Victim-offender Overlap Research Articles

A Latent Class Analysis of Online Victim-Offender Overlap among Chinese Youth: Examining Overlap Risks across Online Deviance Types

A Latent Class Analysis of Online Victim-Offender Overlap among Chinese Youth: Examining Overlap Risks across Online Deviance Types

Masculinities in Immigration Detention Centres

A great tool to grow an empire, detention camps have been historically used and abused as a subordination tactic by all of the most powerful empires, most notably by Germany’s Nazi Regime in the Second World War. Commonly thought to have been born and died in history, they are a mostly forgotten piece of the past. Many would be shocked to discover that there is a secret world of institutions that disregard international human rights law in order to prioritize their national goals, where refugees, asylum seekers and migrants are the primary victims. Systems for migrancy and immigration detention have emerged in the wake of globalization, seeking asylum from conflicts, natural disasters or financial insecurity, or simply searching for better economic opportunities, education or reunion with family. Multicultural liberal democracies use detention centres to enforce their racialized and gendered penal power and establish a national hierarchy where poor, young men of colour are the most marginalized. This paper critically examines the victimization of male refugees, asylum seekers and migrants by neo-colonial masculinities in Canadian, American and British immigration detention centres and how these experiences create offenders through the victim-offender overlap.

Examining mental health correlates of hate-motivated behaviour in Scotland: An investigation of victims, perpetrators and victim-perpetrators.

Hate-motivated behaviour (HMB) ranges from microaggressions to criminal acts and is a public health concern with wide-ranging consequences. The current study aimed to examine the mental health correlates of HMB perpetration, victimisation and co-occurring victimisation/perpetration. Participants (n = 447) completed an online cross-sectional survey assessing demographic factors, HMB (perpetration and victimisation), positive mental wellbeing and symptoms of depression and anxiety. HMB victimisation was associated with lower positive mental wellbeing and increased symptoms of anxiety and depression. However, neither HMB perpetration nor co-occurring perpetration/victimisation were associated with any of the three mental health outcome measures. Experiencing HMB as a victim is linked to increased psychological distress. Additional research, which focuses on sampling populations who are known to be at greater risk for involvement in HMB, is needed to fully understand the impact of the victim-offender overlap on mental health outcomes.

Offending and victimization in prisons: New theoretical and empirical approaches

In-prison offending and victimization threaten the safety of incarcerated individuals and staff, which makes it an important topic for correctional research. Prior research has generated substantial knowledge about individual and environmental characteristics that heighten the risk of in-prison offending and victimization. The victim-offender overlap and the situational dynamics of incidents, however, are still under-researched. This essay proposes that the study of in-prison offending and victimization would benefit from adoption of an incident-level approach. This recognizes that incidents can escalate and de-escalate depending on persons involved and their (re)actions, and that victimization and offending are often linked. It is discussed how criminological theories and methods on crime and victimization outside prisons can be adapted for this purpose.

아동·청소년의 복합범죄피해와 비행 유형간의 관련성에 관한 연구

This study investigates the relationships between poly-victimization and the types of delinquency in children and adolescents based on the concept of poly-victimization and the perspective of victim-offender overlap. This study hypothesizes that poly-victimization can affect the participation of the types of delinquency; the types of delinquency can affect poly-victimization; self-control, parental attachment, delinquent peers, and deviant lifestyle can be the factors to influence the relationships between poly-victimization and the types of delinquency. Korean Crime Victim Survey(VIII): Juvenile victimization in 2017 data are used to test hypotheses. Association analysis is used to examine the association between the types of victimization and the types of delinquency. Path analysis with ordinal response variables is used to test the relationships between poly-victimization and the types of delinquency controlling with self-control, parental attachment, delinquent peers, and deviant lifestyle. The results show that the types of victimization are positively associated with the types delinquency; victimization increases the participation of status delinquency, assaults, property crime, and bullying; status delinquency increases victimization; self-control, parental attachment, delinquent peers, and deviant lifestyle can be the factors to influence the relationships between poly-victimization and the types of delinquency; gender and school grade(age) are related to victimization and the types of delinquency. The findings suggest that victimization can develop the various types of delinquency and status delinquency can develop victimization; the relationships between poly-victimization and delinquency can be explained by the process of poly-victimization affecting delinquency and the process of delinquency affecting poly-victimization; self-control and deviant lifestyle consistently influence the relationships between poly-victimization and the types of delinquency.

