Video Home System Research Articles

Frugal digitization of analog video endoscopic medical records in a Kenyan rural medical center

Background: Digitization of healthcare data has led to widespread healthcare transformation. This has been enhanced by the availability of new technologies at lower costs. Video recording can improve the quality of care, provider skills, education, and patient follow-up. However, limitations such as the risk of litigation, patient privacy, and poor legal framework have curtailed adoption. Rural hospitals have older analog equipment due to limited financial resources. Objectives: This study aims to present an alternative low-cost option. Methods: We present an economical method of recording and digitizing endoscopic and laparoscopic procedures performed on analog video processing towers. We showcase a video of the step-by-step procedure that involves connecting a digital video home system (VHS) video recorder to an analog Olympus endoscopy machine (Model CV-100) and transferring media via a portable storage device to an electronic medical record database. Conclusion: Using simple home video recording devices provides a low-cost solution to creating digital records from analog video endoscopic machines. The technique, however, creates additional steps to the endoscopy process and the need for capacity building of the endoscopist. Patient consent forms should cover video creation. Medical centers should have a robust information management system to securely store and retrieve digitized video records.

Young Children and YouTube: A global phenomenon

In the 1960s and 1970s, the most popular device for media viewing was television. The 1980s were dominated by the Video Home System (VHS) technology, which allowed users to watch pre-recorded mater...

High-throughput digitization of analog human echocardiography data

Echocardiographic imaging has been acquired in historical longitudinal cohorts of cardiovascular disease. Many cohorts were established prior to digital recording of echocardiography, and thus have preserved their archival imaging on Video Home System (VHS) tapes. These tapes require large physical storage space, are affected by physical degradation, and cannot be analyzed using modern digital techniques. We have designed and implemented a standardized methodology for digitizing analog data in historical longitudinal cohorts. The methodology creates a pipeline through critical steps of initial review, digitization, anonymization, quality control, and storage. The methodology has been implemented in the Framingham Offspring Study, a community-based epidemiological cohort study with echocardiography performed during serial examinations between 1987 and 1998. We present this method as an accessible pipeline for preserving and repurposing historical imaging data acquired from large cohort studies.The described technique:•Outlines a generalizable pipeline for digitization of analog recordings of echocardiography stored on VHS tapes•Addresses research concerns including quality control, anonymization, and storage•Expresses the authors’ individual experience regarding observed image quality, training needs, and potential limitations to help readers understand the costs and benefits of this method

When obsolete technology meets convergence culture: The case of VHS videocassettes

Technological developments have led to a rethinking of how obsolete media should be treated when it becomes relatively inaccessible. This article focuses on Video Home System (VHS) videocassettes in digital culture. Using semi-structured interviews undertaken with people who converted their videocassettes into a digital format, this study explores the notion of participatory and convergence culture. It shows how media innovation results in emergent roles and functions for videocassettes, attributing new experiences and meanings to both digital and VHS formats. Specifically, divergence helps videocassette owners control and manage family memories, strengthening ties between family members and relations between friends. This culminates in the creation of an inherited object of memory. The findings indicate a lack of confidence in technology, especially in its ability to preserve family memories. In addition, it was found that a sort of spiritual power is attributed to videocassettes, which prevents their owners from throwing them away. This study offers a model of the divergence process and a set of terms relying on research into religion transformations and human–technology relations. These frameworks can be applied to participatory culture, more accurately accounting for old versus new media user behaviors.

A System Dynamics Model of the Betamax-VHS Competition including Technological, Production, and Network Effects (Including Data)

The issue of complementary assets is beginning to heat up again with the movement of Microsoft into the Internet market. Many people are looking again at past cases of standards competition to determine the importance of complementary assets. One of the more important cases was the battle between the Betamax (Beta) and Video Home System (VHS) videocassette formats during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Beta was launched by Sony in 1975, eighteen months ahead of its rival format VHS . Despite this disadvantage, VHS, sponsored by Panasonic, JVC, and RCA, managed to overtake Beta by 1979 and came to dominate the market almost completely by 1988. This paper develops a system dynamics model to study this format competition and the effect of its complementary assets. Based on simulations, two factors were necessary for VHS to win. One was VHS's longer tape playtime relative to Beta, which enabled pre-recorded tapes earlier. The second was OEM production. Relevant historic data from the 1970s and 1980s are included in the appendix.

