Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhizae Research Articles

Modulating reactive oxygen species and ion homeostasis for combined salt and cadmium stress tolerance in Brassica campestris: The role of beneficial microbes

The land areas and crop species adversely impacted by salinity and heavy metals are growing rapidly. Current research indicates that plant growth-promoting microorganisms offer an environmentally friendly option for improving physiological and biochemical processes in plants growing under stress conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential mitigation of simultaneous salinity and cadmium (Cd) stress in rapeseed (Brassica campestris cv. BARI Sarisha-17) by the application of Azospirillum sp. (Az), phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), potassium mobilizing bacteria (KMB), and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM). Seeds were treated with PSB or KMB prior to sowing, whereas Az, PSB, KMB, or VAM were added as supplements during soil preparation. At 21 days after sowing, the plants were treated with a combination of salt (100 mM NaCl) and Cd (0.25 mM CdCl2), with several applications at 7-day intervals. The combination of salt and Cd stress decreased plant growth and biomass, relative water content, and photosynthetic pigment levels, while also increased electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, and the generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). Salt and Cd stress also impaired plant ion balances of sodium, potassium and nitrate, antioxidant defenses, and glyoxalase system activity. Application of Az, PSB, or KMB restored these parameters to unstressed levels by facilitating the scavenging of ROS, maintaining water status, restoring ion balances, enhancing plant antioxidant defenses, and increasing glyoxalase enzyme activity, while reducing methylglyoxal toxicity and improving photosynthetic activity. The application of KMB was the most effective; however, all microbe supplementations showed the ability to alleviate the damage caused by stress in rapeseed. These findings highlight the ability of soil microorganisms with plant growth-promoting properties to improve the physiological and biochemical functions of rapeseed under Cd and salt stress.

LITERATURE REVIEW: PERANAN ACAULOSPORA TERHADAP PENYERAPAN FOSFOR PADA AKAR TANAMAN SINGKONG

Mycorrhiza is a form of mutualistic symbiosis between plant roots (rhiza) and fungi (mykes). Plants will get various kinds of nutrients, especially phosphorus (P) from their mycorrhiza, while mycorrhiza will get carbon (C) from plants. Phosphorus is a macro nutrient that plants must have. Phosphorus has important functions in plants, namely during respiration, photosynthesis, energy transport, energy storage, cell enlargement, cell division, as well as processes within plants, stimulating plant root development and germination. Mycorrhiza is grouped into three types, namely ectendomycorrhiza, ectomycorrhiza, and endomycorrhiza. This journal review uses the SLR or Systematic Literature Review method with the aim of knowing the meaning of mycorrhiza, characteristics, enzymes that play a role, the mechanism of phosphorus absorption in mycorrhiza, mycorrhizal colonization, and mycorrhizal symbiosis in cassava plants. This article discusses mycorrhiza, one of the mycorrhizal genera, namely Acaulospora, which is included in the endomycorrhiza or Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM). The spores are characterized by a brownish yellow color and a rough surface like orange peel. The phosphatase enzyme is produced by Acaulospora hyphae. This enzyme helps increase the amount of P nutrients that are useful for plants by releasing the fixation of P nutrients from Al, Fe, and Ca in the soil, so that phosphate elements are available to plants.

Impact of bio-inoculants and bio-formulations on growth and yield of turmeric (Curcuma longa)

An experiment was conducted during 2011–12 at Arabhavi, Karnataka, to study the impact of bio-inoculants and bio-formulations on growth and yield of ‘Salem’ cultivar of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Turmeric cv. ‘Salem’ showed better response to combined application of inorganic fertilizers, bio-inoculants and bio-formulations than other treatments used in the study. Combined application of recommended dose of fertilizer [(RDF), FYM @ 25 t/ha and N:P:K @ 180:90:90 kg/ha) + VA-Mycorrhiza (VAM) + Trichoderma harzianum + Panchagavya + Amrit pani resulted in higher fresh rhizome yield and growth parameters, viz. plant height, pseudostem diameter, leaf area and leaf-area index, which was at par with the treatment, RDF + VAM + Trichoderma harzianum. Similarly, the highest benefit: cost ratio of 4.87 was obtained with the application of RDF + VAM + Trichoderma harzianum + Panchagavya + Amrit pani compared to the other treatments. Hence planting of turmeric rhizome with combination of RDF + VAM + Trichoderma harzianum + Panchagavya + Amrit pani was profitable under northern dry zone of Karnataka.

