Viable Root Research Articles

The Effect of Etiology on the Function of Hertwig\'s Epithelial Root Sheath in Regenerative Endodontic Procedures—A Review of Literature

AbstractThe management of nonvital immature permanent teeth poses quite a challenge. The apexification procedure is in use for long-term now but the treated teeth are more prone to fracture questioning the long-term prognosis of this technique. The introduction of regenerative procedures for the treatment of these teeth is quite favorable; however, despite the increasing use of regenerative endodontic therapy procedures, inconsistent results are seen in the root development. Conservation of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath may have a prime role and selecting the cases with viable root sheath may impact on the consistent positive results treated with regenerative procedures. This article aims to look at the database to find the role of etiology and its implication on Hertwig's epithelial root sheath in the outcome of regenerative endodontics.

EFFECT OF SALINITY-HEAVY METAL INTERACTIONS AS EVALUATED BY SOIL EXTRACTION AND PLANT ANALYSIS

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of salinity on growth and heavy metal uptake by maize (Zea mays) plant. The results of the study show that NaCl and NaCl+CaCl2 treatments decreased the growth of maize plant (plant height, shoot weight and root weight) significantly. The proportion of viable roots and root fresh weight declined with time. In contrast, salinity treatments enhanced root length. NaCl and NaCl+CaCl2 treatments increased the accumulation of Cd, Zn and Cu in maize plant considerably both in shoot and root.

Colonial rule, trajectories and travails of the Kingship Institution in Akokoland, 1900–1960

ABSTRACT Akokoland is a conglomeration of many towns located in the north-eastern part of Yorubaland. There exists many colonial documents with narratives to the effect that, colonial rule profited the Akoko communities that were brought under it. This paper, however, argues that colonial rule adversely impacted and altered the workings of the kingship institution in the period under review in Akokoland. Through a gristmill of sources, the paper discusses how power politics was used as a divide-and-rule tactic to enforce loyalty and consequently alter well developed traditional political institutions using the kingship institution in Akokoland as case study. The paper reveals that colonial enterprise in Akokoland was tailored towards the pursuit of power and rewards rather than the welfare of the people through political opportunism paid for by the establishment of harsh tax regimes and the imposition of political control of non-Akoko towns on the people of Akokoland by the agents of colonial administration. Beyond this, the kingship institution in Akokoland has continued to show resilience and remains a potent pillar of societal cohesion, viable grass root mobiliser, interpreter of government policies and viable agent of inclusive development.

Transmission phase evolution in fully screened and overscreened Kondo impurities

We study the coherent properties of fully screened and overscreened Kondo effects based on the Nozieres local Fermi-liquid theory and Affleck-Ludwig boundary conformal-field-theory approach, respectively. Coherent transports through an SU($N)$ generalization of fully screened and the multi-$\mathcal{K}$-channel overscreened Kondo impurities at and beyond the particle-hole (PH) symmetric point are thoroughly investigated. We report distinctive Fermi-liquid coefficients characterizing the finite temperature correction to the transmission phase shift and normalized visibility in fully screened Kondo regime, which can be measured with the existing experimental setups. Our work equally uncovers the significance of temperature correction to the transmission phase shift and visibility in non Fermi-liquid regime associated with the PH asymmetric overscreened Kondo effects with an arbitrary number of conduction channels $\mathcal{K}$. We propose viable roots of verifying our predictions in connection to the recent experiments, in particular with the experiments studying highly symmetric forms of fully screened Kondo effects and two-channel overscreened Kondo effects realized in quantum dot nano-structures.