Evaluating the "Tape Tea" Myth as Low Cost Abuse Drug through Mass Spectrometry

The role of the tape tea as a low cost abuse drug is evaluated, by searching for possible inorganic and organic compounds after its preparation. Two energy sources are evaluated (conventional and microwave heating) for preparing the tape tea using new or used cassette (K7) or video home system (VHS) tapes. After optimizing all the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) conditions, the remarkable presence of Mn and Co, as well as Cr and Ni, at concentrations higher than 5 times those allowed for drinking water, makes the use of the tape tea plausible as a non-cost abuse drug due to some possible neurotoxic effects. Regarding the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) analysis, no evidence of any organic compound related to neurological effects was found.

Embedded Based 3G Security System for Prison

Safety measures and uninterrupted surveillance are essential in areas like bank safety locker room, defense systems, VIP's homes and Luxury hotels. Prison is also the place where there is a need for high security and severe surveillance system. There are several techniques used in these particular environments which include the traditional VHS (Video Home System) and DVR (Digital Video Recorder) system.VHS surveillance system usually has the video quality problem of displaying because the analog signal is directly sent to monitor without processing, which results in poor monitoring system. Instead the DVR demonstrates a better competence in the prison. The main objective of this work is to introduce the application of CCMS (Central Control and Monitoring System) with 3G technologies for prison management by using the low cost and low power sensors through the web or wireless network which reduces the manual work involved. It also reduces the money invested and power usage in providing electrical fencing in the prison. The use of motion detection sensors and additional digital I/O devices helps to prevent escapes of prisoners.

Nollywood and the home video revolution: implications for marketing videofilm in Africa

PurposeIn the last 15 years, Nigeria has developed a feature film industry based on video and video compact disc distribution which currently produces over 600 films a year making Nigeria (in terms of numbers) one of the largest film producing nations in the world. English language films (Nollywood) have become a dominant media form all over the African continent. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the implications of this phenomenon for marketing video film in Africa, and examine the structure of the industry.Design/methodology/approachUsing the case study method, the paper examines how a technological innovation such as video home system (VHS) is being used in ways never imagined or intended by the innovators. Consequently, the emergence and proliferation of inexpensive VHS video tape recorders have led to the growth of video‐based movie production in several African countries, especially Nigeria.FindingsIt is hoped that findings of this case study will provide the basis for future scholarly analysis of the economy of the Nollywood industry, and also provide a template for practitioners to engage in future research in video film in Africa.Originality/valueThere have been no studies of Nollywood published to date.

New Release: An Empirical Analysis of VHS/DVD Rental Success

This paper studies movie rental revenue in the home video industry. Using a cross-section of the top 100 films from 2001 as a sample, domestic Video Home System (VHS) and Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) rental revenues are tested for responsiveness to independent variables including: box office gross revenue, production budget, aggregate critic rating, Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) rating, genre, star power, word-of-mouth information, total award nominations, and economic variables. Results for the Ordinary Least Squares regressions reveal positive impacts of box office revenue, stardom, Restricted (R) and Parents Strongly Cautioned (PG-13) MPAA ratings, and some genres on VHS and DVD gross rental revenues. The positive and significant coefficient on the income variable for the DVD regression and the uniform lack of significance for the award, critic rating, and word-of-mouth variables are of particular interest.

Estimating Velocity Fields on a Freeway From Low-Resolution Videos

An algorithm to estimate velocity fields from low-resolution video recordings is presented. The algorithm does not attempt to identify and track individual vehicles, nor does it attempt to estimate derivatives of the field of pixel intensities. Rather, a frame is compressed by obtaining an intensity profile in each lane along the direction of traffic flow. The speed estimate is then computed by searching for a best matching profile in a frame at earlier and later times. It is shown that the estimate is equivalent to a weighted median of velocities of vehicles. Because the algorithm does not need high-quality images, it is directly applicable to a compressed format digital video stream, such as .mpeg, from conventional traffic video cameras. The procedure is illustrated using a 15-min-long Video Home System recording to obtain speed estimates on a 1-mi stretch of highway I-80 in Berkeley, CA

Standard competition: Is collaborative strategy necessary in shaping the smart card market?

