Vertical Rank Research Articles

Some Are More Equal Than Others: Intrasettlement Social Organization in Spišský Štvrtok (EBA/MBA, Slovakia)

Heterarchical or hierarchical? Egalitarian or unequal? Segmented or complex? Tribe, chiefdom, middle range? All these questions have been vividly discussed in an effort to reconstruct Bronze Age society within a wider area of central Europe. The extensive spectrum of published literature offers varied and often contradictory theoretical models, but we still know very little about the organization of particular social units, especially in the context of settlements. The morphological, technological and spatial analysis of movable and immovable sources from the fortified settlement in Spišský Štvrtok contributes in many respects to solution of the discussed problem in the northeastern Carpathian region. In the case of the Spišský Štvrtok locality, we can interpret the degree of social complexity on the basis of qualitative and quantitative parameters of material culture, evidence of production activities and their specialization level in correlation with spatial distribution of intra-site activity areas. Moreover, the detected tendencies are independently confirmed by the morpho-typological differences between gold and bronze artefacts contained in hoards, by architectonic details and by the presence of regular ritual activities. The achieved results thus indicate possible horizontal and vertical ranking, which was adapted to the local community.

The Pragmatics and Sociolinguistics of Maasai Greetings

Abstract The speech act of greeting is one of the most frequent linguistic interactional routines performed among the Maasai of Arusha in Tanzania. The structure of their greetings demonstrates a number of culturally specific features of Maasai society, illuminated by analysing data collected through interviews and non-participatory observations of both men and women. The structure of Maasai greetings highlights the importance of maintaining gentility and exercising deference in everyday affairs. Politeness and civility are demonstrated by acknowledging vertical ranking between those who greet each other; sustaining propriety is determined by recognition of social status and by a heightened gender sensitivity which is ever present. Good manners are performed not only by following verbal codes scrupulously, such as tone of voice and word choice; non-verbal signals are just as important in the demonstration of Maasai etiquette; these include the posture adopted when a greeting is initiated, the adjustment of spatial distance and by whom once a greeting has commenced, the manner of shaking hands, as well as the length of time spent greeting.

A vertical ranking technique for linguistic hesitant fuzzy sets

By the help of the current contribution, we are interested to present a different technique compared to the exiting ones for ranking linguistic hesitant fuzzy sets (LHFSs). In the existing techniques that are referred hereafter to as the horizontal ranking procedures of LHFSs, we sum up all the multiplications of subscript of linguistic variable by the score value of the corresponding HFS. Meanwhile, through the vertical ranking technique of LHFSs, for a fixed subscript of linguistic variable, we compare firstly the corresponding HFSs using the existing raking methods to achieve the corresponding individual preference matrix. Then, all the individual preference matrices are multiplied by the subscript of that corresponding linguistic variable to get the aggregated and collective preference matrix. Eventually, the final ranking order of LHFSs is extracted by the use of collective majority decision rule. By the way, as will be shown later, all the horizontal ranking techniques suffer drawbacks to some extent, and this is the motivation for enriching the theory of ranking LHFSs by introducing the vertical ranking technique.

Power and Vertical Positions in an Organization Chart: A Pre-Registered Replication Report of Study 3a and a Modification of Study 1a, Giessner & Schubert (2007)

Study 1a of Giessner and Schubert (2007) found a causal effect of vertical spatial cues on power judgments. Recent work showed that this was a false positive (Klein et al., 2018). Here, we test whether another paradigm (i.e., original Study 3a) can be replicated, and develop an adjusted paradigm of original Study 1a to clarify what kind of vertical spatial cues influence power judgments. Our current preregistered Study 1 confirms original Study 3a of Giessner and Schubert (2007). It shows that information about the power of a leader is represented spatially by placing the leader’s box higher in an organigram. Our current Study 2 distinguishes vertical ranks from magnitude of vertical spatial difference without changes in rank. The original Study 1a and the failed replication manipulated only magnitude while leaving rank equal. We confirm the null finding here. However, we also find that vertical rank order does indeed affect power judgments, again in a preregistered study, and in line with prior work. In sum, building on earlier work and the failed replication, we clarify that vertical rank order, but not magnitude of elevation, are associated with power judgments.

