Video Transmission Scenarios Research Articles

Robust Video Watermarking Algorithm based on DCT-SVD approach and Encryption

Sharing of digital media content over the internet is increasing everyday .Digital watermarking is a technique used to protect the intellectual property rights of multimedia content owners. In this paper, we propose a robust video watermarking scheme that utilizes Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) for embedding a watermark into video frames. The proposed method uses encryption to make the watermark more robust against malicious attacks. The encryption key is used to modify the watermark before it is embedded in the video frames. The modified watermark is then embedded in the DCT and SVD coefficients of the video frames. The experimental results show that the proposed method provides better robustness against various attacks such as compression, noise addition, and filtering, while maintaining good perceptual quality of the watermarked video. The proposed method also shows better resistance against geometric attacks such as cropping, rotation, and scaling. Overall, the proposed method provides an effective solution for protecting the intellectual property rights of multimedia content owners in video distribution and transmission scenarios.

Construction of a Video Transmission Scenario in Software-Defined Networks for QoE Estimation

The services supported by data networks have become widespread, so the architectures of the new data networks are service-oriented. They are endowed with intelligence, flexibility, and programmability. The preceding is with the aim of providing acceptability by users. Thus, this paper presents the construction of a video transmission scenario over a software-defined network (SDN, Software-Defined Networking) using free software and modifying its behavior with background traffic, on which the Quality of Experience (QoE) is estimated. Subjective and objective metrics were used for the QoE estimation. For the first one, the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) was used, while the second one was studied with the Full Reference Image Quality Assessment (FR-IQA). Finally, a correlation between the two types of metrics was proposed.

P‐107: Flexible Yagi Transparent Antennas on Flexible Glass Substrates

Owing to great electrical properties and beautiful transparency of flexible glass substrates, many glass‐based devices are developed. However, flexible glasses are so fragile that they are very difficult to be processed. In this work, we try to fabricate a flexible CPW‐fed Yagi transparent antenna based on metal mesh conductor on ultra‐thin glass substrates which is designed for 2.45 GHz WiFi communication. The instant car accident video transmission scenario demonstration shows possible application of this flexible transparent antenna in smart automotive application, and enables another transformation opportunity for existing display manufacturing lines.

VE-CoAP: A constrained application layer protocol for IoT video transmission

Regarding the advantages of video for communications, it is expected that video transmission becomes an inseparable part of most IoT solutions which raises numerous challenges especially over LLNs (Low Power Lossy Networks). Considering these challenges and video transmission requirements for IoT applications, utilizing a proper application layer protocol plays an important role consequently. In this paper, a new application layer protocol for IoT video transmission scenarios, named VE-CoAP is proposed. VE-CoAP, which is an extended version of CoAP, develops complementary methods for improving CoAP performance and overcoming its challenges for video transmission scenarios especially over IoT and LLNs. These methods include pushing data from server to client, supporting parallel flows for data transmission as well as preserving video quality with a combination of guaranteed and best-effort transmission and also a ULP (Unequal Loss Protection) method for prioritizing data partitioned H.264 video sequence. To compare the performance of VE-CoAP to CoAP and HTTP, an evaluation considering metrics such as PSNR, SSIM and video delivery duration is performed. The evaluation shows that VE-CoAP outperforms its rivals for burst data transmission in both lossy or low loss networks and it also preserves video quality at a superior level compared to other protocols over LLNs.

Comparing application layer protocols for video transmission in IoT low power lossy networks: an analytic comparison

Wide-spread use of low power lossy networks (LLNs) in internet of things (IoT) raises numerous challenges to video transmission over those networks. Deployment of proper application layer protocols can overcome some of those challenges and be influential on video transmission over LLNs. Although there are many good researches on application layer protocols in IoT, none of them provide a review for these protocols in video transmission scenarios. In this paper a comparison among some of these protocols including AMQP, CoAP, DDS, MQTT, MQTT-SN, Websocket, XMPP, HTTP 1.1/2.0, RTP and its control protocols such as RTCP is performed. The comparison shows that the nature of LLNs make video transmission an impossible task for some of these protocols and a proper protocol such as CoAP should be adapted to be used in these low power and lossy environments.

