Video Recording Technique Research Articles

Comparative analysis of GoPro and digital cameras in head and neck flap harvesting surgery video documentation: an innovative and efficient method for surgical education

BackgroundAn urgent need exists for innovative surgical video recording techniques in head and neck reconstructive surgeries, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where a surge in surgical procedures necessitates more skilled surgeons. This demand, significantly intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights the critical role of surgical videos in medical education. We aimed to identify a straightforward, high-quality approach to recording surgical videos at a low economic cost in the operating room, thereby contributing to enhanced patient care.MethodsThe recording was comprised of six head and neck flap harvesting surgeries using GoPro or two types of digital cameras. Data were extracted from the recorded videos and their subsequent editing process. Some of the participants were subsequently interviewed.ResultsBoth cameras, set at 4 K resolution and 30 frames per second (fps), produced satisfactory results. The GoPro, worn on the surgeon’s head, moves in sync with the surgeon, offering a unique first-person perspective of the operation without needing an additional assistant. Though cost-effective and efficient, it lacks a zoom feature essential for close-up views. In contrast, while requiring occasional repositioning, the digital camera captures finer anatomical details due to its superior image quality and zoom capabilities.ConclusionMerging these two systems could significantly advance the field of surgical video recording. This innovation holds promise for enhancing technical communication and bolstering video-based medical education, potentially addressing the global shortage of specialized surgeons.

Evaluation of Pedestrians’ Level of Service (LOS) at Some Selected Sidewalks of Dhaka

As the population of Dhaka is growing very rapidly, the sustainable transport strategy of Dhaka should try to preserve and expand the modal share of pedestrians, which accounts for the majority of all short trips made however unfortunately pedestrian zones are probably the most neglected and underutilized in Dhaka transportation system. This study focuses on assessing pedestrian behaviour at crosswalks. The basic relationship between flow – energy – densities was analyzed and analyzed in Dhaka. A video recording technique was used at the four study sites to observe pedestrian characteristics such as flow and movement. These data were used to simulate mathematical models yielding the aforementioned relationships. A decision coefficient, R2, was calculated to obtain the best fit for each relationship. The results of this study were compared with those of other studies. Finally, Level of Service (LOS) restrictions for pedestrians on the sidewalks were defined. Our Study area was Notun Bazar, Badda, and Gulshan-1 & Gulshan-2. At each location, we collected data from 150 meters and divided it into 3 portions. In the Notun Bazar sidewalk, the width is 6 feet, and the total number of passing people in 60 minutes is 1870 nos. total obstacle is 5nos. On the Notun Bazar sidewalk, the width is 10 feet, total number of passing people in 60 minutes is 4570nos. In the Gulshan-2 sidewalk, the width is 19.5 feet, total number of passing people in 60min is 1112 nos. We obtained the Notun Bazar and Badda Link Road for the Pedestrian Level of Service categories. E. Gulshan- 2 the Pedestrian Level of Service D. Gulshan 1 the pedestrian level of service C. Badda & Notun Bazar has the worst scenario among our four selected locations. There are temporary shops and electric poles in the middle of the sidewalk. It reduces the speed of the pedestrians. So, Sidewalk should be free to increase LOS. Traffic management is one of the best things we can do to improve the LOS. Gulshan 01 is an example for us as it has an automated traffic management system. Gulshan 02 sidewalks have temporary bus counters which also reduce the speed of pedestrians.

Analysis of Classroom Interaction Using Flander Interaction Analysis Categories System at Federal College of Education (Technical), Omoku, Rivers State

