Video Watermarking Technology Research Articles

Spatio-Temporal Context Based Adaptive Camcorder Recording Watermarking

Video watermarking technology has attracted increasing attention in the past few years, and a great deal of traditional and deep learning-based methods have been proposed. However, these existing methods usually suffer from the following two challenges: First, most algorithms cannot resist camcorder recording attack, which limits their practical application. Second, watermark embedding may cause substantial degradation of video quality. Through analyzing the unique distortions presented in the camcorder recording process, including geometric distortion, temporal sampling distortion, sensor distortion and processing distortion, this paper proposes a novel spatio-temporal context based adaptive camcorder recording watermarking scheme STACR. In STACR, considering the geometric distortion and video visual quality, we embed the watermark by constructing a spatio-temporal histogram and incorporate a content features based adaptive locating algorithm to select embedding blocks and embedding strengths. As for the temporal sampling attack, we put forward a watermark correlation-based synchronization algorithm and combine it with cross-validation. Moreover, to resist the sensor distortion, we design a local matching-based algorithm to improve the extraction accuracy. In addition, grouped and repeated embedding strategies are combined to cope with the processing distortion. Experimental results compared with the state-of-the-art show that the proposed scheme achieves high video quality and is robust to geometric attacks, compression, scaling, transcoding, recoding, frame rate changes and especially for camcorder recording.

Comprehensive Review on Video Watermarking Security Threats, Challenges, and Its Applications

Data is a crucial resource for every business, and it must be protected both during storage and transmission. One efficient way of securing data and transferring it is through digital watermarking, where data is hidden inside a medium like text, audio, or video. Video watermarking is visible or invisible embedded data on a video in a logo, text, or video copyright disclaimer. In this proposed paper, the goal is to analyze the characteristics of video watermarking algorithms and the different metrics used for them. It deals with the extent to which the different requirements can be fulfilled, taking into consideration the conflicts between them and the practical challenges of video watermarking in terms of attacks like geometric attacks and non-geometric attacks. It also focuses on the process of watermarking a video. Recent advances in data security indicate that employing a video watermarking technology to transmit private data will be an effective method of transmitting sensitive data.

An anti-recompression video watermarking algorithm in bitstream domain

Following the popularity of digital video application, video copying and dissemination have become very easy; however, this makes video hacking and piracy a potential threat in video communication. Video watermarking technology can solve the problem of copyright protection, and thus, it has been extensively researched. The robustness of the video watermarking algorithm in the bitstream domain is poor, especially the anti-recompression ability, since the watermarked video may be compressed again before transmitting. Considering this, this paper proposes a video watermarking algorithm in the bitstream domain based on moving object detection. To increase the robustness of the watermarking scheme, the moving macroblocks that belong to the moving object in each P frame can be identified via the moving object detection algorithm. Then, watermark embedding in the moving macroblocks is performed using codeword substitution to ensure the consistency of the bitstream. Moving object detection and watermark embedding are independent and are both carried out in the bitstream domain by partially decoding the bitstream; this avoids the complete decoding and reconstruction of the video, making the method to be highly efficient. The simulation results confirm that the proposed method is robust against recompression and has little impact on the video visual quality and no influence on the bit rate.

Digital video watermarking algorithm based on asymmetric causal spatio-temporal filter

ABSTRACTDigital video is vulnerable to accidental or malicious destruction in storage, transmission, processing, which damages the legitimate rights and interests of the product owners. Digital video watermarking technology is a mean to protect intellectual property rights. We analyze the basic principle of the 3D-Harris algorithm and Gabor filter method. By considering the temporal causality of the video, the common symmetrical filter is discarded. We design a causal filter which conforms to video characteristics and proposes an asymmetric causal filter in space–time domain. On this basis, an improved video watermarking algorithm is proposed, combining space–time feature points and DCT domain. The experimental results show that proposed algorithm can not only ensure high invisibility, and can effectively resist various attacks in time domain and space domain.