Glomus rugosae, a new arbuscular mycorrhizal species in Glomeraceae (phylum Glomeromycota) from maritime sand dunes of Poland and an ash pond of Czech Republic

Preliminary morphological analyzes of an isolate producing glomoid spores in culture and comparison of its 45S nuc rDNA sequences (= 18S-ITS-28S) with sequences available in GenBank suggested that this isolate is an undescribed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus of the genus Glomus in the family Glomeraceae (phylum Glomeromycota). This suggestion was confirmed by phylogenetic analyzes with sequences of 45S and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb1) gene that placed this isolate in an autonomous clade sister to that with Glomus macrocarpum, the type species of Glomus and Glomeromycota. In the field, this species, here named G. rugosae sp. nov., was associated with roots of Rosa rugosa, which inhabited the coastal dunes of the Hel Peninsula in northern Poland. In single-species cultures, G. rugosae formed typical vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. Phylogenetic analyzes with 45S sequences of Glomus species and environmental sequences with a similarity of >96% to the 45S sequences of G. rugosae showed that G. rugosae was previously detected in the Czech Republic.

Antioxidative Response and Phenolic Content of Young Industrial Hemp Leaves at Different Light and Mycorrhiza

Due to the increasing presence of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and its multiple possibilities of use, the influence of different light and several biopreparations based on beneficial fungi and bacteria on hemp’s morphological and physiological properties were examined. Different biopreparations and their combinations were inoculated on hemp seed and/or substrate and grown under blue and white light. A completely randomized block design was conducted in four replications within 30 days. For biopreparation treatment, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) in combination with Azotobacter chroococum and Trichoderma spp. were inoculated only on seed or both on seed and in the substrate. Generally, the highest morphological parameters (stem, root and plant length) were recorded on plants in white light and on treatment with applied Trichoderma spp., both on seed and substrate. Blue light negatively affected biopreparation treatments, resulting in lower values of all morphological parameters compared to control. Leaves pigments were higher under blue light, as compared to the white light. At the same time, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), flavonoids, total flavanol content and phenolic acids were not influenced by light type. Biopreparation treatments did not significantly influence the leaves’ pigments content (Chl a, Chl b and Car), nor the phenolic and flavanol content.

Zinc Biofortification through Biofertilizers, Foliar and Soil Application in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Aims: Here is clearly aim of study is to achieve the maximum grain yield and for improve the economic conditions of farmers. Study Design: The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design. Place and duration of study: The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of biofertilizers, foliar and soil application of zinc fertilizers in maize (Zea mays L.) at the research farm of the Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab (India) (31o63' N latitude, 74o83' E longitude and 234 m above sea level) during rainy seasons of 2018 and 2019. Methodology: The four levels of biofertilizers and foliar application as main plot [recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF: 150 kg nitrogen: 27.3 kg phosphorus: 25 kg K ha-1), RDF + Zn solubilizing bacteria (ZnSB), RDF + ZnSB + vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) + 0.5% foliar ZnSO4.7H2O) at silking and early milk stage] and four subplot treatment of soil application of ZnSO4.7H2O @ 12, 25 and 50 kg/ha at the time of sowing along with no soil Zn control were evaluated in three replications. Results: Foliar application of zinc in addition to biofertilizers (ZnSB + VAM) produced significantly higher growth, yield and quality over control treatment. Soil application of zinc sulphate (50 kg ha-1) significantly improved growth, grain yield and Zn harvest index, Zn mobilization efficiency index and recovery efficiency over no Zn control treatment. The grain zinc content, zinc uptake and zinc use efficiencies were significantly maximum with the application of VAM + ZnSB along with 0.5% zinc sulphate foliar at silking and early milk stage than ZnSB, VAM and control treatment. Conclusion: Zn application of soil and foliar improved the growth, yield and quality parameters of maize.