This paper examined Classroom Interaction using Flanders’ Interaction Analysis Categories System at Federal College of Education (Technical), Omoku, Rivers State. The purpose was to find out the percentage of the teachers’ and students’ talking time during classroom interaction and teacher-students characteristics during classroom interaction in Business Studies class at the College Demonstration Secondary School. The research adopted a descriptive qualitative research design. The study comprised of four teachers and 32 students of boys and girls which were purposively sampled. The observational and video recording techniques were deployed as instruments for data collection. The result found that teacher talk ratio was high, at 83.43%. Indirect teacher talk ratio was 53.37%. Moreover, direct teacher talk ratio was 31.06% while students talk ratio was 12.71% and silence or pause or confusion rate was 3.86%. The results further revealed that indirect talk was dominant than direct talk in the classroom conversation which indicated that most of the teaching-learning time was devoted to questions, lecturing and praises. The result of this research enhanced the knowledge of the teachers and Business Studies learners in the classroom. The implication was that both the teachers and students should have the willingness to participate in the classroom interaction for meaningful learning to take place. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that Flanders Interaction Analysis Categories System should be implemented during teachers education program to be reinforced at all levels in all the classes for enhanced performance.

Using Video Recording Technique to Increase Students’ Vocabulary

This study aims to (1) compare students’ vocabulary before and after using video recording technique (VRT) (2) study students’ vocabulary learning retention after using VRT and (3) study students’ experience towards using VRT. This research involved 10 Business English major students who were enrolled in Listening and Speaking for Business English 2 Course at Roi Et Rajabhat University. The participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique. This research was mixed-method research. The data was collected through vocabulary test (administered as pre-test, post-test and delayed-test) and semi-structured interview. The data were analysed using mean, standard deviation, paired sample t-test and thematic analysis. The findings indicate that (1) the score of the post-test was statistically significantly higher than the pre-test at the .05 level. (2) The score of the pre-test was statistically significantly higher than the delayed post-test at the .05 level. The students’ vocabulary retention was 91.61%. (3) All of the participants agreed that VRT is an effective way to increase their vocabulary

Modeling pedestrian behavior at urban signalised intersections using statistical-ANN hybrid approach – Case study of New Delhi

Traffic crashes at intersections are major hazard all over the world. The victims of road crashes are mostly pedestrians. A large share of accidents can be related to unsafe crossing behavior by pedestrians. The accidents are mostly fatal for pedestrians especially if the unsafe act is signal violation. This study primarily focused on cognizing factors which are significantly affecting the signal violation behavior of pedestrians’ at urban signalised intersections. Data is collected at 11 signalised intersections in New Delhi, India using video recording technique. Significant variables are identified using conventional statistics. The variables are then used as input neuron for the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for modeling signal violation behavior. Sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the relative importance of factors related to the pedestrian signal violation. Host of different factors such as pedestrian demographic, behavioral attributes, crossing state and mobile usage are notably influencing signal violations. Pedestrian crossing speed, crossing path and waiting time are the top three predictors of violation behavior. The accuracy of ANN to predict signal violation behaviour is found to be about 85% and is considerably higher than conventional binary logistic regression (BLR) model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) is found to be 0.753, suggesting good model performance. The results suggest that ANN is a robust alternative to conventional regression, for studying and modeling pedestrian behavior. The findings from this study would assist engineers and policy makers to take proactive measures for designing pedestrian friendly facilities to reduce signal violations. This would ultimately improve pedestrian safety at urban signalised intersections.

Analysis of Pedestrians Behavior and Remedial Measures at Major Intersections

Abstract: One of the biggest issues facing the entire globe today is accidents involving pedestrians. In India, a developing and highly populated nation, some of the causes of these accidents include pedestrians who are not following traffic regulations. Scientists have occasionally shown an interest in pedestrian behavior and the variables that influence it. Researchers have tried a variety of methods to increase safety, but a workable strategy must be developed for the comfort of pedestrians. The primary motivation for this research was to use questionnaire surveys and video recording techniques to examine pedestrians according to their age, gender, and crossing behavior at 3 of the busiest intersections in Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh. Pedestrians were questioned and were video graphed. Some remedial measures we adopted at the intersections are pedestrian refuge island, foot over bridge sidewalks , pedestrian ramps and crosswalk. This will provide a version for raising pedestrian awareness of the rules and regulations to help them avoid conflicts with drivers.