A New Two-Dimensional Rank Correlation Coefficient

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient might be the best known nonparametric measure of association currently in use. It assesses the linear relationships between the ranks of monotonically related variables even if the relationship between the variables is not linear. This study presents a new method for calculating two-dimensional (horizontal and vertical) rank correlation coefficients between matrices composed of variables which are not necessarily in linear association. The matrices contain the ranks of measurements instead of raw values. The averages of all rows are used for calculating the horizontal rank correlation and the averages of all columns are used for calculating the vertical rank correlation instead of considering the averages of the whole matrices. This approach enables a separate determination of the degree of horizontal and vertical relationships between the compared data matrices by using the horizontal and vertical variance and covariance values that constitute the base of the two-dimensional correlation method. The presented method is first applied on 5 simple hypothetical matrices and then on the monthly total precipitation records of 6 stations in southwest Turkey. The results have shown that the presented rank correlation approach successfully assesses the two-dimensional associations between the hypothetical matrices and time series data like precipitation, provides a measure for exactly determining the monotonic relationships not determined by the conventional Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation approaches, it is much more robust to outliers and normality is not a prerequisite. The software developed for calculating two-dimensional rank correlation coefficients is freely provided together with this paper.

Synthesis and characterization of thermally stable poly(urethane–imide)s based on novel diols-containing imide and alkynyl groups

Two novel diols having both imide and aromatic groups in main chains, including N, N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol (PBDCG) and N, N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester butynediol (PBDCB), were synthesized. Then, the novel thermoplastic-segmented poly(urethane–imide)s (PUIs), in which 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and the diols as the hard segments and poly(tetrahydrofuran) as the soft segments, were prepared via two-step polymerization. The prepared polymers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gel permeation chromatography, tensile tests and UL 94 vertical burn test. TGA result indicates that the novel PUIs with the rigid hard segments have slower degradation rates than the conventional polyurethanes, and PBDCB-based PUIs are more thermally stable than PBDCG-based PUIs. DSC and x-ray diffraction results confirm that they are amorphous structures. Moreover, DSC analysis indicates that the glass transition temperature of PUIs increases by increasing the contents of hard segments. The weight-average molecular weights of PUIs are in the range of 1.12–4.19 × 104. The UL 94 vertical burn test according to the ASTDM D3801 test method indicates that the PUIs are classified under vertical ranking V-2.

Improving recency ranking using twitter data

In Web search and vertical search, recency ranking refers to retrieving and ranking documents by both relevance and freshness. As impoverished in-links and click information is the the biggest challenge for recency ranking, we advocate the use of Twitter data to address the challenge in this article. We propose a method to utilize Twitter TinyURL to detect fresh and high-quality documents, and leverage Twitter data to generate novel and effective features for ranking. The empirical experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach effectively improves a commercial search engine for both Web search ranking and tweet vertical ranking.

Greymouth Coalfield, New Zealand: vertical coal rank gradients, depths of burial and palaeotemperatures

Vertical rank gradients are inferred from lateral variations of Rank(Sr) in successive coal horizons in the Paparoa Group and Brunner Coal Measures in Greymouth Coalfield. The gradients are lowest, c. 3 Rank(Sr)/km, in the centre of the coalfield where the lateral rank pattern is simple. In the west, vertical gradients ranging from <4 to >8 Rank(Sr)/km result from contrasting Upper Rewanui and Brunner lateral rank patterns. There, it is inferred that warm fluids migrated from more deeply buried coal measures further east and have enhanced Upper Rewanui ranks. For calculating Brunner burial depths, the high western vertical gradients are rejected and a gradient of 4.0 Rank(Sr)/km is adopted, as it is also east of the Mt Davy Fault Zone where the gradient is unknown. Brunner burial depths increased from 1.8 km in the far west to 4.3 km in the Mt Davy area, and palaeotemperatures increased eastwards from 90–95°C to 150–155 °C.