Victim-offender overlap: the identity transformations experienced by trafficked Chinese workers escaping from pig-butchering scam syndicate

Victim-offender overlap: the identity transformations experienced by trafficked Chinese workers escaping from pig-butchering scam syndicate

Re-Imagining the Offender: Exploring the Victim-Offender Overlap in the Context of Women Perpetrators of Sex Trafficking

This article examines the involvement of female perpetrators in sex trafficking networks. Field studies, testimonies, and court cases from around the world are analyzed to demonstrate that most female perpetrators were once victims of sex trafficking; and that they turn to the "offender" side of trafficking because of coercion, manipulation, and psychological and socioeconomic vulnerabilities. In this regard, victimization and perpetration are inextricably linked, a fact that is captured by the victim-offender overlap framework. This framework has not yet been incorporated into international legal norms, which causes the past or current victimization experienced by female perpetrators to be dismissed in courts and used for harsher punishments. This article calls for international law to make increasing efforts to acknowledge the circumstances of female perpetrators' offenses and to broaden the scope of the non-punishment principle to break the cycle of violence.

Successes and Challenges in Implementing a Human Trafficking Screening Tool in a Local Detention Center

Research solidly documents the victim-offender overlap in various crimes, including human trafficking. Given the hidden nature of this exploitative crime, increasing the identification of victims is crucial. One way to do this is through the creation and implementation of screening tools. To date, most screening tools for human trafficking victims are created by and implemented in the field of health care or with youth or young adults, particularly those who have experienced housing instability. However, the use of these tools to identify victims of human trafficking in correctional settings—where victims are often misidentified as offenders—is limited. To address this deficiency, a victim-centered, trauma-informed screening tool was implemented in a local detention center to identify human trafficking victims, with the purpose of offering them resources to facilitate their exit from trafficking situations. This article outlines the creation and implementation of the tool and discusses its successes, challenges, lessons learned, and recommendations for replication.

Explaining the Victim-Offender Overlap of Cyberbullying Using Low Self-Control and Parental Bonds

This study examined cyberbullying using a cross-sectional sample of n = 5,954 late adolescent high-school students in Arizona and had several purposes: 1. To examine the extent of the overlap of cyberbullying perpetration and victimization; 2. To examine the effects of low self-control and parental bonds on cyberbullying; and 3. To use both attitudinal and behavioral measures of low self-control as predictors. Using bivariate probit regression models, the study found an overlap between cyberbullying perpetration and victimization, with 9.1% of the sample experiencing both. For the most part, low self-control measures better predicted cyberbullying than parental bond measures. Implications for programming are discussed.

The Victim-Offender Overlap in Technology-Facilitated Abuse: Nationally Representative Findings Among U.S. Young Adults.

There has been limited examination of the phenomenon of the victim-offender overlap in the field of technology-facilitated abuse (TFA). To design effective strategies to prevent TFA, it is important to understand which individuals are most at risk of victimization, perpetration, and to what extent a subset of people both experience victimization and engage in perpetration. This study drew on Cyber-Abuse Research Initiative (CARI) data, a nationally representative U.S. sample of adults ages 18-35. TFA measurement consisted of parallel scales for victimization and perpetration, each with 27 items assessing forms of technology-facilitated surveillance, monitoring/tracking, interference/communications, reputational harm, controlling/limiting access, and fraud. A bivariate probit of TFA perpetration and TFA victimization, as separate outcomes, was fit to allow for joint estimation of regression coefficients and robust standard errors. Analyses confirmed that TFA, similar to other forms of interpersonal aggression, is characterized by a substantial victim-offender overlap, with 30 percent of the sample reporting involvement both as a victim and as a perpetrator. Internet/social media use and social isolation did not distinguish victimization and perpetration. However, positive and negative affect as well as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Queer, Asexual, or other sexual orientation (LGBQA+) were positively correlated with victimization, whereas female gender and having postsecondary education were positively associated with perpetration. These results may be used to design interventions and anticipate service needs. TFA, as a new topic of research, should capitalize on the theoretical and empirical article related to other forms of the victim-offender overlap.

Exploring the Victim-Offender Overlap in Intimate Partner Violence among Chinese Men and Women Living in Rural China

Exploring the Victim-Offender Overlap in Intimate Partner Violence among Chinese Men and Women Living in Rural China

Juvenile Violent Victimization and Adult Criminal Outcomes: The Role of Military Service as a Turning Point in Young Adulthood.