Developing Pedestrian Fatality Prediction Models Using Historical Crash Data: Application of Binary Logistic Regression and Boosted Tree Mechanism

Pedestrian fatality rate plays a key role in examining effectiveness of the road safety. The present study attempts to examine the effect of various categories of accused vehicles and the average 85th percentile speed at accident location on the pedestrian crash fatality. The study also attempts to develop pedestrian crash severity models using the binary logistic regression and boosted trees technique. Historical crash data, along with the video recording technique at accident sites, have been utilized for the present study. From regression equations, it is observed that when the heavy vehicle (HV) hits a pedestrian as compared to two-wheeler (2W), the average chance of death increases 2.44 times. According to the Boosted tree model, the contribution of speed is 60 %, whereas the contribution of category of accused vehicle is 40 % for pedestrian fatality prediction. The study should help in planning better strategies like all red time at intersections or pedestrian foot over bridge at critical locations.

ORGANIZATION OF TRAFFIC AT UNCONTROLLED INTERSECTIONS

This paper presents a study of drivers' gap acceptance behavior at an uncontrolled intersection. A 4-leg uncontrolled intersection located in a semi-urban area of Ahmedabad, Gujarat was selected to study the gap acceptance behavior of drivers. Video recording technique was adopted for data collection and analysis. Various available methods are used to calculate the critical gap for minor road passing and right turn movements. Gaps are analyzed for three different vehicle types. A comparison is made between the various existing methods of critical gap detection and their critical analysis is presented. The result shows that except for the behavior elimination approach, all other methods cannot provide the real scenario of the critical gap under mixed traffic conditions because all these methods are developed for homogeneous traffic conditions.

Artificial Cells for Dissecting Exocytosis.

The fusion of vesicles and exocytosis release of neurotransmitters into the extracellular space for detection and chemical signal decoding by neighboring cells is the key process in neuronal communication. It is important to understand what regulates exocytosis because the amount of neurotransmitters released into the synaptic cleft has a direct impact on brain function such as cognition learning and memory as well as on brain malfunctions. Much success in molecular biology can be credited for the existence of simplified model systems. Therefore, for gaining deeper insights into the details of exocytosis and what controls vesicle-mediated neurotransmission, functional artificial cells for exocytosis have been developed that can be used for studying various biophysical aspects and roles of molecules affecting exocytosis, which is difficult to study in living cells. Here, we describe the design and fabrication of specific artificial cell models and how chemical measurements at these cells can be implemented for probing dynamics of the exocytosis fusion pore and its effect on the regulation of neurochemical release. We introduce bottom-up synthetic methods for constructing model cells using protein-free giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV) as starting material, which allows further tuning of molecular complexity in a manner that is not possible in living cells and therefore can be used for dissecting the role of essential molecular components affecting the exocytosis process. The experimental setup uses microscopy video recording, micromanipulation and microelectroinjection techniques, and amperometry detection to study neurotransmitter release from these cells mimicking exocytosis.

Modeling Behavior of U-Turning Vehicles at the Median Opening Using a Merging Behavior Approach: A Case Study in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia.

Median openings are one of the most commonly used road features, which are mainly used to allow U-turning movement in urban areas, and this study focuses mainly on modeling the behavior of U-turning vehicles at the median opening using a merging behavior approach. The purpose of the study is to estimate and model the critical gap of u-turning vehicles at the median opening under mixed traffic conditions. Under this study, the accepted gap, rejected gap, driver waiting time, merging time, and critical gap are estimated, and the modified Raff's method and modified INAFOGA method are used for the estimation of a critical gap. However, modified INAFOGA is used for the modeling of critical gaps under mixed traffic conditions. In this study, sixteen median openings were selected in Bahir Dar city, and data were collected using a video recording technique at each selected median opening during the peak hour of the day. The necessary data were extracted using Forevid analysis software tools. Different types of traffic are involved in the mixed traffic, and each vehicle type is categorized according to the Ethiopian Road Authority's 2013 design guide into seven different classes, such as 2-wheeler, 3-wheeler, passenger car, minibus, small bus and truck, medium bus, and medium truck. Among those traffic types, three vehicle classes (three-wheeler, passenger car, and minibus) were only considered due to the prohibition of U-turning movement for medium and large vehicles. For the modeling of critical gaps, waiting time and conflicting traffic flow are used as independent variables using the regression technique. Driver waiting time and the critical gap were found to be power related to passenger cars and minibuses and exponentially to three-wheelers. Conflicting traffic flow and critical gaps were power related to passenger cars and minibuses and linearly related to three-wheelers.

