Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhizae Research Articles

Impact of bio-inoculants and bio-formulations on growth and yield of turmeric (Curcuma longa)

An experiment was conducted during 2011–12 at Arabhavi, Karnataka, to study the impact of bio-inoculants and bio-formulations on growth and yield of ‘Salem’ cultivar of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Turmeric cv. ‘Salem’ showed better response to combined application of inorganic fertilizers, bio-inoculants and bio-formulations than other treatments used in the study. Combined application of recommended dose of fertilizer [(RDF), FYM @ 25 t/ha and N:P:K @ 180:90:90 kg/ha) + VA-Mycorrhiza (VAM) + Trichoderma harzianum + Panchagavya + Amrit pani resulted in higher fresh rhizome yield and growth parameters, viz. plant height, pseudostem diameter, leaf area and leaf-area index, which was at par with the treatment, RDF + VAM + Trichoderma harzianum. Similarly, the highest benefit: cost ratio of 4.87 was obtained with the application of RDF + VAM + Trichoderma harzianum + Panchagavya + Amrit pani compared to the other treatments. Hence planting of turmeric rhizome with combination of RDF + VAM + Trichoderma harzianum + Panchagavya + Amrit pani was profitable under northern dry zone of Karnataka.

Glomus rugosae, a new arbuscular mycorrhizal species in Glomeraceae (phylum Glomeromycota) from maritime sand dunes of Poland and an ash pond of Czech Republic

Preliminary morphological analyzes of an isolate producing glomoid spores in culture and comparison of its 45S nuc rDNA sequences (= 18S-ITS-28S) with sequences available in GenBank suggested that this isolate is an undescribed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus of the genus Glomus in the family Glomeraceae (phylum Glomeromycota). This suggestion was confirmed by phylogenetic analyzes with sequences of 45S and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb1) gene that placed this isolate in an autonomous clade sister to that with Glomus macrocarpum, the type species of Glomus and Glomeromycota. In the field, this species, here named G. rugosae sp. nov., was associated with roots of Rosa rugosa, which inhabited the coastal dunes of the Hel Peninsula in northern Poland. In single-species cultures, G. rugosae formed typical vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. Phylogenetic analyzes with 45S sequences of Glomus species and environmental sequences with a similarity of >96% to the 45S sequences of G. rugosae showed that G. rugosae was previously detected in the Czech Republic.

Antioxidative Response and Phenolic Content of Young Industrial Hemp Leaves at Different Light and Mycorrhiza

Due to the increasing presence of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and its multiple possibilities of use, the influence of different light and several biopreparations based on beneficial fungi and bacteria on hemp’s morphological and physiological properties were examined. Different biopreparations and their combinations were inoculated on hemp seed and/or substrate and grown under blue and white light. A completely randomized block design was conducted in four replications within 30 days. For biopreparation treatment, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) in combination with Azotobacter chroococum and Trichoderma spp. were inoculated only on seed or both on seed and in the substrate. Generally, the highest morphological parameters (stem, root and plant length) were recorded on plants in white light and on treatment with applied Trichoderma spp., both on seed and substrate. Blue light negatively affected biopreparation treatments, resulting in lower values of all morphological parameters compared to control. Leaves pigments were higher under blue light, as compared to the white light. At the same time, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), flavonoids, total flavanol content and phenolic acids were not influenced by light type. Biopreparation treatments did not significantly influence the leaves’ pigments content (Chl a, Chl b and Car), nor the phenolic and flavanol content.

Zinc Biofortification through Biofertilizers, Foliar and Soil Application in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Aims: Here is clearly aim of study is to achieve the maximum grain yield and for improve the economic conditions of farmers. Study Design: The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design. Place and duration of study: The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of biofertilizers, foliar and soil application of zinc fertilizers in maize (Zea mays L.) at the research farm of the Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab (India) (31o63' N latitude, 74o83' E longitude and 234 m above sea level) during rainy seasons of 2018 and 2019. Methodology: The four levels of biofertilizers and foliar application as main plot [recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF: 150 kg nitrogen: 27.3 kg phosphorus: 25 kg K ha-1), RDF + Zn solubilizing bacteria (ZnSB), RDF + ZnSB + vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) + 0.5% foliar ZnSO4.7H2O) at silking and early milk stage] and four subplot treatment of soil application of ZnSO4.7H2O @ 12, 25 and 50 kg/ha at the time of sowing along with no soil Zn control were evaluated in three replications. Results: Foliar application of zinc in addition to biofertilizers (ZnSB + VAM) produced significantly higher growth, yield and quality over control treatment. Soil application of zinc sulphate (50 kg ha-1) significantly improved growth, grain yield and Zn harvest index, Zn mobilization efficiency index and recovery efficiency over no Zn control treatment. The grain zinc content, zinc uptake and zinc use efficiencies were significantly maximum with the application of VAM + ZnSB along with 0.5% zinc sulphate foliar at silking and early milk stage than ZnSB, VAM and control treatment. Conclusion: Zn application of soil and foliar improved the growth, yield and quality parameters of maize.