A unified probabilistic framework for web page scoring systems

The definition of efficient page ranking algorithms is becoming an important issue in the design of the query interface of Web search engines. Information flooding is a common experience especially when broad topic queries are issued. Queries containing only one or two keywords usually match a huge number of documents, while users can only afford to visit the first positions of the returned list, which do not necessarily refer to the most appropriate answers. Some successful approaches to page ranking in a hyperlinked environment, like the Web, are based on link analysis. We propose a general probabilistic framework for Web page scoring systems (WPSS), which incorporates and extends many of the relevant models proposed in the literature. In particular, we introduce scoring systems for both generic (horizontal) and focused (vertical) search engines. Whereas horizontal scoring algorithms are only based on the topology of the Web graph, vertical ranking also takes the page contents into account and are the base for focused and user adapted search interfaces. Experimental results are reported to show the properties of some of the proposed scoring systems with special emphasis on vertical search.

Economic globalization affecting economic development of East Asian countries

Economic globalization is the inevitable result of the economic developing process, which has experienced three developmental phases: commercial capitalism, vertical rank division of labor of industrial capitalism, and global rank division of labor. This paper holds that evolution of economic production activity brought about by the third science and technology revolution provides a strong material and technological basis for economic globalization. The development of productivity brought forth by the new technological revolution exacerbates the supply–demand contradiction in capitalism and becomes the important propelling factor that promotes monopolistic capital to push outward to the rest of the world. The multinational corporations that master high technology and huge capital become the main powers that propel global production rank division of labor. Because of the aspiration for industrialization and modernization, East Asian countries have become the propelling power for economic globalization.

The association between tectonic deformation, inorganic composition and coal rank in the bituminous coals from the South Wales coalfield, United Kingdom

Analysis of vertical distribution of coal rank in three collieries and one opencast mine in the SE of the South Wales coalfield has revealed deviations from Hilt's law in both proximate analyses and in vitrinite reflectance. The variations in rank parameters studied are closely correlated with variations in the intensity of tectonic deformation, measured using a numerical deformation index (NDI). Three seams in the sequence were also analysed for major and trace element geochemistry and Rock Eval Pyrolysis. Variations in these parameters are related to thrust inclusion of floor and/or roof mudrocks into the seams. A detailed conceptual model of a major thrust and associated in-seam thrust detachments and lag faults is developed to explain the vertical rank profile by post-coalification faulting. It is concluded that, although the model can explain the vertical pattern of rank, the complexity of the required faults render the model improbable. The alternative mechanisms for enhancement of the rank parameters associated with tectonic deformation, including shear stress control, frictional heating and localised fluid flow are discussed and are thought more likely to be responsible for the deviations from Hilt's law in the vertical rank profile. Rank suppression shown by three seams, two of which are overlain by marine bands, is thought to be related to biochemical activity in the peat environment resulting from the influx of saline waters.

Comparative petrological analysis between the Permian coals of India and Western Australia: paleoenvironments and thermal history

Abstract Permian sequences preserved in Western Australian basins (Collie, Perth and Canning) and the Gondwana basins of India (Damodar, Son-Mahanadi, Pench-Kanhan and Godavari Valley) have similar stratigraphic succession, faunal and floral assemblages, coal types and rank, and structure. As for coal types, petrographic analyses of Indian coals indicate that vitrinite, liptinite, inertinite and mineral matter content ranges from 37 to 56%, 8 to 14%, 24 to 35% and 12 to 18%, respectively. Western Australian coals show contents of vitrinite, liptinite, inertinite and mineral matter ranging from 31 to 67%, 6 to 10%, 20 to 57% and 6 to 7%, respectively. As for rank of coal, in India, high rank coals (Rvmax = 0.70–1.67%) occur in the Damodar Valley Basin. In this basin vertical rank gradients are higher, and uplift and removal of cover has occurred to a greater extent than in the other Gondwana basins of India. Some coals from Pench-Kanhan Valley Basin (Rvmax = 0.72–1.02%) and Son Valley Basin (Rvmax = 0.70–1.10%) have high reflectance values. Coals from other Gondwana basins occur at shallow depths and are of sub-bituminous rank (Rvmax = 1%) compared to other coals in the basin. Thus, the type and rank of the Permian coals indicate a similar depositional and thermal histories for the basin studied in India and Western Australia. This is consistent with the view that India and Western Australia were in close proximity before the break up of Gondwanaland.