Piriformospora indica promotes plant growth, reduces lodging and enhances seed yield, and quality in onion (Allium cepa)

The onion seed crop is affected by several bacterial and fungal rot, which causes lodging, yield, and seed quality losses. In the present study the performance of three biocontrol agents- Piriformospora indica, Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) and Trichoderma viride with fungicide and bactericide as a standard control in reducing lodging and enhancing the seed yield and quality in onion was evaluated. The results showed that among the bioagents, indica recorded the highest bulb germination (98.39%), highest plant stand (87.10%), umbel diameter (5.01 cm), and lowest lodging (27.56%). Whereas VAM recorded the highest plant height (53.53 cm). The performance of P. indica was equivalent to standard chemical control carbendazim for several characteristics and even superior in characteristics like–seed yield (22.60 g/plant) and seed quality traits like–1000-seed weight (3.69 g), and seed vigour index-II (209.76). These results suggest that onion bulb treatment with P. indica is beneficial in reducing pesticide use and lodging, and increasing the productivity and seed quality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of P. indica in onion seed crop. Onion seed crop is pollinated by insects, primarily by honeybees, which are highly susceptible to pesticide applications. Therefore, onion seed bulb treatment with P. indica can be an essential component of integrated crop management in onion seed production for sustainable agriculture.

Ameriolations with VAM and PSB Inoculation of Growth and yield attributes in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) cv. Arkel

Background: Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the most important legume grown all over the world with its varied uses as vegetables and other processed products. Its production and productivity in recent times have witnessed a diminishing graph due to numerous biotic and abiotic stresses. With unexploited use of synthetics in legume crops number of nodule formation have reduced to lowest levels. VAM (Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) and PSB (Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria) inoculation in soil have been observed in enhancing number of nodules, levels of NPK uptake and yield in pea. Methods: Considering the importance of above facts and experiment was laid in 2022 with RBD with three replications containing 7 treatments viz. T1 (Control), T2 (75% RDF + 25% PSB), T3 (50% RDF + 50% PSB), T4 (75% RDF + 25% VAM), T5 (50% RDF + 50% VAM), T6 (75% RDF + 12.5% VAM + 12.5% PSB) and T7 (50% RDF + 25% VAM + 25% PSB). Result: Investigations indicated that the treatment T7 (50% RDF + 25 % VAM + 25% PSB) showed significantly high growth, yield and quality like plant height (113.90 cm), number of leaves (87.09), number of branches (20.2), number of nodules (90.56), numbers of pod/plant (19.1), pod length (8.97 cm), number of seeds per pod (8.23), green pod yield/plot (4.80 kg), green pod yield/ha (80.12 q) compared to control. Hence, T7 (50% RDF + 25% VAM + 25% PSB) evidently exhibited a conglomeration of bio nutrient uptake enhancers resulting in maximum yield and quality.

Development of Teaching Materials on Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) Topic for Biotechnology Course in Science Education Undergraduate Program

This research aims to develop teaching materials on the topic of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) for biotechnology courses in the science education undergraduate program at Universitas Negeri Manado that are suitable for use. This type of research is the research and development (R&D) model by Borg & Gall. The research steps consist of (1) potential and problems, (2) data collection, (3) product design, (4) design validation, (5) design revision, and (6) product trial (small group trial). The research instrument we used was a questionnaire consisting of a material expert validation questionnaire, a media expert validation questionnaire, and a small group product trial questionnaire. The results of expert validation showed that the material expert was 93% and the media expert was 93%. The percentage obtained is included in the very good category, so it is feasible to use. Furthermore, the product trial in a small group consisting of 7 students in the Science Education Undergraduate Program obtained a result of 92%, including in the very good category. Thus, the teaching materials that have been successfully developed on the topic of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) for biotechnology courses in the Science Education Undergraduate Program at Universitas Negeri Manado are declared fit for use in lectures.

Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza and Brassinosteroids amelioratesthe effects of stunted growth and oxidative stress induced by lead

Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza and Brassinosteroids amelioratesthe effects of stunted growth and oxidative stress induced by lead

Optimizing plant growth, nutrient uptake, and yield of onion through the application of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and endophytic fungi.

