenges, future directions, and potential trends are discussed in our review.

Retinal oxygen kinetics imaging and analysis (ROKIA) based on the integration and fusion of structural-functional imaging.

The retina is one of the most metabolically active tissues in the body. The dysfunction of oxygen kinetics in the retina is closely related to the disease and has important clinical value. Dynamic imaging and comprehensive analyses of oxygen kinetics in the retina depend on the fusion of structural and functional imaging and high spatiotemporal resolution. But it's currently not clinically available, particularly via a single imaging device. Therefore, this work aims to develop a retinal oxygen kinetics imaging and analysis (ROKIA) technology by integrating dual-wavelength imaging with laser speckle contrast imaging modalities, which achieves structural and functional analysis with high spatial resolution and dynamic measurement, taking both external and lumen vessel diameters into account. The ROKIA systematically evaluated eight vascular metrics, four blood flow metrics, and fifteen oxygenation metrics. The single device scheme overcomes the incompatibility of optical design, harmonizes the field of view and resolution of different modalities, and reduces the difficulty of registration and image processing algorithms. More importantly, many of the metrics (such as oxygen delivery, oxygen metabolism, vessel wall thickness, etc.) derived from the fusion of structural and functional information, are unique to ROKIA. The oxygen kinetic analysis technology proposed in this paper, to our knowledge, is the first demonstration of the vascular metrics, blood flow metrics, and oxygenation metrics via a single system, which will potentially become a powerful tool for disease diagnosis and clinical research.

Frailty Assessed with FRAIL Scale and G8 Questionnaire Predicts Severe Postoperative Complications in Patients Receiving Major Head and Neck Surgery.

Introduction: Frailty represents a complex geriatric syndrome associated with elevated rates of postoperative complications as shown for several malignant entities, including head and neck cancer. A specific screening instrument to assess frailty in head and neck patients does not exist. Both the FRAIL Scale and the G8 questionnaire are well-established and easy to use as screening tools. The present study’s aim was to assess the potential of frailty screening to predict postoperative complications in head and neck patients prior to surgery. Patients and methods: We recorded demographic data, pre-existing medical conditions and clinical characteristics in a prospective cohort of 104 head and neck cancer patients undergoing major head and neck surgery and assessed frailty prospectively on the day of admission utilizing the G8 questionnaire and the FRAIL Scale. We analyzed the link between occurrence of postoperative complications up to the twenty-first postoperative day and age, frailty and other covariates using χ2 tests and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: There was no significant correlation between patients’ pre-existing medical conditions and postoperative complications. Whereas chronological age alone did not predict the occurrence of postoperative complications, frailty posed the highest risk for complications. Frailty according to either the G8 questionnaire or the FRAIL Scale predicted occurrence of complications with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.64 (p = 0.018) and 0.62 (p = 0.039) and severe complications with an AUC of 0.72 (p = 0.014) and 0.69 (p=0.031), respectively. Neither frailty score correlated with age or with each other. Conclusion: Prospective screening using the FRAIL Scale or the G8 questionnaire reliably detected frailty in our sample group. Frailty is linked to increased risk of postoperative complications. The correct prediction of severe postoperative complications as shown identifies vulnerable cases and triggers awareness of potential complications. Anticipating risk allows for a more comprehensive view of the patient and triggers decision making towards risk adjustment, and therefore a selective view of alternative treatment modalities.

Матричный подход как способ выражения динамики научных представлений о языковой модальности

The paper considers the reasons behind the unwavering scholarly interest to the issue of modality, it focuses on key theoretical approaches to the understanding of this concept, and analyses the differences in interpretations of its status, structural foundations and functional origins shared by different schools of linguistic thought. The research proposes a matrix designed approach to describe the variety of scientific views on modality and their dynamics. The left-hand column of the matrix lists the main categories of the content plane which are related to the typical means of expression listed in the upper row. The bottom row contains key theoretical approaches used to describe this or that linguistic universal. The points where these parameters connect in the matrix contain essential typological characteristics of modality. On the one hand, the matrix helps to systematically describe the key characteristics (planes of expression and content, elements of structure, functional importance, etc.) of different approaches to linguistic modality. On the other hand, it integrates different views on the complicated and multifaceted structure of modality as a linguistic category: the matrix objectifies intensified linguistic enquiry into the multidimensional nature of modality, from the formal grammar approach to the functional communicative, from the modality of an utterance to the modality of text. Finally, it highlights the development of a relatively new, pragmatic-communicative view of modality.

Status of breast cancer screening strategies and indicators in Iran: A scoping review.

Background:This scoping review aimed to investigate the status of breast cancer (BC) preventive behaviors and screening indicators among Iranian women in the past 15 years. BC, as the most common cancer in women, represents nearly a quarter (23%) of all cancers. Presenting the comprehensive view of preventive modalities of BC in the past 15 years in Iran may provide a useful perspective for future research to establish efficient services for timely diagnosis and control of the disease.Materials and Methods:The English and Persian articles about BC screening modalities and their indicators in Iran were included from 2005 to 2020. English electronic databases of Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, and Persian databases of Scientific Information Database (SID) and IranMedex were used. The critical information of articles was extracted and classified into different categories according to the studied outcomes.Results:A total of 246 articles were assessed which 136 of them were excluded, and 110 studies were processed for further evaluation. Performing breast self-examination, clinical breast examination, and mammography in Iranian women reported 0%–79.4%, 4.1%–41.1%, and 1.3%-45%, respectively. All of the educational interventions had increased participants’ knowledge, attitude, and practice in performing the screening behaviors. The most essential screening indicators included participation rate (3.8% to 16.8%), detection rate (0.23–8.5/1000), abnormal call rate (28.77% to 33%), and recall rate (24.7%).Conclusion:This study demonstrated heterogeneity in population and design of research about BC early detection in Iran. The necessity of a cost-effective screening program, presenting a proper educational method for increasing women's awareness and estimating screening indices can be the priorities of future researches. Establishing extensive studies at the national level in a standard framework are advised