The pyramid decomposition and rank minimization

It is shown that every m× n matrix M over a regular ring with 1 can be decomposed as M= M 1+ M 2+ M 3+ M 4, where M 1⩽ M 1+ M 2⩽ M 1+ M 2+ M 3⩽ M and ⩽ is the minus order. This horizontal pyramid decomposition can be used to obtain, firstly, a pyramid decomposition for 2 × 2 block matrices, which over a division ring immediately yields the classical rank formula for block matrices. Secondly, it also yields a horizontal version of this block rank formula. These rank formulae are then respectively used to solve the horizontal and vertical rank minimization problems, which are involved in the computation of the shorted matrix of M relative to subspaces W 1 and W 2.

Regional coalification of lower cretaceous coal-bearing strata, Rocky Mountain Foothills and Foreland, British Columbia and adjacent parts of Alberta, Canada

The regional coalification pattern of Lower Cretaceous strata in parts of the Canadian Foothills Belt and adjacent foreland has been determined by vitrinite reflectance measurements. The present study focusses on two coal-bearing sequences, i.e., Bluesky-Gething and Gates Formations, both of which contain coal resources of economic interest. Bluesky-Gething Formation. The vitrinite reflectances ( R max) range from 0.76% (high-volatile A bituminous coal) to 2.55% (semianthracite). ASTM rank maps for the study area indicate high-volatile A bituminous coal to low-volatile bituminous coal ranks for localities in the Inner Foothills, where seams of sufficient thickness occur at or near surface. These ranks place many of the Gething coals in a rank range suitable for the production of metallurgical coal. Vertical rank changes within the Bluesky-Gething Formation follow first-order regression lines. Factors influencing the rate of increase of R max per depth interval (coalification gradient) include present and paleogeothermal gradients, the rank level under investigation, conductivities of host rocks, thickness of coal seams and possibly locally increased heat flows by groundwater movements. Calibrated time-depth (burial) curves for the Lower Cretaceous Bluesky-Gething Formation suggest that the regional coalification pattern for the top of the formation results largely from variations in the depth and/or duration of burial beneath Maastrichtian-Tertiary foredeep deposits. Local variations in paleogeothermal gradients modified the overall pattern. Coalification increases from west to east across the Foothills occurred largely because of diachronous Laramide deformation that resulted in an eastward increase in duration and depth of burial. Maximum coalification occurs near the eastern limit of deformation. Coal rank decreases farther east as a consequence of eastward thinning of the Late Cretaceous-Tertiary sedimentary wedge. Rank also decreases significantly along strike because of northward thinning of the Maastrichtian-Tertiary section. Locally, northward thinning is enhanced by the north-side-up reactivation of old basement structures associated with the Peace River Arch/Embayment. The coalification pattern is more complicated from the base of the Bluesky-Gething Formation because thickness changes in the Lower Cretaceous Bluesky-Gething interval locally have a greater effect on the rank than does the regional change in thickness of Maastrichtian-Tertiary sedimentary wedge. Gates Formation. Detailed rank studies on laterally continuous coal beds of the Gates Formation showed that coalification levels were established before folding and thrusting started. Isoreflectance lines of the beds run parallel to the bedding of the folded strata. Seams collected from various thrust sheets do not in general show significant changes in vitrinite reflectances from one thrust sheet to the other. Many of the coals of the Gates Formation were found to have biaxial negative reflectance indicatrices. Orientation of R max is in all cases parallel or subparallel to the macroscopic fold axes which indicates preferential orientation of the aromatic lamellae of the coals in the direction of minimum compressive stress. It is suggested that the occurrence of biaxial negative coals is related to a tectonic stress field that existed during the later stages of burial.