Application of Enhanced Hadamard Error Correcting Code in Video-Watermarking and his comparison to Reed-Solomon Code

Error Correcting Codes are playing a very important role in Video Watermarking technology. Because of very high compression rate (about 1:200) normally the watermarks can barely survive such massive attacks, despite very sophisticated embedding strategies. It can only work with a sufficient error correcting code method. In this paper, the authors compare the new developed Enhanced Hadamard Error Correcting Code (EHC) with well known Reed-Solomon Code regarding its ability to preserve watermarks in the embedded video. The main idea of this new developed multidimensional Enhanced Hadamard Error Correcting Code is to map the 2D basis images into a collection of one-dimensional rows and to apply a 1D Hadamard decoding procedure on them. After this, the image is reassembled, and the 2D decoding procedure can be applied more efficiently. With this approach, it is possible to overcome the theoretical limit of error correcting capability of ( d -1)/2 bits, where d is a Hamming distance. Even better results could be achieved by expanding the 2D EHC to 3D. To prove the efficiency and practicability of this new Enhanced Hadamard Code, the method was applied to a video Watermarking Coding Scheme. The Video Watermarking Embedding procedure decomposes the initial video trough multi-Level Interframe Wavelet Transform. The low pass filtered part of the video stream is used for embedding the watermarks, which are protected respectively by Enhanced Hadamard or Reed-Solomon Correcting Code. The experimental results show that EHC performs much better than RS Code and seems to be very robust against strong MPEG compression.

An Efficient Video Watermark Method with Adaptive Use of Block QP

Robustness and invisibility are all important points in video watermarking technology. In this paper, we propose the new scheme to increase the robustness and keep the invisibility as good. Through the experiment, we get the relationship linear curve between QP values and watermark strength values, and using that relationship, we get the better detection rate increased by 7%~14%. The performance increases are 6.94%, 8.03%, and 14.32% about MPEG2, MPEG4 and H.264 attacks respectively. For the subjective quality assessment, we experiment with the 23 general non-specialists. In spite of increasing the performance, we have still good invisibility which is checked by subjective test. It is difficult to obtain the distinction between the source and watermarked content statistically.

Two Kinds of Digital Video Watermarking Algorithm Implement and Compare

With the rapid development of multimedia technology, large amounts of digital information turn into easy storage and transmission, at the same time, copyright protection and authentication become a problem to be solved. Digital Video is composed of a series of continuous static images, because of its own characteristic, general image watermarking technology is difficult to direct extension to the video signal. In this paper, by using DCT transform and DWT transform, combined with the mean quantization algorithm, using three dimensional frequency domain transformation, introduces two kinds of transformation to the 3D video watermarking technology, utilize the quantitative test method to prove the existence of the watermark, and through the attacked experiments to verify the low complexity and well imperceptibility and robustness about the video watermarking algorithm.

地上デジタル放送における映像向けモバイル電子透かしの実証実験

地上デジタル放送における映像向けモバイル電子透かしの実証実験

A real-time video watermarking algorithm for streaming media

Video watermarking technology is a useful method to track piracy for digital videos. However, most watermarking algorithms cannot be directly applied to H.264 streaming media because of their poor real-time performance, which may cause users to watch the video unsmoothly. In order to solve this problem, a real-time H.264 video watermarking algorithm (RVWA) is proposed. First, the video is segmented before embedding watermark, which makes watermark embedding and video transmission be carried on at the same time. Then, the concept of watermark embedding margin of frame (WEMF) is proposed to shorten the watermark embedding time. By calculating the value of WEMF for each B frame, which is related to its frame bits, suitable B-frames can be selected to embed watermark without decoding it completely. Finally, with the characteristic of variable macro block size in H.264 coding standard, a simplified formula is presented to quickly calculate the just noticeable difference (JND) value of the macro block, and then the macro blocks with larger JND value are selected to embed watermark into their motion vectors, which also provides good invisibility. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can find suitable embedding positions and embed watermark quickly with good invisibility and less increase of the bit-rate of video. RVWA algorithm can be used in stream media environment in real time.

A novel video data-source authentication model based on digital watermarking and MAC in multicast

A novel video data authentication model based on digital video watermarking and MAC (message authentication code) in multicast protocol is proposed in this paper. The digital watermarking which composes of the MAC of the significant video content, the key and instant authentication data is embedded into the insignificant video component by the MLUT (modified look-up table) video watermarking technology. We explain a method that does not require storage of each data packet for a time, thus making receiver not vulnerable to DOS (denial of service) attack. So the video packets can be authenticated instantly without large volume buffer in the receivers. TESLA (timed efficient stream loss-tolerant authentication) does not explain how to select the suitable value ford, which is an important parameter in multicast source authentication. So we give a method to calculate the key disclosure delay (number of intervals). Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms improve the performance of data source authentication in multicast.