Piriformospora indica promotes plant growth, reduces lodging and enhances seed yield, and quality in onion (Allium cepa)

The onion seed crop is affected by several bacterial and fungal rot, which causes lodging, yield, and seed quality losses. In the present study the performance of three biocontrol agents- Piriformospora indica, Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) and Trichoderma viride with fungicide and bactericide as a standard control in reducing lodging and enhancing the seed yield and quality in onion was evaluated. The results showed that among the bioagents, indica recorded the highest bulb germination (98.39%), highest plant stand (87.10%), umbel diameter (5.01 cm), and lowest lodging (27.56%). Whereas VAM recorded the highest plant height (53.53 cm). The performance of P. indica was equivalent to standard chemical control carbendazim for several characteristics and even superior in characteristics like–seed yield (22.60 g/plant) and seed quality traits like–1000-seed weight (3.69 g), and seed vigour index-II (209.76). These results suggest that onion bulb treatment with P. indica is beneficial in reducing pesticide use and lodging, and increasing the productivity and seed quality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of P. indica in onion seed crop. Onion seed crop is pollinated by insects, primarily by honeybees, which are highly susceptible to pesticide applications. Therefore, onion seed bulb treatment with P. indica can be an essential component of integrated crop management in onion seed production for sustainable agriculture.

Ameriolations with VAM and PSB Inoculation of Growth and yield attributes in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) cv. Arkel

Background: Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the most important legume grown all over the world with its varied uses as vegetables and other processed products. Its production and productivity in recent times have witnessed a diminishing graph due to numerous biotic and abiotic stresses. With unexploited use of synthetics in legume crops number of nodule formation have reduced to lowest levels. VAM (Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) and PSB (Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria) inoculation in soil have been observed in enhancing number of nodules, levels of NPK uptake and yield in pea. Methods: Considering the importance of above facts and experiment was laid in 2022 with RBD with three replications containing 7 treatments viz. T1 (Control), T2 (75% RDF + 25% PSB), T3 (50% RDF + 50% PSB), T4 (75% RDF + 25% VAM), T5 (50% RDF + 50% VAM), T6 (75% RDF + 12.5% VAM + 12.5% PSB) and T7 (50% RDF + 25% VAM + 25% PSB). Result: Investigations indicated that the treatment T7 (50% RDF + 25 % VAM + 25% PSB) showed significantly high growth, yield and quality like plant height (113.90 cm), number of leaves (87.09), number of branches (20.2), number of nodules (90.56), numbers of pod/plant (19.1), pod length (8.97 cm), number of seeds per pod (8.23), green pod yield/plot (4.80 kg), green pod yield/ha (80.12 q) compared to control. Hence, T7 (50% RDF + 25% VAM + 25% PSB) evidently exhibited a conglomeration of bio nutrient uptake enhancers resulting in maximum yield and quality.

Development of Teaching Materials on Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) Topic for Biotechnology Course in Science Education Undergraduate Program

This research aims to develop teaching materials on the topic of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) for biotechnology courses in the science education undergraduate program at Universitas Negeri Manado that are suitable for use. This type of research is the research and development (R&D) model by Borg & Gall. The research steps consist of (1) potential and problems, (2) data collection, (3) product design, (4) design validation, (5) design revision, and (6) product trial (small group trial). The research instrument we used was a questionnaire consisting of a material expert validation questionnaire, a media expert validation questionnaire, and a small group product trial questionnaire. The results of expert validation showed that the material expert was 93% and the media expert was 93%. The percentage obtained is included in the very good category, so it is feasible to use. Furthermore, the product trial in a small group consisting of 7 students in the Science Education Undergraduate Program obtained a result of 92%, including in the very good category. Thus, the teaching materials that have been successfully developed on the topic of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) for biotechnology courses in the Science Education Undergraduate Program at Universitas Negeri Manado are declared fit for use in lectures.

Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza and Brassinosteroids amelioratesthe effects of stunted growth and oxidative stress induced by lead

Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza and Brassinosteroids amelioratesthe effects of stunted growth and oxidative stress induced by lead

Prospects for the use of biopreparations based on VAM during growing cucumber in protected ground

The research was carried out in 2022-2023 by the USPC of Horticulture and Vegetable Growing named after V.I. Edelstein RSAU-MAA named after K.A. Timiryazev (Moscow). In the conditions of a film ground greenhouse and planting during the spring-summer rotation, experiments were carried out to assess the effect of biological preparations based on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) on the growth and productivity of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L). Studies have shown that the use of biological preparations positively affected the vegetative growth of Cucumis sativus L plants of the parthenocarpic early-maturing hybrid F1 SV4097CV, which affected the photosynthetic surface area, and also significantly affected the development of plants, accelerating the passage of the main phenophases. There was an increase in plant yield and production at an earlier date, which is extremely important when growing plants in protected soil conditions during the transition to organic agriculture.

Impact of Jeevamrut formulations and biofertilizers on soil microbial and chemical attributes during potato cultivation

Application of jeevamrut, fortified with neem cake or vermitea, in combination with consortia of plant growth-promoting microorganisms such as Azotobacter, Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) or Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) would attenuate the negative effects of synthetic fertilizers over microbial and physicochemical properties of soil. The present study was carried out during 2021–2022 and 2022-23 with two factors, namely Factor-J (Jeevamrut) of 4 levels and Factor-B (Biofertilizers) of 5 levels. Four levels of factor-J include three jeevamrut formulations with one control while five levels of factor-B include four biofertilizer combinations with one control. Observations of various soil-based parameters confirm a significant reduction in soil pH and electrical conductivity of soil after harvesting potato crops (variety Kufri Bahar) under different treatments in comparison to controls and the initial value. Further, the organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium of soil were reported to be enhanced after the application of jeevamrut fortified with vermitea or neem cake. The efficacy of fortified jeevamrut can be further improved by adding a consortia of biofertilizers consisting of PSB and Azotobactor or VAM fungi. These treatments have also a significant effect on enhancing soil microbial activities.

Enhancing Cut Flower Production through Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) Symbiosis

Cut flower production is a significant segment of the horticultural industry, valued for its aesthetic appeal and economic importance. As growers seek sustainable and eco-friendly practices to improve flower quality and yield, the role of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) in enhancing cut flower production has gained considerable attention. VAM fungi form mutualistic associations with the roots of many flowering plants, facilitating nutrient uptake and promoting overall plant health. This communication highlights recent research demonstrating the potential of VAM symbiosis to revolutionize cut flower cultivation.

Bioefficacy of Commercial Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on Pomegranate growth

Bioefficacy of Commercial Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on Pomegranate growth

Solarized IPM Module for Biocontrol of Root-knot Nematode on Tomato at Nursery Level in District G.B Nagar, Uttar Pradesh

Background: The role of soil solarization in suppression of soil borne pathogens and weeds has been established by several researchers around the globe It involves capturing solar radiations when the soil receives the maximum sunlight in May-June using a polythene mulch. Its effectiveness depends on ambient temperature, duration of the treatments and soil moisture. This not only acts as a soil disinfectant but also as soil decontamination. It includes various changes in the soil like physical, chemical and biological properties. Methods: The field to lab and vice-versal based investigations were carried during 2021-2022 at Amity Centre for Biocontrol and Plant Disease Management, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida and identified tomato nurseries of district G B Nagar where heavy infestation (10-12 J2/cc soil) of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood was recorded. The treatments comprised of sustainable components viz. deoiled seed cake of neem, a Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices and indigenous fungal strain of Trichoderma harzianum, (Th7) alone and together applied for evolving IPM module at solarized and unsolarized sets. Under microplot trials, the entire solarized treatments were carried out measuring 3 × 1 sq. meter each in which one set of all the treatments including control covered with clear transparent polythene sheet (400 ì gauge) for solarization. The treatments were replicated thrice in randomized block design. Result: The observations of solarized and unsolarized treatments clearly revealed that the soil solarization in treatments where the sun radiant energy was trapped by 400 µ transparent polysheets significantly reduced the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita population both in root and soil in comparison to unsolarized treatments where no solar energy trapping was done. The combined application of locally isolated Trichoderma harzianum (Th7) and VA mycorrhiza, Glomus intraredices enhanced germination and plant growth in nurseries. In the present investigation, the solarized IPM module- 4 comprising of other sustainable components viz. neem oil-seed cake, T. harzianum (Th-7) and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungus G. intraredices is proved to be an ideal one in root-knot nematode pest management in tomato nurseries.