Analysis of the kinetics of the eyelids of little owl Athene noctua

AbstractThis study gives a comprehensive description of eyelids movement in little owl and discusses the impact of some surrounding conditions in their kinetic performance. The present study used the video's recording technique to record the kinetic activity of eyelids, besides the anatomical and histological studies of the eyelid's structure. The fundamental eyelid movements can be uniquely and reliably characterized by their anatomical relationship that was confirmed via video recording for their kinetic activity. The levator palpebrae muscle is considered a main generating motor for the upper eyelid; in the little owl, this muscle splits into multiple directions and is distinguished from the levator palpebrae superioris (Lps) and the levator anguli oculi (Lao) muscle. That anatomical pattern of insertion increases the movement of the upper lid. On the other side, the contraction of depressor palpebrae inferioris (Dpi) muscle and the active upward forces of levator palpebrae muscle help in increasing the opening of the eye's fissure. However, the closure process is produced from the passive downward forces and relaxation of the levator palpebrae superioris (Lps), levator anguli oculi (Lao), and depressor palpebrae inferioris muscle, as well as the contraction of retractor anguli oculi lateralis (Raol) and medialis (Raom) muscle. The present results also recorded that nictitating membrane's (Nm) movement is reversely proportionate to the level of kinetic of other eyelids. The mobility of Nm in little owl occurs under the effect of artificial external stress. These anatomical data and sequence video recordings have confirmed that the upper eyelid moves more compared to other eyelids. The authors also suggest that the mobility of eyelids may get stimulated through external pressure force of some surrounding structure like the periorbital sheet. Also, the histological study exhibited that the structure of two eyelids is very similar in the little owl and the variability is showing in the number of cell layers that forms their epithelium of skin and palpebral surfaces, the distribution of pigment granules, and degree of keratinization on their surface. That variability in the histological characters of eyelids may counteract the abrasive forces occurring during the opening and closing processes.

Texture and rheological features of strain and pH sensitive chitosan-imine graphene-oxide composite hydrogel with fast self-healing nature

Here we report a smart Chitosan-isophthalaldehyde-Graphene oxide (CS-ISD-GO) hydrogel as a “multicomponent hydrogel”. We witnessed an unprecedented pH responsive changes in viscoelasticity, stretchability, adhesiveness, self-healing and self-adaptability upon changing the pH and concentration of CS and ISD that was authenticated by texture and rheological analysis. The GO provides physical crosslinks and antibacterial properties to the hydrogel. Taking the advantage of dynamic nature of covalent and non-covalent interactions, we tuned the hydrogel adhesion and stretchability in response to the pH changes. Further self-healing of hydrogels was fully investigated by measuring thixotropic response over more than three cycles of strain sweep and real time optical imaging and video recording techniques. The recorded videos display 100 % self-healing response within a time frame of 2–6 min. These properties were observed only over small range of pH (4.5–5.5). The hydrogel becomes mechanically strong above pH 5.5 and becomes unstable above pH 7 leading to subsequent disintegration. The characterization of hydrogel was carried by FTIR, FESEM and TGA analysis. In addition, the hydrogel was reduced using NaBH4 for drug release. The reduced gel appears to be stable at lower pH values also. The reduced hydrogel may potentially be used for drug release purpose with low toxicity.

