Vessel-encoded Arterial Spin Labeling Research Articles

Evaluation of the contribution of individual arteries to the cerebral blood supply in patients with Moyamoya angiopathy: comparison of vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling and digital subtraction angiography.

Vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling (VE-ASL) is able to provide noninvasive information about the contribution of individual arteries to the cerebral perfusion. The aim of this study was to compare VE-ASL to the diagnostic standard digital subtraction angiography (DSA) with respect to its ability to visualize vascular territories. In total, 20 VE-ASL and DSA data sets of 17 patients with Moyamoya angiopathy with and without revascularization surgery were retrospectively analyzed. Two neuroradiologists independently assessed the agreement between VE-ASL and DSA using a 4-point Likert scale (no- very high agreement). Additionally, grading of the vascular supply of subterritories (A1-A2, M1-M6) on the VE-ASL images and angiograms was performed. The intermodal agreement was calculated for all subterritories in total and for the subdivision into without and after revascularization (direct or indirect bypass). There was a very high agreement between the VE-ASL and the DSA data sets (median = 1, modus = 1) with a substantial inter-rater agreement (kw = 0.762 (95% CI 0.561-0.963)). The inter-modality agreement between VE-ASL and DSA in vascular subterritories was almost perfect for all subterritories (k = 0.899 (0.865-0.945)), in the subgroup of direct revascularized subterritories (k = 0.827 (0.738-0.915)), in the subgroup of indirect revascularized subterritories (k = 0.843 (0.683-1.003)), and in the subgroup of never revascularized subterritories (k = 0.958 (0.899-1.017)). Vessel-encoded ASL seems to be a promising non-invasive method to depict the contributions of individual arteries to the cerebral perfusion before and after revascularization surgery.

Assessment of Collateral Flow in Patients with Carotid Stenosis Using Random Vessel-Encoded Arterial Spin-Labeling: Comparison with Digital Subtraction Angiography.

Collateral circulation plays an important role in steno-occlusive internal carotid artery disease (ICAD) to reduce the risk of stroke. We aimed to investigate the utility of planning-free random vessel-encoded arterial spin-labeling (rVE-ASL) in assessing collateral flows in patients with ICAD. Forty patients with ICAD were prospectively recruited. The presence and extent of collateral flow were assessed and compared between rVE-ASL and DSA by using Contingency (C) and Cramer V (V) coefficients. The differences in flow territory alterations stratified by stenosis ratio and symptoms, respectively, were compared between symptomatic (n = 19) and asymptomatic (n = 21) patients by using the Fisher exact test. Good agreement was observed between rVE-ASL and DSA in assessing collateral flow (C = 0.762, V = 0.833, both P < .001). Patients with ICA stenosis of ≥90% were more likely to have flow alterations (P < .001). Symptomatic patients showed a higher prevalence of flow alterations in the territory of the MCA on the same side of ICAD (63.2%), compared with asymptomatic patients (23.8%, P = .012), while the flow alterations in the territory of anterior cerebral artery did not differ (P = .442). The collateral flow to MCA territory was developed primarily from the contralateral internal carotid artery (70.6%) and vertebrobasilar artery to a lesser extent (47.1%). rVE-ASL provides comparable information with DSA on the assessment of collateral flow. The flow alterations in the MCA territory may be attributed to symptomatic ICAD.

MR vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling with the placement of metallic items to visualize the territorial blood flow after extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery: a proof-of-concept study.

Depiction of bypass blood flow in patients who received extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass surgery is important for patient care. To develop a vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling (VE-ASL) method using surgical staples as a magnetic resonance (MR)-conditional product in patients who received EC-IC bypass surgery. Pseudo-continuous labeling was used for VE-ASL acquisition with a 3-T MR unit. First, an experimental study was conducted to determine the appropriate number of surgical staples to obtain a spatially sufficient saturation effect. Thereafter, four healthy normal volunteers underwent a VE-ASL study to confirm the sufficiency of the saturation effect to the right or left common carotid artery. Finally, VE-ASL scanning was performed in seven patients after EC-IC bypass surgery to confirm the ability of VE-ASL to visualize the territorial bypass perfusion. All qualitative evaluation was performed by two neuroradiologists using a 3-point grading system (2 = good, 1 = moderate, 0 = poor). A quantity of 200 staples was found to be appropriate for VE-ASL scanning. In healthy volunteers, one neuroradiologist rated the images of all four cases as good, while the other rated three cases as good and one case as moderate. For the seven patients after EC-IC bypass surgery, one neuroradiologist rated all seven cases as good, and the other rated six cases as good and one case as moderate. VE-ASL using surgical staples might be useful for the evaluation of territorial bypass perfusion in patients after EC-IC bypass surgery.