Previous research has consistently shown that juvenile violent victimization is associated with an increased risk of future criminal involvement, a phenomenon commonly known as victim-offender overlap. Despite a growing interest in the factors underlying this overlap, potential roles of major life transitions and turning points that may interrupt and reshape the nature of this developmental association have garnered less academic attention. Analyzing nationally representative data from waves I, IV, and V of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health; n = 10,205), this study investigates the association between juvenile violent victimization and adult criminal outcomes (i.e., violent offending, non-violent offending, arrest, and incarceration) and whether this association is moderated by military service with and without combat experience in young adulthood. Employing a series of logistic regression analyses and adjusting for a host of covariates, measures of selection, and criminogenic traits, we found that juvenile violent victimization was significantly associated with greater odds of violent offending, arrest, and incarceration in adulthood. Among individuals with violent victimization histories, military service with no combat experience was associated with a 16% decrease in the odds of incarceration in adulthood. Combat experience, however, was associated with over seven times greater odds of violent offending in adulthood for these individuals. These findings have important implications for theory, research, and practice, and highlight the relevance of life transitions and turning points in general, and military service in particular, in mitigating or perpetuating the criminogenic impacts of violent victimization in the life course.

What Separates Offenders Who are Not Victimized from Offenders Who are Victimized? Results from a Nationally Representative Sample of Males and Females

ABSTRACT There has been considerable interest in understanding victim-offender overlap, including why it occurs and the factors that are responsible for creating it. At the same time, however, there has been a lack of research examining precisely why some offenders are able to escape victimization and yet others are more susceptible to it. The current study sought to address this gap in the literature. To do so, data drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) were analyzed. The results revealed that a range of covariates, including low self-control, delinquent peers, social support, parental criminality, intelligence, and poverty, were differentially related to the odds of being victimized among offenders over the life course. We discuss what these findings mean for research on victim-offender overlap and future research in this area.

The Victim–Offender Overlap in Intimate Partner Violence: A Within-Individual Approach

The aim of the current study is to contribute to the understanding on whether the victim–offender overlap in intimate partner violence (IPV) is a product of population heterogeneity or state dependency between victimization and offending. The study uses a large data set of Finnish police-recorded IPV victims ( N = 13,452) and offenders ( N = 13,061) to assess whether IPV victimization and offending are temporally associated over and above stable individual differences. The results indicate that the associations between IPV victimization and offending are not fully explained by population heterogeneity, as they persist in the within-individual analyses for both directions and genders. Gender, however, seems to affect the magnitude and robustness of the associations. Further research is needed on the mechanisms driving these results.

Can a Pessimistic Outlook Moderate the Victimization-Delinquency Relationship?

This study was designed to shed light on the relationship between victimization and offending, a pattern commonly known as the victim-offender overlap, by exploring whether victimization and pessimism toward the future interact in association with self-reported delinquency. This study was performed on 1,300 (444 males, 645 females, and 211 sex not identified) members of the 2018 High School Senior Monitoring the Future cross-sectional study. Multiple regression analysis was conducted using a maximum likelihood estimator and bias-corrected bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals. The analysis revealed that victimization and the victimization × pessimism interaction correlated significantly with delinquency, after controlling for a series of demographic, family, and peer factors. These results indicate that pessimism toward the future may exacerbate the already strong relationship known to exist between victimization and delinquency.

범죄 피해 요인의 연령집단별 차이

Victimization has many negative impacts on the development of children and adolescents. Theories of victimization investigate why some people are more victimized than others. Victim-offender overlap perspective suggests that victims and offenders share demographic profiles, personal traits, cultural factors, and situational factors. Age is an important factor to examine childhood and adolescent victimization. However, there are few studies examining the effects and differences of age in childhood and adolescent victimization. Based on these arguments, the study examines the differences of victimization by age groups in childhood and adolescence. This study hypothesizes that the distribution of victimization is similar to the distribution of delinquency; gender, grade(age), self-control, parental attachment, delinquent peers, deviant lifestyle, and delinquency would be causes of victimization; the causes of victimization vary by elementary school students, middle school students, and high school students. Korean Crime Victim Survey(VIII): Juvenile victimization in 2017 data are used to test hypotheses. Frequency analysis of grade(age) and ANOVA of age groups are conducted to examine the relationship between the distribution of victimization and delinquency. Regression analysis is conducted to examine the factors of victimization and the difference of age groups. The results show that the distribution of victimization is not related to the distribution of delinquency; gender, grade(age), self-control, parental attachment, delinquent peers, deviant lifestyle, and delinquency become the causes of victimization in childhood and adolescence; the causes of victimization vary by elementary school students, middle school students, and high school students. The findings suggest that the effect of age(grade) on victimization is negative; the most important factor to determine victimization is delinquency; risk factors of victimization in elementary school students are more diverse than middle school and high school students.