Low Selenium Levels in Amniotic Fluid Correlate with Small-For-Gestational Age Newborns

Background: Identifying women at risk for small-for-gestational-age newborns (SGA) is an important challenge in obstetrics. Several different risk factors have been suggested to contribute to the development of SGA. Previous research is inconclusive on the role selenium (Se) plays in the development of SGA. The aim of the study was therefore to explore the role of Se concentrations in amniotic fluid in order to understand its possible role in the development of SGA. Study Design: This prospective, single center study investigated the relationships between Se concentrations in amniotic fluid and pregnancy outcomes. Amniotic fluid was collected from pregnant women during amniocentesis at 16/17 weeks of pregnancy. Se values were determined using the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and expressed in µg/L. Characteristics of mothers and newborns were obtained from women and delivery records. Results: 327 samples of amniotic fluid were evaluated. Patients with SGA newborns had significantly lower mean values of amniotic fluid concentrations of Se compared to appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) newborns (4.8 ± 1.9 µg/L versus 5.6 ± 2.5 µg/L (p = 0.017)). Adjusting for different risk factors, Se remained the only significant factor impacting the outcome of a newborn (b = −0.152, s.e. = 0.077; p < 0.048). Se levels in amniotic fluid did not correlate with pre-eclampsia or preterm delivery. Conclusion: Amniotic fluid Se levels represent a viable root of further investigation and assessment in order to identify women with low birth weight newborns early. Women with decreased Se levels had a statistically significant chance of developing SGA. Further research is needed to elucidate the link between Se, other trace elements, and other risk factors and their impact on the development of SGA newborns.

Expand, colonize and consolidate.

Plant nutrient-uptake involves the growth and maintenance of viable root hairs that are flexible but resistant to soil hardening, water content variability and pathogen attack. A role for phosphoinositides establishing polarity and structural hardening of the cell wall is now defined, linking lipid signalling and membrane trafficking to cellular morphology.

New Methods to Remove Rhizoplane Bacterial DNA of Banana

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different surface sterilization protocols on retained rhizoplane bacterial DNA of banana. Viable rhizoplane bacteria and bacterial DNA copies of banana roots were treated with four sterilization agents:

Production of avocado trees infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi under different management regimes

Avocado root rot is the most important disease of this fruit crop worldwide. This pathology may be caused by several biotic and abiotic agents, with the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi being the pathogen more frequently associated with poor phytosanitary conditions. There are disease control methods available that can reduce disease severity and allow plants to recover; however, they are not consistently and promptly applied. In addition, only chemical products are used by farmers as the preferred management method. This research aimed to evaluate different root rot management strategies in a commercial orchard. Data suggest that individual control methods are not as effective as when they are applied in combination, as in the T8 treatment (metalaxyl + mancozeb applied in drench; injection of potassium phosphite to each plant stem; potassium silicate applied in drench; addition of a layer of organic mulch and incorporation of 10 kg of composted substrate, both applied to the ground around the base of each tree). Using this strategy, the area under the disease progress curve for the avocado root rot was reduced by up to 68.6%, and the extra‐quality avocado fruit class increased by as much as 44% compared to the diseased control plants (T0) (P &lt; 0.01). With the combined treatment T8, farm income showed a 9.5‐fold increase, probably due to an increase in the percentage of viable roots by up to 9.4‐fold, which would have improved nutrient and water uptake.

Fine root tradeoffs between nitrogen concentration and xylem vessel traits preclude unified whole-plant resource strategies in Helianthus.

