Vertical Polarization Research Articles

Dielectric and Emissivity Behavior of Soil of Rehand River of Surajpur Chhattisgarh at X-Band Microwave Frequency

Abstract: Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation consisting of electric and magnetic fields oriented at right angles to one another. They operate within a frequency range of approximately 0.3 GHz to 300 GHz, corresponding to wavelengths from 1 meter to 1 millimeter. This paper explores a theoretical model for estimating the emissivity and dielectric constant of soil samples as they relate to moisture content. The emissivity of these soil samples was measured at X-Band frequencies for both vertical and horizontal polarizations. The results indicate that emissivity is higher for vertical polarization than for horizontal polarization. Additionally, the dielectric constant shows a gradual increase with rising moisture content.

Scientific and technical ways of reducing quantitative indicators of false alarms during the operation of an airboard radar station on the background of the underlying surface (earth)

The purpose of the research is development of scientific and technical ways to reduce the quantitative indicators of false alarms when operating an on-board radar station against the background of the underlying surface (earth) against the background of passive interference.Methods. When conducting scientific research, methods of probability theory, mathematical statistics, statistical radio engineering and computational mathematics were used. The study identified a number of methods and technical solutions based on them that make it possible to increase the efficiency of the functioning of airborne radar stations against the background of passive interference. The paper proposes a method for expanding the signal spectrum to 1 GHz by reducing the resolved volume of airborne radar stations. Physically, this is determined by the fact that with a decrease in the resolved volume, the size of the underlying surface area from which the signal is reflected decreases. In order to improve the quality of detection of objects against the background of the underlying surface, a method of using polarization modes is proposed.Results. In the course of the research: a technical solution was proposed based on the method of expanding the signal spectrum to 1 GHz by reducing the resolution volume of airborne radar stations designed to convert radio frequency signals into digital form, using a mixed signal receiver with direct digitization at radio frequency, such as the AD6688 ; a design of a low-baseline radar system has been developed, consisting of two positions, the antennas of which are located within the average width of the lobe of the backscattering diagram of the irradiated object; a feature of the antenna is the ability to receive and emit signals of the same linear polarization, but orthogonal to the polarization of the first position (including . horizontal and vertical polarization signals); an important relation was obtained for a lowbaseline polarization measuring system (MPIS) when the distance between two partial antennas can be much less than the distance to the measured object. Conclusion. The scientific article proposes methods and technical solutions based on these methods to reduce the quantitative indicators of false alarms when operating an on-board radar station against the background of the underlying surface (ground) against the background of passive interference. The proposed approach allows us to move on to the synthesis of a low-baseline polarization measuring system.

Reliable and Resilient Wireless Communications in IoT-Based Smart Agriculture: A Case Study of Radio Wave Propagation in a Corn Field

In the past few years, one of the largest industries in the world, the agriculture sector, has faced many challenges, such as climate change and the depletion of limited natural resources. Smart Agriculture, based on IoT, is considered a transformative force that will play a crucial role in the further advancement of the agri-food sector. Furthermore, in IoT-based Smart Agriculture systems, radio wave propagation faces unique challenges (such as attenuation in vegetation and soil and multiple reflections) because of sensor nodes deployed in agriculture fields at or slightly above the ground level. In our study, we present, for the first time, several models (Multi-slope, Weissberger, and COST-235) suitable for planning radio coverage in a cornfield for Smart Agriculture applications. We received signal level measurements as a function of distance in a corn field (R3 corn stage) at 0.9 GHz and 2.4 GHz using two transmitting and two receiving antenna heights, with both horizontal and vertical polarization. The results indicate that radio wave propagation in a corn field is influenced not only by the surrounding environment (i.e., corn), but also by the antenna polarization and the positions of the transmitting and receiving antennas relative to the ground.

From Congress to the States: Explaining the Emergence and Membership of Freedom Caucuses in State Legislatures

Abstract Since 2017, Republican lawmakers in a growing number of US states have formed ideological intraparty organizations, modeled after the US House Freedom Caucus, that seek to move state policy further rightward. What explains the appearance of these state freedom caucuses, and what kinds of lawmakers are more likely to join them? We show that the creation of these caucuses was initially motivated by concerns that state-level legislative Republican parties are too ideologically heterogeneous but has since been driven by conservative entrepreneurs seeking to spread freedom caucuses nationally. We also provide evidence that conservative legislators are more likely to join a new state freedom caucus, as one would expect, but also that, in a few states, lawmakers who are more electorally vulnerable lawmakers or lack internal influence have also been more likely to join. These findings underscore how state-level ideological caucuses can appeal to members’ multiple goals and serve as instruments of vertical polarization in a federal system.