Enhancing QOSQOE in MANETs using OLSR Protocol

Video streaming over Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) has been on the fore as one of the most chiefly solicited web services. Within this context, the enhancement of the Quality of Experience (QoE) on such platforms, whose signature characteristic is the real-time fluctuation of their Mobile Nodes (MNs), remains a high-stakes challenge for high-fidelity transmission via the extant MANET routing protocols. Indeed, the free mobility of MNs (i.e. their real-time physical reallocation, viz. intra-network movement), renders network topology often subject to unpredictable fluctuations. It is this margin of relative unpredictability which lends itself to such instances where QoE, as perceived by the Customer/User, may be subject to varying degrees of depreciation.In this perspective, our contribution in this paper aims to optimize the MANETs' mobility system, through the re-adaptation of some extant MANET routing protocols, so as to afford safer routing courses (lower mobility thresholds equate to lower chances of noise and/or data corruption/loss); all for the capital purpose of improving subjective quality (i.e. the anticipated end-user's personal assessment of the service).For the implementation of our MANET network, our two-fold choice consisted of the NS2 version 2.9 (a powerful platform with highly reliable protocol support), supplemented by the Evalvid Framework (a field-proven tool according to many expert ratings, ideal for close monitoring of QoE metrics).We have considered various video transmission scenarios through the OLSR protocol, one of the most well-known and reliable proactive MANET routing protocols .As for QoE prediction, we expect the mean opinion scores (MOS) to provide a metric template for a rough estimation of the end-users' anticipated appraisal .The results are to demonstrate, as we shall see, that the modified heuristic algorithm of OLSR, leaning on the underlying criterion of mobility, can lead to a significant performance boost in MANETs and, by the same token, to higher returns of QoS and QoE.

FPGA Implementation of the IEEE 802.16 Physical Layer for SHVC Video Transmission

This paper presents a video transmission system for scalable High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) videos using a 4G standard’s physical layer. SHVC, the scalable HEVC is used to compress the different layers of videos into binary files. The resultant binary files are easily transportable over any network thus solving many issues mainly related to videos with high resolutions. Three scenarios are studied and simulated at first, namely, Single Input Single Output (SISO), Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) and MIMO. Since the MIMO scenario offers the best results, it is considered in the implementation of the system on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) using Xilinx System Generator (XSG). A Simulink model is developed under Matlab to simulate the video transmission scenarios using the WIMAX physical layer. Then, the MIMO system is implemented using a Zed-Board to co-simulate the video transmission in real-time and which allows a successful reception of the video sequences.

Multiuser Successive Maximum Ratio Transmission (MS-MRT) for Video Quality Maximization in Unicast and Broadcast MIMO OFDMA-Based 4G Wireless Networks

In this paper, we propose a novel low-complexity beamforming algorithm for multiuser successive maximum ratio transmission (MS-MRT) toward space-division multiplexing to achieve video quality maximization in the downlink of a multiuser (MU) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access (OFDMA)-based fourth-generation (4G) wireless network. We compare the performance of this algorithm in terms of system throughput and video quality with the two popular precoding techniques, namely, block diagonalization (BD) and successive optimization (SO). We also compare its performance with the generalized versions of these two algorithms termed coordinated transmit-receive processing (CTR)-BD and CTR-SO algorithms, respectively. Further, we propose an extension of the MS-MRT scheme to broadcast scenarios, termed broadcast successive maximum ratio transmission (BS-MRT), which computes the optimal broadcast beamforming vector to maximize the video quality at each of the broadcast group members while maintaining orthogonality to the previously scheduled user groups. We also demonstrate that the proposed MS-MRT and BS-MRT schemes can be naturally adapted to the context of various MU OFDMA scheduling algorithms such as proportional fairness (PF) and round robin (RR), to name a few, to maximize video quality through optimal scheduling in the presence of a large number of users. We discuss implementations of the proposed MS-MRT scheme in association with these scheduling algorithms for MU unicast and broadcast video transmission scenarios. The simulation results presented in this work rely on the rate models derived using the Joint Scalable Video Model (JSVM) software developed by the Joint Video Team (JVT) and are, thus, readily applicable in practice. The presented results clearly demonstrate the ability of the proposed algorithm to maximize the video quality in comparison with the other competing MU MIMO precoding techniques. Further, employing the proportional fair scheduling algorithm in conjunction with the MS-MRT results in an overall enhancement in the received video quality compared with the RR and max-rate algorithms.