Intracranial 3D and 4D MR Angiography Using Arterial Spin Labeling: Technical Considerations.

In the 1980’s some of the earliest studies of arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI have demonstrated its ability to generate MR angiography (MRA) images. Thanks to many technical improvements, ASL has been successfully moving its position from the realm of research into the clinical area, albeit more known as perfusion imaging than as MRA. For MRA imaging, other techniques such as time-of-flight, phase contrast MRA and contrast-enhanced (CE) MRA are more popular choices for clinical applications. In the last decade, however, ASL-MRA has been experiencing a remarkable revival, especially because of its non-invasive nature, i.e. the fact that it does not rely on the use of contrast agent. Very importantly, there are additional benefits of using ASL for MRA. For example, its higher flexibility to achieve both high spatial and temporal resolution than CE dynamic MRA, and the capability of vessel specific visualization, in which the vascular tree arising from a selected artery can be exclusively visualized. In this article, the implementation and recent developments of ASL-based MRA are discussed; not only focusing on the basic sequences based upon pulsed ASL or pseudo-continuous ASL, but also including more recent labeling approaches, such as vessel-selective labeling, velocity-selective ASL, vessel-encoded ASL and time-encoded ASL. Although these ASL techniques have been already utilized in perfusion imaging and their usefulness has been suggested by many studies, some additional considerations should be made when employing them for MRA, since there is something more than the difference of the spatial resolution of the readout sequence. Moreover, extensive discussion is included on what readout sequence to use, especially by highlighting how to achieve high spatial resolution while keeping scan-time reasonable such that the ASL-MRA sequence can easily be included into a clinical examination.

Measurement of collateral perfusion in acute stroke: a vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling study

Collateral perfusion is important for sustaining tissue viability in acute ischemic stroke. Conventional techniques for its visualization are invasive, require contrast agents and demonstrate collateral vessels, rather than measuring perfusion directly. In this study we utilize a non-invasive, non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based method to directly quantify collateral perfusion in acute stroke patients. Vessel-encoded multi-postlabeling delay arterial spin labeling (ASL) was used to separately quantify the blood flow and blood arrival time from four arteries supplying the brain in patients presenting within 18 hours of stroke onset. Twenty-nine acute ischemic stroke patients were scanned with a median time of onset to first MRI of 3 hours. Collateral perfusion at presentation was associated with tissue fate at 1-week. It sustained tissue prior to reperfusion, but was less effective than direct blood flow at maintaining tissue viability in patients who did not reperfuse. Delay in the blood arrival around the ischemic region was found at presentation and reduced over time but was not consistently associated with collateral perfusion. Vessel-encoded multi-postlabeling delay ASL provides a non-invasive tool for direct measurement of collateral perfusion and delayed blood arrival in acute stroke patients.

Visualizing artery-specific blood flow patterns above the circle of Willis with vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling.

PurposeTo establish the feasibility of using vessel‐encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (VEPCASL) for noninvasive vascular territory imaging (VTI) and artery‐specific dynamic angiography of a large number of arterial branches above the circle of Willis within a clinically feasible scan time.Methods3D time‐of‐flight angiography was used to select a labeling plane and establish 7 pairs of encoding cycles. These were used for VEPCASL VTI and dynamic 2D angiography (8 min and 3 min acquisition times, respectively) in healthy volunteers, allowing the separation of signals arising from 13 arterial branches (including extracranial arteries) in postprocessing. To demonstrate the clinical potential of this approach, VEPCASL angiography was also applied in 5 patients with brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM).ResultsIn healthy volunteers, the artery‐specific filling of the vascular tree and resulting perfusion territories were well depicted. SNRs were approximately 5 times higher than those achievable with single‐artery selective methods. Blood supply to the AVMs was well visualized in all cases, showing the main feeding arteries and venous drainage.ConclusionsVEPCASL is a highly efficient method for both VTI and dynamic angiography of a large number of arterial branches, providing a comprehensive picture of vascular flow patterns and the effect on downstream tissue perfusion within an acceptable scan time. Automation of labeling plane and vessel‐encoding selection would improve robustness and efficiency, and further refinement could allow quantitative blood flow measurements to be obtained. This technique shows promise for visualizing the blood supply to lesions and collateral flow patterns.