Recent work suggests variation in plant growth strategies is governed by a tradeoff in resource acquisition and use, ranging from a rapid resource acquisition strategy to a resource-conservative strategy. While evidence for this tradeoff has been found in leaves, knowledge of root trait strategies, and whether they reflect adaptive differentiation across environments, is limited. In the greenhouse, we investigated variation in fine root morphology (specific root length and tissue density), chemistry (nitrogen concentration and carbon:nitrogen), and anatomy (root cross-sectional traits) in populations of 26 Helianthus species and sister Phoebanthus tenuifolius. We also compared root trait variation in this study with leaf trait variation previously reported in a parallel study of these populations. Root traits varied widely and exhibited little phylogenetic signal, suggesting high evolutionary lability. Specific root length and root tissue density were weakly negatively correlated, but neither was associated with root nitrogen, providing little support for a single axis of root trait covariation. Correlations between traits measured in the greenhouse and native site characteristics were generally weak, suggesting a variety of equally viable root trait combinations exist within and across environments. However, high root nitrogen was associated with lower xylem vessel number and cross-sectional area, suggesting a tradeoff between nutrient investment and water transport capacity. This led to correlations between root and leaf traits that were not always consistent with an acquisition-conservation tradeoff at the whole-plant level. Given that roots must balance acquisition of water and nutrients with functions like anchorage, exudation, and microbial symbioses, the varied evidence for root trait covariation likely reflects the complexity of interacting selection pressures belowground. Similarly, the lack of evidence for a single acquisition-conservation tradeoff at the whole-plant level likely reflects the vastly different selection pressures shaping roots and leaves, and the resources they are optimized to obtain.

A tree-like Bayesian structure learning algorithm for small-sample datasets from complex biological model systems.

BackgroundThere are increasing efforts to bring high-throughput systems biology techniques to bear on complex animal model systems, often with a goal of learning about underlying regulatory network structures (e.g., gene regulatory networks). However, complex animal model systems typically have significant limitations on cohort sizes, number of samples, and the ability to perform follow-up and validation experiments. These constraints are particularly problematic for many current network learning approaches, which require large numbers of samples and may predict many more regulatory relationships than actually exist.ResultsHere, we test the idea that by leveraging the accuracy and efficiency of classifiers, we can construct high-quality networks that capture important interactions between variables in datasets with few samples. We start from a previously-developed tree-like Bayesian classifier and generalize its network learning approach to allow for arbitrary depth and complexity of tree-like networks. Using four diverse sample networks, we demonstrate that this approach performs consistently better at low sample sizes than the Sparse Candidate Algorithm, a representative approach for comparison because it is known to generate Bayesian networks with high positive predictive value. We develop and demonstrate a resampling-based approach to enable the identification of a viable root for the learned tree-like network, important for cases where the root of a network is not known a priori. We also develop and demonstrate an integrated resampling-based approach to the reduction of variable space for the learning of the network. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of this approach via the analysis of a transcriptional dataset of a malaria challenge in a non-human primate model system, Macaca mulatta, suggesting the potential to capture indicators of the earliest stages of cellular differentiation during leukopoiesis.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that by starting from effective and efficient approaches for creating classifiers, we can identify interesting tree-like network structures with significant ability to capture the relationships in the training data. This approach represents a promising strategy for inferring networks with high positive predictive value under the constraint of small numbers of samples, meeting a need that will only continue to grow as more high-throughput studies are applied to complex model systems.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0194-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Improved walnut mass micropropagation through the combined use of phloroglucinol and FeEDDHA

Despite the socioeconomic importance of walnut trees, poor rooting and recalcitrance to in vitro culture have hampered the establishment of high-yield clonal plantations. To improve walnut micropropagation, we introduced several modifications to current methods and evaluated the effects on microshoot performance and acclimatization. Nine selected genotypes (13-year-old trees) of the commercial hybrid Juglans major 209 × J. regia were cultured in vitro on DKW-C medium supplemented with 4.4 µM BA and 50 µM IBA. A protocol was developed that relies on the sequential use of 0.4 and 0.2 mM phloroglucinol during shoot multiplication, but not at later stages, so as to maximize shoot growth without inhibiting root formation. Moreover, substituting FeEDTA by FeEDDHA diminished chlorotic symptoms and significantly improved the rooting ability of all genotypes, with up to 90 % microshoots developing viable roots at 6.81 mg/L Fe3+. The addition of 83.2 mM glucose during the root expression phase was particularly efficient at promoting plant survival during acclimatization, compared to equimolar amounts of the alternative sugars sucrose and fructose. At the proposed working concentrations, the aforementioned compounds did not cause any deleterious effects on the nine genotypes studied. Microscopic analysis revealed the physical continuity between adventitious roots and stem cambial tissue. Analysis of leaf genomic DNA with eight polymorphic microsatellite markers was supportive of the clonal fidelity and genetic stability of the micropropagated material. Successful clonal plantations (over 5800 ramets) have been established by applying this protocol.