This paper is concerned with the standard competition in the three most outstanding innovation cases of videocassette recorder [VCR; video home system (VHS)/Betamax standard competition], Windows operating system for personal computers (PC; Windows standard competition), and smart cards (smart cards standard competition). The study presents a comparative analysis of major conceptual frameworks in innovation management—the Competitive Forces Model by Porter [M. Porter, Competitive Strategy, Free Press, New York, 1980] and the Managing Migration Paths Model by Hamel and Prahalad [G. Hamel and C.K. Prahalad, Competing for the future, Harvard Business School Press Boston, MA, 1994] for empirical analysis and discussions. It is argued that the ability to establish an industry standard enables an innovator to create competitive advantage. In other words, the ability to establish an industry standard provides a platform for an innovator to excel at the innovation process by generating a continuity of commercially successful innovations. The paper evaluates the strategic management of innovations by studying the previous standard competition of innovations, to suggest the direction of smart cards. The players in the smart card industry may use this empirical analysis to define strategic approach for their plan to compete in smart card launch.

Laryngostroboscopy: Perceptual and acoustic evaluation of male smokers

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the conventional laryngoscopy, laryngostroboscopy, perceptual and acoustic evaluation of 28 male chronic smokers. Methods: Volunteer sample of 28 male smokers whose ages averaged 53 years. Smoking habit varied from 96 to 720 months. Standard transoral rigid videolaryngoscopy with stroboscopy was performed. The examinations were recorded on videotape (video home system format). The recorded material was analyzed by a physician according to Hirano & Bless protocol (1993). A grading system described by Yonekawa (1983) was used in order to assess the severity of the Reinke edema (RE). The subjective judgment of the voice quality was carried out by 5 experienced speech-language pathologists. The GRBAS system was used to describe the voice quality. For the acoustic assessment, the following factors were analyzed: fundamental frequency; jitter; shimmer; NNE; and HNR. Results: The conventional laryngoscopy was able to identify RE in 9 patients. In the laryngostroboscopy, RE was identified in 16 examinations with prevalence of type II. Besides it, 1 polyp, 1 leucoplakia; 1 bilateral angiodisgenesia and 1 vocal fold scar were described. The perceptual evaluation presented revealed prevalence of strainless and roughness. The acoustic analysis demonstrated higher rates of fundamental frequency, shimmer, and HNR. The jitter rates were lower than the normal. Conclusion: A rate of 57% of chronicle male smokers presented RE with no significant vocal repercussion. The perceptual evaluation showed alterations in larger scale related to the vocal tract ressonance and all the acoustic rates alterated.

Which continuous US scanning mode is optimal for the detection of vascularity in liver lesions when enhanced with a second generation contrast agent?

Objectives: Microbubble echo-enhancers help in the assessment of focal liver masses by enhancing the signal from blood vessels. A variety of linear and nonlinear scanning modes are now available, but it is unclear which is optimal. A controlled comparison was performed during the infusion of such an agent (SonoVue: Bracco, Milan, Italy). Methods and materials: Ten patients with known focal liver lesions were studied. The diagnoses, confirmed on dual phase helical computed tomography (CT) at the same attendance were metastasis ( n=7), haemangioma ( n=2) and focal nodular hyperplasia FNH ( n=1). A dose of 12 ml SonoVue concentrated at 5 mg/ml was infused intravenously at a rate of 1 ml/min. The enhancement level was monitored with a continuous wave (CW) Doppler probe over the right radial artery and the intensity of the signal was registered at 1 s intervals. When a plateau of enhancement was reached, a single lesion in each patient was imaged using five different continuous scanning modes, fundamental grey scale (FGS); fundamental colour Doppler (FCD); fundamental power Doppler (FPD); second harmonic grey scale (HGS); and pulse inversion mode (Pim) using an HDI5000 scanner and C5-2 probe (ATL, Bothell, WA). The order of scanning modes was varied between patients using a predefined randomisation protocol. The videos (super video home system (SVHS)) were analysed offsite by two blinded readers, both experienced in contrast ultrasound of the liver. The readers were asked to score each mode in terms of its ability to detect vessels within/around the lesion at optimal enhancement. This was done using a ranking system (1, worst; 5, best) for each patient. Results: Both observers scored FPD as the optimal imaging method, followed by Pim. (Scores summed across all patients, observer 1: FPD 48, Pim 42, FCD 37, HGS 21, FGS 10; observer 2: FPD 49, Pim 40, FCD 38, HGS 21, FGS 10). The differences from FPD were significant for FCD, HGS and FGS using a unpaired analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparison, with Bonferroni multiple corrections, ( P<0.01, both observers). The differences between FPD and Pim were also significant both for observer 2 and for both observers combined ( P<0.01), but did not reach significance for observer 1 ( P=0.19). Conclusions: In this study, FPD performed best, and the non-linear modes, performed continuously (pulse inversion and second HGS), showed no clear advantage.