Abstract 62: Evaluating Collateral Flow Territory Stability As A Novel Biomarker Of Recurrent Stroke In Patients With Symptomatic Intracranial Stenosis

Introduction: Intracranial (IC) collateral pathways provide important indicators of arterial steno-occlusion compensation, however evaluating the adequacy of these pathways is difficult with existing methods. Here, we modulated arterial partial pressure of CO 2 with mild hypercapnic respiratory stimuli to evaluate the stability of cerebral blood flow (CBF) territories in IC stenosis patients as a novel marker of collateralization adequacy. Methods: Symptomatic IC stenosis (n=20) and healthy (n=10) volunteers provided written consent and underwent noninvasive vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling. Separate magnetic labeling of the left ICA, right ICA, and vertebral arteries was performed, yielding 3 CBF territories. Scans were performed during normocapnia and hypercapnia (5% CO 2 ) and patients were monitored for recurrent stroke for a mean 1.6 years. The primary study variable was the CBF territory shifting index, defined as the percent of voxels changing from normocapnia to hypercapnia; the clinical endpoint was new non-cardioembolic stroke, TIA, or silent cerebral infarct. Significance was defined as two-sided p&lt;0.05. Results: 10/20 patients experienced a clinical endpoint at or before follow-up. Shifting indices were significantly larger in patients meeting the clinical end-point (1.49±0.32) compared to controls (0.67±0.071; p&lt;0.022) and patients not meeting the endpoint (0.67±0.12; p&lt;0.0089) ( Fig. 1) . Using 1 standard error above the mean patient shifting index as a threshold, sensitivities and specificities for predicting the clinical endpoint were 70% (7 of 10) and 97% (29 of 30), respectively. Conclusion: Mild shifting of major CBF territories during hypercapnia may be elevated in IC stenosis patients at risk for recurrent stroke. This approach may provide a new marker of collateralization adequacy and risk of recurrent ischemic events. Figure 1: A. CBF territory shifting in a patient with left ICA stenosis. B. Boxplots of shifting indices.

Abstract WP57: ASL MR Perfusion Imaging Detects Collateral Blood Flow Patterns and Dynamic Changes After Treatment in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion MRI is a new non-invasive method that is able to assess collateral blood flow and the perfusion territories of the brain feeding arteries. Hypothesis: Collateral blood flow imaging with ASL MRI is feasible in acute stroke patients and can be used to study the relationship between infarct location, perfusion territories and collateral patterns, together with dynamic changes after treatment. Method: Consecutive acute stroke patients were imaged within 24 hours of onset. Follow-up imaging was performed at discharge and/or 30 days to assess changes in vascular distribution and final infarct size. The imaging protocol contained a vessel-encoded pseudo-continuous ASL, DWI and MRA sequence. Results: Twenty stroke patients were included (NIHSS, 10; range, 0-23). Twelve patients were treated with tPA and 3 with additional endovascular therapy. Median time from initial imaging to follow-up was 25 days (range, 3-36). 80% of the exams were interpretable. Thirteen subjects (70%) had an ischemic lesion within the expected perfusion territory; 12 within the internal carotid artery (ICA) territory and 3 from basilar artery. In 5 patients (25%), the infarct zone was fed through collateral pathways. Figure A demonstrates a patient with a left ICA occlusion and collateral flow through the anterior and posterior-communicating artery. In 2 of the 5 patients with collaterals there was a shift in the vascular distribution at FU with decline of collateralisation. Figure B shows a patient with a right-sided ICA dissection directly post endovascular therapy with collateral flow from the basilar artery and normalization of the vascular distribution after 30 days. Conclusion: ASL can access perfusion territories and collateral blood flow in acute stroke. It may potentially be used to identify brain tissue without adequate collateral blood flow and stratify patients suitable for appropriate (endovascular) therapy.

Dual echo vessel-encoded ASL for simultaneous BOLD and CBF reactivity assessment in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease.

Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD)-weighted and vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling (VE-ASL) MRI provide complementary information and can be used in sequence to gauge hemodynamic contributions to cerebrovascular reactivity. Here, cerebrovascular reactivity is assessed using dual echo VE-ASL MRI to understand how VE labeling preparations influence BOLD and ASL contrast in flow-limited and healthy perfusion territories. Patients (n = 12; age = 55 +/- 14 years; 6F/6M) presenting with ischemic steno-occlusive cerebrovascular disease underwent 3.0T angiographic imaging, T1 -weighted structural, and planning-free dual echo hypercarbic hyperoxic (i.e., carbogen) VE-ASL MRI. Vasculopathy extent, timecourses, and cerebrovascular reactivity (signal change and Z-statistic) for different VE-ASL images were contrasted across flow territories and Bonferroni-corrected P-values reported. BOLD cerebrovascular reactivity (i.e., long-TE VE-ASL) Z-statistics were similarly sensitive to asymmetric disease (P ≤ 0.002) regardless of labeling scenario. Cerebral blood flow reactivity correlated significantly with BOLD reactivity (Z-statistic). However, BOLD signal changes did not differ significantly between labeling scenarios (P > 0.003) or across territories (P > 0.002), indicating BOLD signal changes in response to carbogen offer low sensitivity to lateralizing disease. Dual echo VE-ASL can provide simultaneous cerebral blood flow and qualitative BOLD contrast consistent with lateralizing disease severity in patients with asymmetric steno-occlusive disease. The methodological strengths and limitations of composite BOLD and VE-ASL measurements in the clinic are discussed.

A theoretical framework for quantifying blood volume flow rate from dynamic angiographic data and application to vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling MRI

Angiographic methods can provide valuable information on vessel morphology and hemodynamics, but are often qualitative in nature, somewhat limiting their ability for comparison across arteries and subjects. In this work we present a method for quantifying absolute blood volume flow rates within large vessels using dynamic angiographic data. First, a kinetic model incorporating relative blood volume, bolus dispersion and signal attenuation is fitted to the data. A self-calibration method is also described for both 2D and 3D data sets to convert the relative blood volume parameter into absolute units. The parameter values are then used to simulate the signal arising from a very short bolus, in the absence of signal attenuation, which can be readily encompassed within a vessel mask of interest. The volume flow rate can then be determined by calculating the resultant blood volume within the vessel mask divided by the simulated bolus duration. This method is applied to non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging data from a flow phantom and also to the cerebral arteries of healthy volunteers acquired using a 2D vessel-encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling pulse sequence. This allows the quantitative flow contribution in downstream vessels to be determined from each major brain-feeding artery. Excellent agreement was found between the actual and estimated flow rates in the phantom, particularly below 4.5 ml/s, typical of the cerebral vasculature. Flow rates measured in healthy volunteers were generally consistent with values found in the literature. This method is likely to be of use in patients with a variety of cerebrovascular diseases, such as the assessment of collateral flow in patients with steno-occlusive disease or the evaluation of arteriovenous malformations.

Vessel‐encoded arterial spin labeling (VE‐ASL) reveals elevated flow territory asymmetry in older adults with substandard verbal memory performance

To evaluate how flow territory asymmetry and/or the distribution of blood through collateral pathways may adversely affect the brain's ability to respond to age-related changes in brain function. These patterns have been investigated in cerebrovascular disease; however, here we evaluated how flow-territory asymmetry related to memory generally in older adults. A multi-faceted MRI protocol, including vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling capable of flow territory mapping, was applied to assess how flow territory asymmetry; memory performance (CERAD-Immediate Recall); cortical cerebral blood flow (CBF), white matter lesion (WML) count, and cortical gray matter volume were related in older healthy control volunteers (HC; n = 15; age = 64.5 ± 7 years) and age-matched mild cognitive impairment volunteers (MCI; n = 7; age = 62.7 ± 3.7 years). An inverse relationship was found between memory performance and flow territory asymmetry in HC volunteers (P = 0.04), which reversed in MCI volunteers (P = 0.04). No relationship was found between memory performance and cortical tissue volume in either group (P > 0.05). Group-level differences for HC volunteers performing above versus below average on CERAD-I were observed for flow territory asymmetry (P < 0.02) and cortical volume (P < 0.05) only. Findings suggest that flow territory asymmetry may correlate more sensitively with memory performance than CBF, atrophy and WML count in older adults.