MDVQM: A novel multidimensional no-reference video quality metric for video transcoding

In this paper, we study the impact of quantization, frame dropping and spatial down-sampling on the perceived quality of compressed video streams. Based on the analysis of quality ratings obtained from extensive subjective tests, we propose a no-reference metric (named MDVQM) for video quality estimation in the presence of both spatial and temporal quality impairments. The proposed metric is based on the per-pixel bitrate of the encoded stream and selected spatial and temporal activity measures extracted from the video content. All the values required to compute the proposed video quality metric can be obtained without using the original reference video which makes the metric for instance useful for making transcoding decisions in a wireless video transmission scenario. Different from comparable metrics in the literature, we have also considered the case when both frame rate and frame size are changed simultaneously. The validation results show that the proposed metric provides more accurate estimation of the video quality than the state of the art metrics.

Iterative source and channel decoding relying on correlation modelling for wireless video transmission

Since joint source-channel decoding (JSCD) is capable of exploiting the residual redundancy in the source signals for improving the attainable error resilience, it has attracted substantial attention. Motivated by the principle of exploiting the source redundancy at the receiver, in this treatise we study the application of iterative source channel decoding (ISCD) aided video communications, where the video signal is modelled by a first-order Markov process. Firstly, we derive reduced-complexity formulas for the first-order Markov modelling (FOMM) aided source decoding. Then we propose a bit-based iterative horizontal vertical scanline model (IHVSM) aided source decoding algorithm, where a horizontal and a vertical source decoder are employed for exchanging their extrinsic information using the iterative decoding philosophy. The iterative IHVSM aided decoder is then employed in a forward error correction (FEC) encoded uncompressed video transmission scenario, where the IHVSM and the FEC decoder exchange softbit-information for performing turbo-like ISCD for the sake of improving the reconstructed video quality. Finally, we benchmark the attainable system performance against a near-lossless H.264/AVC video communication system and the existing FOMM based softbit source decoding scheme, where The financial support of the RC-UK under the auspices of the India-UK Advanced Technology Centre (IU-ATC) and that of the EU under the CONCERTO project as well as that of the European Research Council’s Advanced Fellow Grant is gratefully acknowledged. The softbit decoding is performed by a one-dimensional Markov model aided decoder. Our simulation results show that Eb=N0 improvements in excess of 2.8 dB are attainable by the proposed technique in uncompressed video applications.

Optimal 4G OFDMA Dynamic Subcarrier and Power Auction-based Allocation towards H.264 Scalable Video Transmission

In this paper, authors presented a price maximization scheme for optimal orthogonal frequency division for multiple access (OFDMA) subcarrier allocation for wireless video unicast/multicast scenarios. They formulate a pricing based video utility function for H.264 based wireless scalable video streaming, thereby achieving a trade-off between price and QoS fairness. These parametric models for scalable video rate and quality characterization are derived from the standard JSVM reference codec for the SVC extension of the H.264/AVC, and hence are directly applicable in practical wireless scenarios. With the aid of these models, they proposed auction based framework for revenue maximization of the transmitted video streams in the unicast and multicast 4G scenario. A closed form expression is derived for the optimal scalable video quantization step-size subject to the constraints of the unicast/multicast users in 4G wireless systems. This yields the optimal OFDMA subcarrier allocation for multi-user scalable video multiplexing. The proposed scheme is cognizant of the user modulation and code rate, and is hence amenable to adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) feature of 4G wireless networks. Further, they also consider a framework for optimal power allocation based on a novel revenue maximization scheme in OFDMA based wireless broadband 4G systems employing auction bidding models. This is formulated as a constrained convex optimization problem towards sum video utility maximization. We observe that as the demand for a video stream increases in broadcast/multicast scenarios, higher power is allocated to the corresponding video stream leading to a gain in the overall revenue/utility. We simulate a standard WiMAX based 4G video transmission scenario to validate the performance of the proposed optimal 4G scalable video resource allocation schemes. Simulations illustrate that the proposed optimal bandwidth and power allocation schemes result in a significant performance improvement over the suboptimal equal resource allocation schemes for scalable video transmission.