Videokymogram Analyzer Tool: Human–computer comparison

Videokymography (VKG) is a modern video recording technique used in laryngology and phoniatrics to examine vocal fold vibrations. To obtain quantitative information on the vocal fold vibration, VKG image analysis is needed but no software has yet been validated for this purpose. Here, we introduce a validated software tool that aids clinicians to evaluate diagnostically important vibration characteristics in VKG and other types of kymographic recordings. State-of-the-art methods for automated image evaluation were implemented and tested on a set of videokymograms with a wide range of vibratory characteristics, including healthy and pathologic voices. The automated image segmentation results were compared to manual segmentation results of six evaluators revealing average differences smaller than one pixel. Furthermore, the automatically categorized vibratory parameters precisely agreed with the average visual assessment in 84 and 91 percent of the cases for pathological and healthy patients, respectively. Based on these results, the newly developed software was found to be a valid, reliable automated tool for the quantification of vocal fold vibrations from VKG images, offering a number of novel features relevant for clinical practice.

Speed of pedestrian movement at marked pedestrian crossings

The pedestrians crossing was influenced by a number of factors, which the most important of those are the time and speed of pedestrian crossings. They are in direct dependence on the width of the marked pedestrian crossing, and they were analyzed at two marked crossings in Teslić, with the same characteristics, next to the high school and next to the primary school. The target groups of the research consisted of different ages of students divided by gender and three grade classes and students who come with their parents. In order to obtain the most accurate data on pedestrian speeds, which is the goal of the research, in addition to the method of scientific observation, the video recording technique was also used. The result of these methods are tables in which speeds and crossing times are classified, on the basis of which graphs of speed, crossing times and the level of service of given pedestrian crossings are presented. As a result, it was concluded that by increasing the width of the pedestrian crossing at both locations, the speed of pedestrian crossing would decrease, bearing in mind that a larger width of the pedestrian crossing allows for a longer crossing time.

Traffic Assessment And Optimization at Signalized Intersections: A Review Study

Abstract Signalized intersections are critical elements of the highway system, thus improving the attitude of these intersections significantly influences the overall operating performance of the highways in respect of delay and level of service (LOS). Reduction in capacity and increase in delay at signalized intersections could be a reflection of poor signal timing as well as inadequate road geometry variables. A better comprehension of the reasons that affect signalized intersections performance can be useful in reducing delay and improving the LOS. This study aims toreview some of thepublished works on the evaluation of traffic operation at signalized intersections using both Highway Capacity Manual 2010 (HCM 2010) and several optimization software. Different approaches were used to identify the main input data (traffic volume data, geometric characteristics, and signal timing) required for the HCM and different optimization proposals including video recording technique and field survey. The outcomes of thepublished investigations indicated to improve the operational performance of these intersections including cycle length, adding lanes, creating overpass, prohibiting approach traffic from the intersection, and a combination of some proposals.The research also seeks to add tothis review the limitations of using different software suchas SYNCHRO, CORSIM, HCS, SIDRAand the considerable variability of delays and LOS using these software’s so that it may be updated for future experimental and simulation investigations on signalized intersections

Coordination of Traffic Signals on Arterial Streets in Duhok City

      Duhok City lies in the north of Iraq and it has mountainous terrain. The poor road infrastructure of the city and also the daily increasing number of vehicles had left no choice other than applying traffic control systems to solve congestion problems in the city streets. Traffic control signal coordination which is one of efficient method of traffic control system that can improve the traffic operation and safety for series of signalized intersections along the arterials in the city. In this study the benefit of actuating traffic signal coordination was evaluated, and comparison in control delay against the same signalized intersection in case of being isolated was made. To achieve this four successive signalized intersections on Barzani street and three successive signalized intersections on Zakho street which are two major arterials in Duhok City were chosen. Traffic data (traffic volumes, vehicle link and approach speeds, and passenger car equivalent) during peak hours were collected. Also, geometric data and signalization data were collected using different methods, such as video recording technique, moving vehicle method and manual methods. To check the coordination attainability, the coupling index and key intersection was determined, then time-space diagrams were constructed representing one-way coordination for the intersections on Barzani and Zakho Streets, and others represented two-way coordination for the intersections on Zakho Street with acceptable progression bandwidth efficiency. The results of this study showed that a progression bandwidth of 54 seconds for east direction coordination and 17 seconds for west direction coordination on Barzani Street under suggested controlled speed of 60 kph pleasant with the present data. For Zakho Street, the progression bandwidth is 19 seconds for east direction coordination and 18 seconds for west direction coordination under suggested controlled speed of 40 kph. The results show that traffic signal coordination had led to high reduction in intersection control delays. On Barzani arterial street the reduction was between 16.2% and 51.8%, while for Zakho arterial street the reduction ranges between 16.93% and 26.11%.