Quantitative Assessment of External Carotid Artery Territory Supply with Modified Vessel-Encoded Arterial Spin-Labeling

In patients with carotid stenosis or occlusion, cerebral blood could be supplied through collateral pathways to improve regional blood flow and protect against ischemic events. The contribution of collaterals from the ICA can be assessed by depiction of vascular perfusion territories with ASL. However, so far there is no method available to evaluate the collateral perfusion territory from the ECA in MR imaging. In this study, we present a new labeling scheme based on VE-ASL to quantitatively assess the perfusion territory of the ECA. A new labeling approach with a Hadamard encoding scheme was developed to label major arteries, especially the ECA. Twelve healthy subjects with normal cerebrovascular anatomy were examined to demonstrate their perfusion territories. Eight patients with carotid artery stenosis or occlusion were assessed before and after surgery to show changes of their collateral blood supply. The proposed method enables assessment of the perfusion territories of the ECA. Good agreement was found between the vascular territories and normal cerebrovascular anatomy in healthy subjects. For the patients with carotid stenosis or occlusion, our noninvasive results provided information on collateral flow comparable with that from DSA. Their collateral flows from the ECA, moreover, could be quantitatively estimated pre- and postoperatively. The modified approach has been validated by the consistency of collateral perfusion territories with cerebrovascular anatomy, and quantitative assessment of collaterals proved useful for assisting in evaluating therapeutic interventions.

Blind detection of vascular sources and territories using random vessel encoded arterial spin labeling

The goal of this work is to use vessel encoded arterial spin labeling (VEASL) methods to detect feeding arteries without prior knowledge of their positions, and map the vascular territory of each. Five healthy subjects were scanned, each with four different tagging planes. The VEASL tagging method was modified to use 60 different pairs of encoding steps with random orientation and spacing. A signal model was developed to calculate the theoretical ASL signal resulting from a vessel in any position in the tagging plane. For each voxel, the location of the feeding vessel was estimated by finding the theoretical signal that correlates most closely with the data. The main intracranial arteries, including carotid, vertebral, basilar, and cerebral arteries above the Circle of Willis were identified and localized from the ASL data in all subjects. In addition, external carotid branches were detected in all subjects. Randomly encoded VEASL provides data that allows for blind detection of source vessels. This method simplifies the VEASL prescription process and allows for efficient detection of atypical or collateral circulation.

Collateral Circulation Imaging: MR Perfusion Territory Arterial Spin-Labeling at 3T

Current knowledge of the collateral circulation remains sparse, and a noninvasive method to better characterize the role of collaterals is desirable. The aim of our study was to investigate the presence and distal flow of collaterals by using a new MR perfusion territory imaging, vessel-encoded arterial spin-labeling (VE-ASL). Fifty-six patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) or middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis were identified by sonography. VE-ASL was performed to assess the presence and function of collateral flow. The perfusion information was combined with VE maps into high signal-intensity-to-noise-ratio 3-colored maps of the left carotid, right carotid, and posterior circulation territories. The presence of the anterior and posterior collateral flow was demonstrated by the color of the standard anterior cerebral artery/MCA flow territory. The distal function of collateral flow was categorized as adequate (cerebral blood flow [CBF] >/=10 mL/min/100 g) or deficient (CBF <10 mL/min/100 g). The results were compared with those of MR angiography (MRA) and intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in cross table, and kappa coefficients were calculated to determine the agreement among different methods. The kappa coefficients of the presence of anterior and posterior collaterals by using VE-ASL and MRA were 0.785 and 0.700, respectively. The kappa coefficient of the function of collaterals by using VE-ASL and DSA was 0.726. Apart from collaterals through the circle of Willis, VE-ASL showed collateral flow via leptomeningeal anastomoses. In patients with ICA or MCA stenosis, VE-ASL could show the presence, the origin, and distal function of collateral flow noninvasively.

Quantitative Assessment of Mixed Cerebral Vascular Territory Supply With Vessel Encoded Arterial Spin Labeling MRI

Recent advances in arterial spin labeling MRI have permitted noninvasive evaluation of vascular territories. In the present study, we quantitatively assess mixing of internal carotid and basilar artery blood through cerebrovascular anastomoses using vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling and a new postprocessing method. Vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling was used to determine the territories of the internal carotid and basilar arteries in 14 healthy subjects and one patient with asymptomatic high-grade carotid artery stenosis before and after endarterectomy. Contributions to individual vascular territories were quantified using a voxelwise supply fraction algorithm and the results were correlated with MR angiography. Vascular territories were consistent with cerebrovascular anatomy and the presence of pathology. The supply fraction method allowed quantification of mixed territorial supply arising from collateral flow and showed vascular supply changes in a patient with carotid artery stenosis after endarterectomy. Vascular territories obtained with vessel-encoded arterial spin labeling correlate with cerebrovascular anatomy and allow quantitative assessment of mixed territorial supply in subjects with and without pathology.