Bioprospects of Tree Species in Bioremediation of Bauxite Residue

Red mud or bauxite residue is a highly alkaline toxic by-product that is generated during the production of aluminum by Bayer’s process. Around 1.5 tons of bauxite residues are produced for generating 1 ton of alumina. The toxicity of bauxite residue is a major catastrophe due to its disposal management as it limits the growth of plant species because of high alkalinity and salinity. In the present study, bioprospects carried through the cyanobacterial strains (viz. Phormidium and Oscillatoria) with the planting of tree species have potentially shown successful outputs on the physical and chemical attributes of bauxite residue. The cyanobacterial strains were combined along with the microbial cultures of VAM (vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza) and PSB (phosphate solubilizing bacteria) to enhance root length, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, plant height, and chlorophyll content. The inoculated seeds of a few plant species namely, Siamese cassia, Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex. Benth., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Ex DC., Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.)., and Prosopis juliflora var. juliflora were raised to study the effect of bioremediation of bauxite residue for revegetation. Further, we also found that S. cassia, A. auriculiformis, D. sissoo, P. dulce, and P. juliflora var. juliflora thrived well on the amended bauxite residue with other useful inoculums.

Applications of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) and Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (VAM) Fungi on Aloe barbadensis Mill., a Medicinally Important Succulent Herb

Background: Application of biofertilizers is an appropriate replacement of harmful chemical fertilizers to fulfil the rising demands of herbal medicine. The main objective of this study was to establish a potent biofertilizer with the help of microbial consortia and observe their effects on the primary growth of Aloe barbadensis Mill. Methods: Rhizospheric soil of the plant Aloe barbadensis Mill. was taken and isolation, characterization and identification of the vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) fungi, rhizospheric bacteria and the VAM fungal spore associated bacteria was done. To check the microbial effects on morphological parameters of the plant, a total number of eight experimental sets were prepared by using different microbial strains. Result: In our experiment, VAM+ABM1 treated plant set showed the significant responses in plant primary growth which can be used as a potent biofertilizer in more sustainable way.

Exploration of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) chili plants in various field types in Indonesia: a case study in Kolaka Regency, and their relationship with Fusarium oxysporum wilt disease

The symbiotic relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots provides benefits to the host plant. Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum, is the most common disease on chili (Capsicum annuum), resulting in production losses of up to 50%. Until now, efforts to control wilt disease still rely on chemical control which has a negative impact on the environment.The purpose of this study was to examine the existence and number of Mycorrhizal spore morphology surrounding the roots of chili plants in three different types of fields in Kolaka Regency, as well as their relationship to Fusarium wilt. Plants were sampled from numerous chili farms in Kolaka Regency for this study, and the samples will be identified at the Plant Disease Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar.The proportion of infection, the amount of spores in the soil, and the incidence of fusarium wilt in chili were all measured. Mycorrhizae were found to infect chili roots and increase the amount of spores in three separate fields of chili plants. This demonstrates a link between mycorrhizae and chili roots, as well as the presence of spores in the soil and the kind of spores, Glomus sp. and Gigaspora sp.The interaction between mycorrhizae and Fusarium oxysporum disease in chili plants, namely suppressing the acceleration rate of Fusarium oxysporum disease is said to occur but is considered low. Different field types significantly affect the characteristics of mycorrhizae and the growth of chili plants, especially those that are attacked by Fusarium oxysporum. The field type with the least spores were found in Sani- Sani Village, Samaturu District, Kolaka Regency.

Inoculation with mycorrhiza and Azotobacter chroococcum affects the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Eryngium caeruleum at different planting densities

Eryngium caeruleum is a perennial native plant that grows under diverse climatic conditions of Iran. This study aimed to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal and Azotobacter inoculation on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of E. caeruleum at various planting densities. Factors included three levels of plant density (10×30 cm, 20×30 cm, and 30×30 cm), two levels of seed inoculation with Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) fungi (inoculation with Glomus mosseae and without inoculation), and two levels of seed inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum (with and without inoculation). The application of VAM fungi and A. chrooroccum significantly affected the measured traits. The interaction effect of plant density×mycorrhizal application and plant density×Azotobacter application on dry leaf weight was significant at a 1% level. The total leaf dry weight for the VAM treatments at a 30×30 cm plant density was 2.93 g. Also, the application of mycorrhizal fungus increased the essential oil percentage, the essential oil yield, and phosphorus concentration in the aerial organs by 132.68%, 100%, and 137.5%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The simultaneous application of A. chroococcum and VAM improved the quantity and quality of the yield components of E. caeruleum by increasing the availability of mineral nutrients

Enhancing productivity, quality, and economics of rose scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) through a novel integrated approach to phosphorus application