Binucleated and Multinucleated Neurons are Formed by Fusion.

In the era of molecular biology and atomic force microscopy, some important macroscopic issues such as simultaneous bidirectional axonal flow or neuronal multinucleosis remain unaddressed. However, these issues have to be addressed, because they distort the results of our current achievements. Using videorecording technique, we studied adhesive contacts between neurons and their processes and kinetics of anastomosis retraction between the cell bodies up to their complete fusion with introduction of neurites into the cell cytoplasm and formation of binuclear cells. Three proofs refuting the mechanism of binuclearity formation by amitosis are presented. Live trinuclear neurons without signs of amitotic division were identified. Electron microscopy showed that fusion of many living neurons into one simplest during centrifugation of isolated cells.

Experimental investigations on the integrated bubbly wake strength of two different scale ship models

ABSTRACT The integrated bubbly wake strength of two ship models with different scales is investigated in this paper. The laser spot video recording technique is implemented to measure the light scattering properties of laser beams transmitted through the wake. The bubbly wake is generated by the movement of two geometrically similar models towed at constant velocities in a towing tank. The effect of the model’s velocity and scale are investigated using data provided by the multiple laser emitter and detectors. Results show the dominance of small bubbles on the persistence of the wake. Also, the effects of wetness of the stern on the vertical distribution of the wake are evident. Comparing the wake of two scale models shows a stronger wake for the bigger model in similar conditions. Moreover, the importance of Froude and Weber numbers on the scaling of major features of the bubbly wake of ship models is prominent.

Application of Simulation Modelling for Waste Assessment: A Case Study of Bricklaying Process

Construction waste is a serious challenge that requires particular attention from construction managers to improve the performance of their projects and survive in a highly competitive market. Simulation modeling provides decision-makers with a controllable operating system and a more cost-effective environment which allows a better understanding of construction processes deficiencies. The current paper aims to assess waste in a bricklaying process using ARENA. Data used for simulation modelling were collected through field observations and video recording techniques. Using EasyFit, goodness-of-fit tests were performed to identify the best probabilistic density functions for each construction operation in the studied process. Simulation outputs show that non-value-added (NVA) activities dominate the bricklaying process with 85.2 % of the total cycle time. These results indicate a strong potential for optimizing the process under study by reducing these sources of waste especially regarding waiting time that holds the highest share of waste with 72.5 %.

Evaluating Driver Behavior in Yellow Interval at Signalized Intersections

Signalized intersection is one of the most popular type of control at intersections in urban areas. Study of the elements of this type of control is vital to reduce accident rate, improve performance, and decrease delay. Yellow period is one of the parameters which has influence in performance of these type ofintersections specially accident rate. At the indication of yellow interval, when drivers approach a signalized intersection, they need either to proceed and cross the intersection or stop safely before the stop line. The objective of this study is to identify significant factors that impact driver’s decision at yellow interval in dilemma zone. Data was collected using questionnaire survey and video recording technique at two signalized intersections in Duhok city for the period of peak and off-peak hours. Assessing the effects of influential factors including vehicle speed, distance to the stop line and vehicle type on driver behavior has been achieved through observations of trends from graphs and statistical analyses using Logistic regression. Results of questionnaire survey indicate that the younger drivers of (18-30) years are more aggressive and end up running a red light. Moreover, the results of trend analysis showed that number of drivers who run the yellow decreases as the distances to stop line increases and dilemma zone at peak hours are located nearer to the stop line as compared to off peak hours. The lower green time to cycle time ratio in four leg intersection increased the probability of crossing the intersection instead to wait for another green period. Results of all three parts show that both the vehicle speed and distance to the stop line are significant factors affecting driver decision.