Functional Outcomes of Nerve Reconstruction in Severe Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy

Background Microsurgical era has brought a renewed interest in the management of birth-related brachial plexus palsy. There is a general agreement that severe obstetric palsy should be treated by an early nerve reconstruction. Patients and Methods This report is an experience in the primary nerve reconstruction in 32 cases of obstetric brachial plexus lesions in the age group 3.5 to 23 months. Parietal injuries were most commonly associated with truncal neuromas. Conducting neuromas were subjected to neurolysis, whereas nonconducting neuromas were treated by resection and nerve grafting. Restoration of hand functions was a priority in total lesions. In total palsy, a viable root stump if available was connected with nerve grafts to the distal nerve, primarily targeted toward the hand, and nerve transfers were performed for shoulder and elbow. Results A total of 20 patients had C5, C6 injuries and 5 had an associated C7 injury. Seven patients presented with total palsy. The follow-up period ranged from 14 to 42 months. Patients with partial palsy and early surgical intervention produced good functional results in relation to the elbow and shoulder. Recovery in hand function in total palsy was satisfactory to poor. Conclusion Microsurgical reconstruction is indicated for those infants who fail to recover antigravity biceps flexion by 4 to 6 months of age. An early intervention by 3 months is desirable in total palsy.

Preventing Erosion on Area-wide and Linear Mine Sites: Working from the Top Down

Introduction Pollutants in the environment are most often just resources that are out of place. Soil erosion turns valuable topsoil into a pollutant: sediment. Protection and/or preservation of topsoil is essential for timely, cost-effective reclamation and restoration of mined areas. Where topsoil cannot be removed and replaced in a progressive manner, it should be stockpiled and protected until such time it can be placed and redistributed on re-graded mined areas. This principle applies not only to area-wide activities—such as strip mining—but also to linear, ancillary areas such as roads and slurry pipeline rights-of-way. Everything that is needed for successful establishment of stabilizing vegetation in final reclamation is contained in the upper most layers of the soil—seeds, viable plant roots, soil bacteria, nutrients. Take care of your topsoil . . . and your topsoil will take care of you. Once vegetation is removed as part of land disturbance activities—whether they are area-wide or linear in natu...

Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tiga Varietas Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) dengan Perlakuan Tiga Macam Rhizobium pada Media Tanam Regosol Asal Banguntapan

ABSTRACT Different alfalfa varieties type of Rhizobium (a side of Rhizobium meliloti) affect to root nodule formation that will have an influence on the growth and yield quality of alfalfa. The rare presence of Rhizobium meliloti so it need to look for other potential rhizobium expected to form root nodules of alfalfa. The purpose of this research is to study the interaction of the three varieties of alfalfa inoculated with different type of rhizobium on growth and quality of alfalfa yield of the first cut. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with factorial experiment in March to June 2012 in the Green House Laboratory of Forage and Pasture Feed Faculty of Animal Husbandry Gadjah Mada University. Data measurements and observations were done on growth parameters and the quality of the results and were analyzed by analysis of variance with a completely randomized design, and followed by Duncan's multiple range test level 5%. Regression correlation analysis performed to determine the relationship between two variables to determine the effect of growth and quality of alfalfa yield.The results showed that various rhizobium inoculated on Multiking 1, Vernal and Common failed and the unable to form viable root nodules. Several physiological parameters such as growth and photosynthetic rate, net assimilation rate and relative growth rate, showed significant differences between the combination treatment. Generally indicates that all combinations of treatments have relatively high levels of khlorofil, value between 1 to 3.3. Quality nutrients such as crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash content and energy digestibility Variety Multiking 1, Vernal and Common are not significantly different. Nutritional quality and in vitro digestibility of Multiking1, Vernaland Common are not significantly different. Keywords : alfalfa varieties, type of rhizobium, growth, quality of yield, and in vitro digestibility