Stereoscopic head-mounted display incorporated into microsurgical procedures: technical note.

We have previously evaluated video technologies that have allowed for the use of electronic imaging during microneurosurgical and endoscopic procedures. This stereoscopic camera set and monitor/recording system allows for the use of stereoscopic images during surgery by the primary surgical assistant and ancillary personnel. It also allows for stereoscopic recording and playback using a wide video home system format. We describe a novel prototype of a head-mounted display (HMD) that allows the surgical team to simultaneously visualize the surgical field stereoscopically and includes picture-in-picture, voice control, and stereoscopic recording capabilities. A stereoscopic HMD with 640 x 480 (video graphics array) pixel resolution and the ability to display 24-bit images has been designed. This device weighs 900 g. It is interfaceable with common video display formats. This stereoscopic HMD is being evaluated in a prospective multicenter trial of open microsurgical and endoscopic minimally invasive procedures. In our experience to date, there have been no equipment failures or complications attributable to the use of the display system. The equipment was well accepted by users who reported significant benefits in visualization. The use of a stereoscopic HMD may result in improved efficiency and safety in both endoscopic and open microsurgical procedures. We have verified that the HMD is comfortable during the course of a surgical procedure, is reliable, and allows for accessibility to the operative field with an excellent field of view and three-dimensional perception. Positioning and dexterity within the operative field are also enhanced. Additional uses relate to surgical training, multimodal information display, and operative rehearsals.

Strategic Maneuvering and Mass-Market Dynamics: The Triumph of VHS over Beta

This article deals with the diffusion and standardization rivalry between two similar but incompatible formats for home videocassette recorders (VCRs): the Betamax, introduced in 1975 by the Sony Corporation, and the VHS (Video Home System), introduced in 1976 by the Victor Company of Japan (Japan Victor or JVC). Despite being first to the home market, the Beta format fell behind the VHS in market share during 1978 and declined thereafter. By the end of the 1980s, Sony and its partners had ceased producing Beta models. This study analyzes the history of this rivalry and examines its context—a mass consumer market with a dynamic standardization process subject to “bandwagon” effects that took years to unfold and that were largely shaped by the strategic maneuvering of the VHS producers.

The importance of magnetostatics in video recording: a theoretical analysis

Magnetic recording involving the storage of analog video signals is investigated by computer simulation of the writing and reading process. In this theoretical analysis, the writing and playback of full video signals and of a high-frequency sine-wave on video tape is modeled for the video home system (VHS) and the super-VHS in particular. The influence and importance of various media and system data are determined for the storage performance of the chrominance and luminance part of the video signal. The calculated relationships between tape data and output performance elucidate the importance of the various tape properties and enable the tape producer to develop and optimize videotapes. >

Telescopic videorhinoscopy: a useful addition to the clinical practice of rhinology.

Telescopic videorhinoscopy using a rigid telescope and a color video camera is an effective method of demonstrating and documenting the anatomy and pathology of the nose. Its chief value is in making an accurate diagnosis. It is also an excellent method of teaching endoscopic surgery of the nose and sinuses. The authors present a useful method of telescopic videography of intranasal structures using Hopkins rigid telescopes and a reasonably priced video home system color camera. Telescopic videorhinoscopy is a useful addition to the daily practice and teaching of rhinology.