The application of mineral fertilizers deteriorates soil properties and affects crop yield and nutritional properties. However, plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM- Serendipita indica, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB), and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM)) have great potential to reduce fertilizers and improve soil fertility, crop yield, and nutrient uptake and mitigate the environmental effect of mineral fertilizers. Hence, a field experiment was conducted involving nine treatments to evaluate the effects of PGPM along with 50% or 100% of the recommended dose of fertilizers on plant growth, soil fertility, nutrient uptake, and onion productivity. Results indicated that 100% RDF combined with S. indica or PSB led to improved plant growth, and higher nutrient concentrations in both leaves and bulbs of onions compared to RDF alone. Moreover, the application of 100% RDF with S. indica increased total dry matter yield by 11.5% and 7.6% in the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 seasons, respectively, compared to 100% RDF alone. This treatment also resulted in the highest nutrient uptake, with N uptake increasing by 6.9%-29.9%, P by 13.7%-21.7%, K by 20.0%-23.7%, and S by 18.1%-23.4%. Additionally, the combination of 100% RDF with S. indica inoculation led to a notable increase in bulb yield, with increments of 16.2% and 13.9% observed in 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, respectively, compared to 100% RDF alone. Similarly, the application of 100% RDF along with PSB inoculation resulted in an increase in bulb yield by 7.2% and 9.4% in the respective years. However, VAM did not exhibit satisfactory performance or improvements in the onion crop. Overall, the study suggests that combining 100% RDF with S. indica or PSB can enhance onion productivity and nutrient use efficiency. The present study may open a new avenue of PGPM application in enhancing onion yield and improving the bulb quality as well as soil health. However, field trials across different regions and soil types are necessary to validate these findings for practical adoption by farmers.

Prospects for the use of biopreparations based on VAM during growing cucumber in protected ground

The research was carried out in 2022-2023 by the USPC of Horticulture and Vegetable Growing named after V.I. Edelstein RSAU-MAA named after K.A. Timiryazev (Moscow). In the conditions of a film ground greenhouse and planting during the spring-summer rotation, experiments were carried out to assess the effect of biological preparations based on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) on the growth and productivity of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L). Studies have shown that the use of biological preparations positively affected the vegetative growth of Cucumis sativus L plants of the parthenocarpic early-maturing hybrid F1 SV4097CV, which affected the photosynthetic surface area, and also significantly affected the development of plants, accelerating the passage of the main phenophases. There was an increase in plant yield and production at an earlier date, which is extremely important when growing plants in protected soil conditions during the transition to organic agriculture.

Impact of Jeevamrut formulations and biofertilizers on soil microbial and chemical attributes during potato cultivation

Application of jeevamrut, fortified with neem cake or vermitea, in combination with consortia of plant growth-promoting microorganisms such as Azotobacter, Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) or Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) would attenuate the negative effects of synthetic fertilizers over microbial and physicochemical properties of soil. The present study was carried out during 2021–2022 and 2022-23 with two factors, namely Factor-J (Jeevamrut) of 4 levels and Factor-B (Biofertilizers) of 5 levels. Four levels of factor-J include three jeevamrut formulations with one control while five levels of factor-B include four biofertilizer combinations with one control. Observations of various soil-based parameters confirm a significant reduction in soil pH and electrical conductivity of soil after harvesting potato crops (variety Kufri Bahar) under different treatments in comparison to controls and the initial value. Further, the organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium of soil were reported to be enhanced after the application of jeevamrut fortified with vermitea or neem cake. The efficacy of fortified jeevamrut can be further improved by adding a consortia of biofertilizers consisting of PSB and Azotobactor or VAM fungi. These treatments have also a significant effect on enhancing soil microbial activities.

Effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza and organic amendments on growth and flowering of chrysanthemum

Effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza and organic amendments on growth and flowering of chrysanthemum

Función de los hongos micorrícicos y las bacterias solubilizadoras de fosfatos en la absorción de elementos esenciales y metálicos en las plantas en suelos contaminado con metales pesados

The objective of this study was to compare the effect of different types of inoculants (control, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi [VAMF], phosphate-solubilizing bacteria [PSB], and co-inoculant [VAMF-PSB]) on root colonization, plant growth, macronutrient (P and N) uptake, and metal element uptake under heavy metal-contaminated soil conditions. Three species of vegetable plants, namely tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Ratna), red chili (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Gada), and hot chili (Capsicum frutescens L. cv. Pusaka Brengolo), were grown in heavy metal (Zn, Ca, Ni and Cd) –contaminated soil for eight weeks. Plants co-inoculated with VAMF-PSB showed significantly higher root colonization by VAMF as well as P and N concentrations in shoot and root than plants inoculated with only VAMF or PSB; consequently, the plant biomass also increased. In heavy metal-contaminated soil, VAMF colonization and PSB application could significantly improve the essential metal concentration (Cu and Zn) in the shoot, although there were no significant effects on the roots. On the contrary, co-inoculation with VAMF-PSB could significantly decrease Cd and Ni concentrations in the shoot, although Cd and Ni concentrations did not show a significant difference in the root. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Ni were higher in the roots than in the shoots of the three plant species tested. The type of inoculant used in this study selectively discriminated between plant essential (Cu, Zn) and non-essential elements (Cd, Ni).