Petrology of some Permian coals of India

In India, Permian coal deposits constitute approximately 99% of the total coal reserves of the country and occur in the Early Permian Karharbari Formation, Early Permian Barakar Formation and the Late Permian Raniganj Formation. In the present study, petrographic analyses were carried out on coals from the Pench-Kanhan Valley, Son-Mahanadi Valley and Damodar Valley Basins. The Permian coals of India show a remarkable range in vitrinite content (13–79%); seams with low vitrinite content are common. The Raniganj Formation coals contain more vitrinite than the coals of the Barakar and Karharbari Formation. Exinite (liptinite) content of many Indian coals varies from 2 to 23%. Sporinite is generally dominant over cutinite and resinite. Exinite tends to be associated with vitrinite-rich coal, and most inertiniterich coals have relatively low exinite content. Inertinite is relatively abundant (10–67%) in many Permian coals of India and consists mainly of semifusinite, inertodetrinite and fusinite. Coal-facies analysis based on petrographic parameters indicate that the Indian peats (coals) were deposited in dry and wet forest swamps. A comparison of Indian coals with some other coals of Permian age from Australia and South Africa shows broad similarities even though the coals are from different basinal settings. This suggests that palaeoclimate and floral assemblages outweighed basinal setting in determining the coal type being deposited. In India, outcrops of high-rank coals ( R o max0.85–1.30%) are largely restricted to the Damodar Valley Basin. In this basin, vertical rank gradients are higher and uplift and erosion have occurred to a greater extent than in other Gondwana basins of India. Coals of other Gondwana basins occur at shallow depth and are generally subituminous in rank ( R o max 0.40–0.65%). The oil potential of the coals of the Barakar and Raniganj formations is very good except in the Jharia basin. In this basin, the oil may have been released due to breaching of the structures.

The petrology of some Indians coals

Samples from coal seams from all of the major Indonesian coalfields, were examined using reflected white light and reflected flourescence mode microscopy techniques. The coals are rich in vitrinite and have variable, commonly high, contents of liptinite. Inertinite is rare to sparse, with the exception of a few (typically Neogene) coals. Overall, no major differences in coal type exist bewteen Paleogene and Neogene coals. Most of the coals are low in rank ( vitrinite reflectance R v max, 0.30% to 0.57% ). The Neogene coals are typically much lower in rank than the Paleogene coals, and this tendency is most clearly seen within the Kalimantan occurences ( Paleogene R v max 0.53% to 0.67%; Neogene 0.30% to 0.57% ). In Sumatera at Bukit Asam, contact alteration from intrusions causes a marked rise in R v max from the range 0.30% to 0.53% R v max to semi-anthracite (2.6%). Near the intrusions, very high lateral and vertical rank gradients are present. At Ombilin in central west Sumatera, regional rank is relatively high ( R v max 0.55% to 0.77% ), and similar effects from contact alteration ( R v max up to 4.6% ) can again be detected. The coals are suitable for power generation. Grindability characteristics should be generally favourable, but the rank of the coals is typically sufficiently low for spontaneous combusion to be a significant problem. The rank of the coals is generally too low for use as a single component charge in conventional coke ovens. Significant reverses exist of coals that could be added as a minor component to imported strongly coals to decrease the foreign exchange cost of coke. The rank and type indicate that yield characteristics should be good for most liquefaction and gasification processes. The coals, and to a lesser extent associated dispersed organic matter, form important source rocks for some of the major natural oil accumulations in Indonesians sedimentary basins.

Axial ranking of residues in collagen in relation to edge association and fibril formation.

AbstractIn our earlier analysis of intermolecular interactions between collagen molecules, a major concern with the program employed is that it compared numbers of interactions between residues located on edges of defined, identical width and thus would not necessarily compare the same number of residues in each edge. This would be particularly true of some values of θ where well‐defined vertical ranking of residues occurs. We have examined ranking of residues in relation to intermolecular edge association between bovine skin [α1(I)]3 model collagen molecules by utilizing two different methods of counting intermolecular interactions between residues. The interaction peaks at θ = 27.69° and 36.00° are absent or relatively less intense in the plots obtained by utilizing radial distances between interacting residues instead of vertical bands of defined width. These studies suggest caution in accepting recently reported analyses of superhelix coiling of the collagen molecule which point to values of 27.69° or 36.00° for the twist of the superhelix. Although intramolecular interactions clearly point to interaction of collagen molecules at D intervals, they are insufficiently restricted in distribution to provide a reliable estimate of the superhelix angle by procedures so far employed.