Proxy-Based Reference Picture Selection for Error Resilient Conversational Video in Mobile Networks

We propose a frame dependency management strategy for error robust transmission of conversational video in mobile networks. We consider an end-to-end video transmission scenario that involves both a wireless uplink as well as a wireless downlink plus some intermediate wireline network transmission. We also investigate the special cases of an end-to-end scenario where only a wireless uplink or a wireless downlink is present. We cope with packet loss on the downlink by retransmitting lost packets from the base station to the receiver for error recovery. Retransmissions are enabled by using fixed-distance reference picture selection during encoding with a prediction distance that corresponds to the round-trip time of the downlink combined with accelerated decoding. We deal with transmission errors on the uplink by sending acknowledgments and predicting the next frame to encode from those slices that have been correctly received by the base station. We show that these two separate approaches for uplink and downlink efficiently complement one another and the resulting end-to-end scheme is characterized by very low computational complexity. We compare our scheme to several state-of-the-art error resiliency approaches and report significant improvements.

Systematic Lossy Error Protection based on H.264/AVC redundant slices and flexible macroblock ordering

The authors propose a scheme for Systematic Lossy Error Protection (SLEP) of an H.264/AVC compressed video bit stream, using standard compatible features such as redundant slices, and flexible macroblock ordering. The systematic portion consists of a conventional H.264/AVC bit stream. For error resilience, an additional Wyner-Ziv bit stream is also transmitted. The Wyner-Ziv bit stream allows the decoding of a coarsely quantized description of the original video signal, and is efficiently gen- erated by using H.264/AVC redundant slices in conjunction with Reed-Solomon coding. The Wyner-Ziv bit stream is decoded in order to recover the redundant video descriptions, which are used in lieu of portions lost from the original video signal due to channel errors. SLEP allows the video quality to degrade gracefully with worsening channel conditions, and provides a flexible trade-off between the achieved error resilience and the coarseness of the redundant description. The performance can be improved especially for low motion video sequences, by applying SLEP to a region-of-interest in the video frame, using flexible macroblock ordering (FMO). Experimental results provided for two video transmission scenarios, demonstrate the advantages of SLEP over forward error correction (FEC) as an error resilience scheme.

Error concealment algorithms for robust decoding of MPEG compressed video

Abstract This paper provides some research results on the topic of error resilience for robust decoding of MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) compressed video. It introduces and characterizes the performance of a general class of error concealment algorithms. Such receiver-based error concealment techniques are essential for many practical video transmission scenarios such as terrestrial HDTV broadcasting, packet network based teleconferencing/multimedia, and digital SDTV/HDTV delivery via ATM (asynchronous transfer mode). Error concealment is intended to ameliorate the impact of channel impairments (i.e., bit-errors in noisy channels, or cell-loss in ATM networks) by utilizing available picture redundancy to provide a subjectively acceptable rendition of affected picture regions. The concealment process must be supported by an appropriate transport format which helps to identify image pixel regions which correspond to lost or damaged data. Once the image regions (i.e., macroblocks, slices, etc.) to be concealed are identified, a combination of spatial and temporal replacement techniques may be applied to fill in lost picture elements. A specific class of spatio-temporal error concealment algorithms for MPEG video is described and alternative realizations are compared via detailed end-to-end simulations for both one- or two-tier transmission media. Several algorithm enhancements based on directional interpolation, ‘I-picture motion vectors’, and use of MPEG-2 ‘scalability’ features are also presented. In each case, achievable performance improvements are estimated via simulation. Overall, these results demonstrate that the proposed class of error concealment algorithms provides significant robustness for MPEG video delivery in the presence of channel impairments, permitting useful operation at ATM cell-loss rates in the region of 10 −4 to 10 −3 and 10 −2 to 10 −1 for one- and two-tier transmission scenarios, respectively.