Increasing the Growth and Yield of Soybean Genotype in Dryland by Applying Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) and Tricho-compost

Increasing the Growth and Yield of Soybean Genotype in Dryland by Applying Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) and Tricho-compost

Enhancing Cut Flower Production through Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) Symbiosis

Cut flower production is a significant segment of the horticultural industry, valued for its aesthetic appeal and economic importance. As growers seek sustainable and eco-friendly practices to improve flower quality and yield, the role of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) in enhancing cut flower production has gained considerable attention. VAM fungi form mutualistic associations with the roots of many flowering plants, facilitating nutrient uptake and promoting overall plant health. This communication highlights recent research demonstrating the potential of VAM symbiosis to revolutionize cut flower cultivation.

Bioefficacy of Commercial Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on Pomegranate growth

Bioefficacy of Commercial Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on Pomegranate growth

Solarized IPM Module for Biocontrol of Root-knot Nematode on Tomato at Nursery Level in District G.B Nagar, Uttar Pradesh

Background: The role of soil solarization in suppression of soil borne pathogens and weeds has been established by several researchers around the globe It involves capturing solar radiations when the soil receives the maximum sunlight in May-June using a polythene mulch. Its effectiveness depends on ambient temperature, duration of the treatments and soil moisture. This not only acts as a soil disinfectant but also as soil decontamination. It includes various changes in the soil like physical, chemical and biological properties. Methods: The field to lab and vice-versal based investigations were carried during 2021-2022 at Amity Centre for Biocontrol and Plant Disease Management, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida and identified tomato nurseries of district G B Nagar where heavy infestation (10-12 J2/cc soil) of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood was recorded. The treatments comprised of sustainable components viz. deoiled seed cake of neem, a Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices and indigenous fungal strain of Trichoderma harzianum, (Th7) alone and together applied for evolving IPM module at solarized and unsolarized sets. Under microplot trials, the entire solarized treatments were carried out measuring 3 × 1 sq. meter each in which one set of all the treatments including control covered with clear transparent polythene sheet (400 ì gauge) for solarization. The treatments were replicated thrice in randomized block design. Result: The observations of solarized and unsolarized treatments clearly revealed that the soil solarization in treatments where the sun radiant energy was trapped by 400 µ transparent polysheets significantly reduced the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita population both in root and soil in comparison to unsolarized treatments where no solar energy trapping was done. The combined application of locally isolated Trichoderma harzianum (Th7) and VA mycorrhiza, Glomus intraredices enhanced germination and plant growth in nurseries. In the present investigation, the solarized IPM module- 4 comprising of other sustainable components viz. neem oil-seed cake, T. harzianum (Th-7) and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungus G. intraredices is proved to be an ideal one in root-knot nematode pest management in tomato nurseries.

Bioprospects of Tree Species in Bioremediation of Bauxite Residue

Red mud or bauxite residue is a highly alkaline toxic by-product that is generated during the production of aluminum by Bayer’s process. Around 1.5 tons of bauxite residues are produced for generating 1 ton of alumina. The toxicity of bauxite residue is a major catastrophe due to its disposal management as it limits the growth of plant species because of high alkalinity and salinity. In the present study, bioprospects carried through the cyanobacterial strains (viz. Phormidium and Oscillatoria) with the planting of tree species have potentially shown successful outputs on the physical and chemical attributes of bauxite residue. The cyanobacterial strains were combined along with the microbial cultures of VAM (vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza) and PSB (phosphate solubilizing bacteria) to enhance root length, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, plant height, and chlorophyll content. The inoculated seeds of a few plant species namely, Siamese cassia, Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex. Benth., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Ex DC., Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.)., and Prosopis juliflora var. juliflora were raised to study the effect of bioremediation of bauxite residue for revegetation. Further, we also found that S. cassia, A. auriculiformis, D. sissoo, P. dulce, and P. juliflora var. juliflora thrived well on the amended bauxite residue with other useful inoculums.