Phosphorus limitation is a major factor that adversely affects rose scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) herbage followed by essential oil yield which is extracted from the green herbage of this high-value aromatic plant. To ensure sustainable yield, the need to improve phosphorus use efficiency in geranium cultivation is inevitable. Current study was undertaken to develop a cost-effective integrated phosphorus management package for the grower’s community to maximize yield, quality, and economics of geranium by combining optimizing phosphorous dose with paddy straw mulch and inoculation with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM). Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years (2020–21 and 2021–22) at the research farm of CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India. Twelve treatment combinations were executed in a split plot design. Treatment comprised of two levels of paddy straw mulch (7.5 t ha−1 and no mulch), two levels of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) inoculation (6.5 kg ha−1and no VAM), and three levels of phosphorous doses (100 kg P2O5 ha−1, 150 P2O5 kg ha−1, and no Phosphorus). Mean data of two years revealed that rose scented geranium is a highly responsive crop towards all the variables applied. Growth parameters, yield attributes, herbage and oil yield, and essential oil quality were significantly improved. Nutrient uptake which is a prime concern of this study was also enhanced due to improvement in soil enzymatic activity, soil microbial biomass carbon, and soil nutrient status due to the combined effect of paddy straw mulching, VAM application, and optimum P doses. Maximum fresh herb yield (657.41 kg ha−1) was recorded in M1V1P1 while the highest volatile oil content, and oil yield (0.131% and 69.11 kg ha−1 respectively) were found in M1V1P2. At both the crop stages, maximum nutrient uptake (N = 1.44% and 1.85%, P = 0.30% and 0.35%, and K= 2.03% and 2.45% respectively) were also recorded with M1V1P2. The same treatment combination (M1V1P2) was recorded with maximum gross return (10403.3 US$ ha−1), total net profit (7795.5 US$ ha−1), and B:C ratio (2.99). Thus, this study recommends that geranium should be grown with appropriate phosphorus dose i.e. 150 kg P2O5 ha−1 along with VAM application (6.5 kg ha−1) and paddy straw mulching @ 7.5 t ha−1 for higher, cost-effective, and better quality oil production.

The Effect of the Application of Mycorrhiza on Vegetative Growth, Mineral Element Intake, and Some Biochemical Characteristics of Strawberry Seedlings under Lime Stress

This study aims to determine the effects of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) applications on vegetative growth, mineral element intake, and some biochemical characteristics of strawberry seedlings grown under lime stress conditions. The experiment was conducted with frigo seeds of "Albion" strawberry cultivar in pots filled with 1% lime mixture and 1:1 ratio of peat and perlite. In the uprootings performed in three different stages (four leaved, blooming, and fruit stages) to examine the biochemical effects of mycorrhiza applications against the lime stress, vegetative growth criteria (leaf chlorophyll and anthocyanin content, area, crown diameter, fresh and dry plant weights) and mineral contents in the plant parts (leaf, crown, and root) were determined. The proline, total phenolic content, and malondialdehyde (MDA), end product of the lipid peroxidation, analyses were conducted on the leaf samples taken in these uprooting. In all three stages, an increase in crown diameter and leaf area was determined. In uprooting periods, proline and total phenolic amounts increased, and, on the other hand, MDA decreased. Microelement intake, which decreased with the lime application, was detected to be increased with mycorrhiza applications. At the end of the experiment, mycorrhiza application was observed to lessen the effect of lime stress on strawberry seedlings.

Impact and Potentials of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) Fungi in Plant Nutrient and Growth: A Sustainable Approach

VAM fungi play a vital role in improving the nutrient quality in the plants, increasing the plants’ growth, helping protect plants against the pathogen, and helps in protecting them from salinity and drought. Their functions range from stress reduction to bioremediation in heavy metal-polluted soils. The current review paper focuses on heavy metal absorption, accumulation, and the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in alleviating heavy metal stress in plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are important soil microbial resources that assist host plants in dealing with a variety of abiotic stresses. It gives up-to-date information about AMF responses to abiotic stress. The significance of mycorrhiza against pathogenic populations is well documented, and the advantages of these relationships have been proven to minimize root system vulnerabilities by minimizing abiotic stresses, as well as boosting plant variety's ecological fitness in the soil environment. This review paper represents lipids as essential nutrients for AMF. This paper gives an overview of AM fungi's potential as bio-protection agents against soil-borne diseases and discuss about Modes of mycorrhizae-mediated disease control. The present review included reducing the impacts of biotic and abiotic stress through AMF, the mechanisms of AMF to improve the host plant’s capacity to endure stress, and the strategies employed by AM fungus to support plant” survival in stressful conditions.