Restriction without Quantification: Embedding and Probability for Indicative Conditionals

Many modern theories of indicative conditionals treat them as restricted epistemic necessity modals. This view, however, faces two problems. First, indicative conditionals do not behave like necessity modals in embedded contexts, e.g., under ‘might’ and ‘probably’: in these contexts, conditionals do not contribute a universal quantification over epistemic possibilities. Second, when we assess the probability of a conditional, we do not assess how likely it is that the consequent is epistemically necessary given the antecedent. I propose a semantics which solves both problems, while still accounting for the data that motivated the necessity modal view. The account is based on the idea that the semantics of conditionals involves only a restriction of the relevant epistemic state, and no quantification over epistemic possibilities. The relevant quantification is contributed by an attitude parameter in the semantics, which is shifted by epistemic modals. If the conditional is asserted, the designated attitude is acceptance, which contributes a universal quantification, producing the effect of a restricted necessity modal.

Ancient visual channels have a causal role in arithmetic calculations

Humans exhibit complex arithmetic skills, often attributed to our exceptionally large neocortex. However, the past decade has provided ample evidence that the functional domain of the subcortex extends well beyond basic functions. Using a sensitive behavioral method, for the first time, we explored the contributions of lower-order visual monocular channels to symbolic arithmetic operations, addition and subtraction. The pattern of results from 4 different experiments provides converging evidence for a causal relation between mental arithmetic and primitive subcortical regions. The results have major implications for our understanding of the neuroevolutionary development of general numerical abilities–subcortical regions, which are shared across different species, are essential to complex numerical operations. In a bigger conceptual framework, these findings and others call for a shift from the modal view of the exclusive role of the neocortex in high-level cognition to a view that emphasizes the interplay between subcortical and cortical brain networks.

The modal Θ-valent extensions of BCH codes

In this paper, the purpose is to define a modal Θ-valent extension of a BCH code over the finite modal Θ-valent field and to propose a decoding process of this new class of codes on the modal Θ-valent view.

Collective Epistemic Luck

A platitude in epistemology is that an individual’s belief does not qualify as knowledge if it is true by luck. Individuals, however, are not the only bearers of knowledge. Many epistemologists agree that groups can also possess knowledge in a way that is genuinely collective. If groups can know, it is natural to think that, just as true individual beliefs fall short of knowledge due to individual epistemic luck, true collective beliefs may fall short of knowledge because of collective epistemic luck. This paper argues, first, that the dominant view of epistemic luck in the literature, the modal view, does not yield a satisfactory account of lucky collective beliefs. Second, it argues that collective epistemic luck is better explained in terms of groups lacking (suitably defined) forms of control over collective belief formation that are specific to the different procedures for forming collective beliefs. One of the main implications of this, we will argue, is that groups whose beliefs are formed via internal deliberation are more vulnerable to knowledge-undermining collective luck than groups that form their beliefs via non-deliberative methods, such as non-deliberative anonymous voting. The bottom line is that the greater exposure to knowledge-undermining luck that deliberation gives rise to provides a reason (not a conclusive one) for thinking that non-deliberative methods of group belief formation have greater epistemic value.

Managerial and organizational perspectives on online–offline integration within integrated marketing communication: toward a holistic conceptual framework

The digital revolution has transformed the communication landscape into a hybrid online-offline environment. Although increasing complexity does pose new challenges for practitioners and scholars, the literature also lacks theoretical and empirical analyses of managerial and organizational issues regarding online and offline integration within integrated marketing communication (IMC). This study aims to provide an initial contribution to this field from a business perspective. First, we provide a definition and empirical analysis of the key managerial and organizational issues and approaches adopted by senior managers to tackle the challenge of online and offline integration. Second, we propose a conceptual framework that offers a holistic view of implementation modalities of offline and online integration, as well as the achievable outcomes and barriers to such implementation.

Kierkegaard’s Response to the Hegelian Necessity of the Past

This article analyzes the “Interlude” in Kierkegaard’s Philosophical Fragments. In particular, it examines Johannes Climacus’s response to Hegel’s view that a past actuality is necessary. I provide an in-depth analysis of Hegel’s view of modality (possibility, actuality, necessity) and of what he means when he says that a past actuality is necessary. In contrast to the standard scholarly interpretation, I argue that Climacus need not reject Hegel’s view because Hegel’s view of the necessity of the past is not so controversial or difficult to accept. Finally, I show that Climacus’s main critique is that we cannot know the past as necessary in any meaningful way. He worries that we might get so preoccupied with the futile task of trying to know the Hegelian necessity of the past that we forget to personally appropriate the past in a way that can help us live in the present.

The Modal Status of Leibniz's Principle of Sufficient Reason

AbstractLeibniz's principle of sufficient reason (PSR) is the claim that everything has a sufficient reason. But is Leibniz committed to the necessity or to the contingency of his great principle? I argue that Leibniz is committed to its contingency, given that he allows for the absolute possibility of entities that he claims violate the PSR. These are all cases of qualitatively indiscernible entities, such as indiscernible atoms, vacua, and bodies. However, Leibniz's commitment to the contingency of the PSR seems to stand in tension with his inference of the PSR from his theory of truth. I argue that this apparent tension can be resolved satisfactorily. When it comes to his modal views on the PSR, Leibniz's position is entirely consistent.