Artificial seed preparation as the efficient method for storage and production of healthy cultured roots of medicinal plants

The technique for the refinement of pRi T-DNA-transformed root cultivation by the root fragment encapsulation in the gel coat, i.e., so-called “artificial seed” (AS) production, was studied. AS were produced from genetically transformed roots of Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) and common rue (Ruta graveolens L.). The effects of duration of AS storage at 4°C on their subsequent growth activity and a capability for resumption of actively growing root cultures were analyzed. Encapsulation of contaminated Baikal skullcap root culture with the addition of antibiotic and storage during 2–5 weeks at low above-zero temperature resulted in a complete elimination of infection, i.e., obtaining the healthy root culture. Growth activity and total flavone concentration were markedly increased in this culture, so that total productivity of this renewed root culture increased substantially. Using AS produced from the root fragments of common rue, it was shown that, after long-term storage at low above-zero temperature, they are capable of not only root growth resumption but also active shoot formation, which is of interest for plant micropropagation. Long-term retaining growth activity of AS produced from root cultures of valuable medicinal plants permits their usage as a reserve and also, in the case of necessity, for long-distance transport as compact axenic root inocula. The storage of viable root fragments within AS also helps to optimize intervals between numerous subculturings of root cultures required for the maintenance of IPPRAS collection in the active state.

Evaluation of hydraulic lift in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm

Hydraulic lift (HL) in plants is defined as the redistribution of water from wetter to drier soil through the plant roots in response to soil water potential gradients. Water is released from the roots into the dry soil when transpiration is low (night) and reabsorbed by the plant when higher transpiration rates are resumed (daylight). It was hypothesized that since HL is not of sufficient magnitude to meet total transpirational demands, there may be sufficient water transferred to maintain viable roots in the surface soil in anticipation of root water uptake for plant development from rain events before it is lost to water evaporation and/or runoff. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants of diverse genetic backgrounds were grown in a split-root container with roots of one plant divided between the two adjacent soil volumes. The soil in one container was allowed to dry while the adjacent soil container remained wet for the duration of the tests. Cotton transpiration was lowered by covering the plant with black cloth for several hours while changes in soil water content were measured in both containers using calibrated soil water sensors. Results showed that water was transferred from the wet to the dry soil through the root system at low transpiration rates. There was also an indication of genetic diversity in the magnitude of HL that may be due to differences in root resistance to water flow since total root length for a particular genotype was either smaller in the dry soil or similar to total root length in the wet soil. The amount of water transferred was small, but when integrated over a soil depth represented an amount ranging from 11% to 32% of corresponding daily evapotranspiration rates of 2–6 mm d −1, respectively, which could presumably maintain root viability for additional root water uptake when made available. These results are important in dryland cotton production where additional transpiration represents increased lint yield and plant breeders may consider this trait in their selection of cotton germplasm with drought resistance.

Na+ content of xylem sap is closely related to root biomass in pea (Pisum sativum): Apotential tool for studying root growth under controlled conditions and in the field

Xylem-mobile Na+ in peas appears to have the attributes of a convenient marker for estimates of root biomass. This study examined the consistency and predictability of biomass-based, root to shoot Na+ delivery rates. In glasshouse experiments, xylem Na+ delivery was studied according to changing exogenous pressure regimes, time of day of xylem sap extraction, plant development, soil Na+ concentration and xylem sap extraction methods. At a given developmental stage, Na+ delivery in relation to root biomass was constant and independent of xylem water flux. This relationship held providing that collections were made for at least 60 min, the nature of xylem sap extraction (natural root pressure, vacuum or external pressure) was the same and Na+ concentration in the nutrient solution was constant and below 2.5 mM. A negative linear relationship was found between-biomass based Na+ delivery and development (degree days after emergence), with declining values likely caused by overestimates of viable root biomass. Likewise, in the field, Na+ delivery rates occurred predictably with soil Na+, as long as soil Na+ was not increased beyond 5-fold that of naturally occurring levels. Field biomass-based Na+ delivery was largely unaffected by changes in development from early flowering to late seed filling. If used within the defined methodological and developmental limits, Na+ delivery can be a valuable time and labour saving tool for calculating numerous root biomass characteristics, particularly in soil substrates that hamper accurate root recovery. Key words: Controlled conditions, field, Na+ uptake, pea, root biomass, xylem delivery