The shortsighted victim: Short-term mindsets mediate the link between victimization and later offending

BackgroundPredominant explanations of the victim-offender overlap tend to focus on shared causes, such as (low) self-control or risky lifestyles. Such explanations bypass the possibility of a causal link between victimization and offending. We draw on evolutionary developmental psychology and criminological research to propose and test the hypothesis that victimization induces what we refer to as a short-term mindset, i.e., an orientation towards the here-and-now at the expense of considering the future, which in turn increases offending. MethodsWe test this mediation hypothesis using structural equation modeling of longitudinal data from a representative sample of urban youth from the city of Zurich, Switzerland (N = 1675). ResultsIn line with our preregistered predictions, we find that short-term mindsets mediate the effect of victimization on offending, net of prior levels of offending and short-term mindsets, and other controls. ConclusionsWe discuss implications for criminological theory and interventions.

The Cybercrime Victim-Offender Overlap: Evaluating Predictors for Victims, Offenders, Victim-Offenders, and Those Who are Neither

ABSTRACT Few studies have examined the victim-offender overlap in cybercrimes, especially using mutually exclusive groups: victims-only, offenders-only, victim-offenders, and those who are neither. The current study uses a sample of adults (N = 837) to evaluate the predictors of cybercrime victimization and offending generally, as well as the group-specific differences and similarities. Cybercrime victimization significantly predicted offending and offending predicted victimization. Level of self-control, time spent participating in routine online activities, and demographic characteristics were significant predictors for both victimization and offending. Results showed that 40.5% of participants were victims-only, 20% offenders-only, and 16.6% were victim-offenders. Multinomial regression suggests there are significant differences and similarities between these groups.

Non-consensual dissemination of sexual images: The victim-offender overlap

Digital technology provides young people with many new opportunities. However, these opportunities concurred with the development of new offences. A well-studied offence is non-consensual dissemination of sexual images (NCDSI), which can be described as the distribution of explicit photos and videos without the awareness and/or permission of the person pictured. According to previous research, adolescents and emerging adults are most often victims and perpetrators of this behaviour. Furthermore, several studies have observed that there is a relation between victimisation and perpetration of NCDSI. Our study aims to further explore this relation. Using data from the Youth monitor 2018, a survey conducted by the Youth Research Platform in Flanders, the present study researched whether there was a victim-offender overlap within NCDSI. Moreover, the relation between NCDSI and victimisation and perpetration of other offences was studied. Both bivariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted. Our results show that there is a victim-offender overlap within NCDSI as well as an association between NCDSI and victimisation and perpetration of other offences. Theoretical insights for these findings are presented. In addition, the notions ‘victim’ and ‘offender’ are discussed as the overlap questions their suitability.

Severe violent victimization and labour market exclusion: The significance of the victim–offender overlap

Evidence that violent victimization is associated with an array of negative outcomes over the life-course is mounting. While its links to poor health have been extensively documented, socio-economic outcomes have been left relatively unexplored. In this study, Swedish population register data are utilized to examine the relationship between violent victimization and labour market exclusion, placing particular focus on the moderating role of offending and gender differences in this dynamic. Using data on 12 complete successive cohorts born 1975 to 1986, violent victimization is observed in young adulthood (age 20–24) using patient register data, and is measured as interpersonal violence resulting in hospital admission. Labour market exclusion is operationalized as being not in employment education or training and is observed at age 25 and 30. Linear probability models are estimated for men and women, respectively. The findings suggest that women who have been victims of violent crime face elevated risks of labour exclusion, in both the short and the long run, and regardless of criminal offending. Men, on the other hand, display no excess risk of labour market exclusion in the absence of violent offending. For the group of male violent offenders, however, victimization adds to the risk of labour market exclusion. Implications of the findings are discussed.