Estimation of Viable Root-length Density of Heat-tolerant `Crenshaw' and `L93' Creeping Bentgrass by an Accumulative Degree-day Model

Subjection of intensively managed creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.). Farw., (syn. Agrostis palustris Huds.)] to supraoptimal soil temperatures is deleterious to root viability and longevity. The ability to estimate viable root length would enable creeping bentgrass managers to more accurately schedule certain management practices. The purpose of this rhizotron study was to develop a model, based on an accumulated degree-day (ADD) method, capable of estimating viable root length density of established `Crenshaw' and `L93' creeping bentgrass maintained under putting green conditions. Viable root length density observations were made biweekly and soil temperature data collected April through September 1997, and January through August 1998 and 1999. Relative viable root length density (RVRLD) is defined as the measured viable root length density divided by the maximum density attained that spring. In both years, maximum annual viable root length density for all plots was reached, on average, by 138 days from the beginning of the year (18 May). Cultivar and year effects were nonsignificant (P = 0.67 and 0.20, respectively). Degree-day heat units were calculated using an array of base temperatures by integral and arithmetical methods. Although the two accumulative methods proved suitable, the model regressing arithmetical degree-day accumulations against the bentgrass RVRLD provided a better fit to the data set. Use of the 10 °C base temperature in the arithmetical ADD calculations provided the following model; RVRLD = 0.98 - [1.30 × 10-4 (ADD)], accounting for 83.8% of the experimental variability (P &lt; 0.0001). As several abiotic/edaphic factors have been shown to significantly influence root growth and viability, development of a widely usable model would include additional factors.

A survey of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal root inoculum associated with harvester ant nests (Pogonomyrmex occidentalis) across the western United States

Soil organisms are known to affect the population dynamics of mycorrhizal fungi in many ecosystems. The western harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis, is widespread in its distribution and creates patch disturbances that affect both plant and soil microbial communities. Harvester ant-plant-fungus interactions can result in the formation of dense root mats in nest soils and abundant viable mycorrhizal root inoculum. We surveyed mycorrhizal root inoculum in nests of P. occidentalis across its distributional range to address whether root mats and fungal enrichment were a common consequence of ant activity. We concluded that mycorrhizal root mats were unique to particular plant communities (sagebrush steppe) and were not a common feature of P. occidentalis' nests across its distributional range.

Infection of Winter Wheat by a β-Glucuronidase-Transformed Isolate of Cephalosporium gramineum

ABSTRACT Field-grown winter wheat was inoculated with a beta-glucuronidase-transformed isolate of Cephalosporium gramineum in two field seasons to elucidate the mode of infection in resistant and susceptible cultivars. Colonization of viable root epidermis and cortical cells occurred as soon as 15 days postinoculation and the pathogen was found in the vascular tissues by 20 days postinoculation, well before freezing soil temperatures occurred. Penetration occurred directly through the root epidermis and through wounds adjacent to emerging secondary roots. The pathogen also penetrated through root cap cells and colonized meristematic tissues near root tips to gain access to the vascular system. Lower stem base colonization was observed where the pathogen penetrated directly through the epidermis, wounds, or senescent tissues. Appressorium-like structures, which appeared to aid penetration of cell walls, were often found within cells of both roots and stems after initial colonization. The mechanisms of resistance were not apparent, but less colonization occurred in resistant than in susceptible cultivars.