Enhanced piezoelectricity induced by transition metal atoms adsorption on monolayer and bilayer MoS2

Piezoelectricity in MoS2 has attracted extensive attention because of potential applications in energy harvesting and sensors. However, the piezoelectricity of MoS2 monolayer is weaker than those of traditional piezoelectric materials. Here, based on first principles calculations, we report the large work function transition metal atoms (TMs = Ni, Pd, Pt and Ir) adsorbed on monolayer and bilayer MoS2 with large out-of-plane piezoelectric polarization. For TMs adsorbed on monolayer MoS2, the Ir and Ni adsorption exhibit stronger adsorption energy and larger migration barrier compared with Pd and Pt adsorption. All structures maintain dynamical stability at 300 K and exhibit p-type semiconducting band structures. The larger out-of-plane piezoelectric coefficients induced by adsorption increase with increasing the adsorption concentration, accompanied with slightly decreased in-plane piezoelectric coefficients, which is attributed to more and more electrons participating in redistribution along the out-of-plane direction. For TMs adsorbed bilayer MoS2, the energetically favorable configuration has same polarization orientation between two monolayers, which results in increased in-plane piezoelectric coefficients. The out-of-plane piezoelectric coefficients further increase due to the coupling of interlayer vertical polarization and TMs adsorption induced vertical polarization. Our results provide a possible way to increase the piezoelectricity of MoS2.

A modified dumbbell-shaped highly efficient broadband multifunctional polarizer for X and Ku band applications

Abstract A novel metasurface offering polarization conversion characteristic in five bands is studied and developed in this paper. To provide the anisotropic feature to the structure, a diagonally placed tapered rod is combined with two semicircular stubs. Due to the controlling ability to convert horizontal to vertical polarization and vice versa, and linear to circular polarization (CP), it serves as a multifunctional polarization converter. Simulation results suggest that the proposed polarizer functions as cross polarizer over 4.74−5.12 and 9.12−13.48 GHz. Additionally, it exhibits a distinct type of rotational sense across 4.24−4.68, 5.24−8.64, and 13.72–15.14 GHz in its linear to CP conversion behavior. The axial ratio of the polarizer is well below 3 dB throughout overall CP bands due to the minimum tolerance level in reflection phases with respect to acceptable limits. Moreover, it is noticed that the sense of CP is left-handed in the first band while right-handed in the remaining two bands. Thus, the suggested polarizer has potential to be integrated with antennas for satellite, defense, industry applications for getting the desired type of polarization in the distinguished bands.

Insight into the 2021 Semeru volcano eruption from rapid monitoring of its pyroclastic deposits using Google Earth Engine and multi-sensor data

The objective of this study is to map the pyroclastic deposits resulting from the Semeru eruption in 2021 and to analyse the process of pyroclastic deposit formation, including the tephra and lithification phases, using multi-sensor data. The distribution of pyroclastic deposits was mapped using machine learning algorithms, Sentinel 2 and Sentinel 1 imagery on Google Earth Engine. Data acquisition in the Semeru volcano area was conducted both prior to and following the 2021 eruption. Additionally, field investigations were conducted to analyse the distribution of pyroclastic deposits, including the characteristics of individual layers, the lithification process of pyroclastic layers, and their relationship with the characteristics of the eruption. The results demonstrate that pyroclastic deposits in the proximal facies are composed of lithic, lapilli tuff, lava and tuff. The mapping results also indicate the presence of volcanic ash deposits in the central facies or summit area of Semeru, exhibiting distinctive characteristics associated with volcanic ash. The 2021 eruption has also resulted in rapid changes to river morphometry, as evidenced by notable shifts in a significant decrease in pixel values for NDVI (−0.0781-0.0625), a significant increase in pixel frequency of EVI (1800–6000), and MNDWI (1700–3000), respectively. The change of pyroclastic fall into consolidated tephra occurred from December 2021 to May 2023, where in May 2023 volcanic ash had changed into tuff and lapilli had changed into lapilli tuff. Furthermore, data from Sentinel-1 indicated that pyroclastic flows could be identified using both vertical and horizontal polarization. It can therefore be concluded that the 2021 eruption of Semeru exhibited distinctive characteristics of pyroclastic deposits, where some of the characteristics of the pyroclastic distribution can be monitored rapidly with Google Earth Engine. Therefore, the use of Google Earth Engine with integration of radar and optical data can be recommended to mapping pyroclastic deposits rapidly.

Offset-enhanced slow light in femtosecond laser-fabricated Bragg gratings.

We report a strength-enhanced waveguide second-order line-Bragg grating (WLBG) directly written with femtosecond laser in bulk glass by using "offset" to exploit the slow-light effect. This design eschews the use of multiple waveguides and/or waveguide bundles for light guiding. Instead, it only employs a single-laser-pass waveguide (SLPWG) with a refractive index change of 1.1 × 10-3, to achieve effective light propagation. The SLPWG is first written as a core-shell ellipsoid unit by a single-laser pass. Subsequently, a line-grating is written on top, with an offset to accommodate for the already modified refractive index from the waveguide along the vertical direction of different offset values 0 µm, 5 µm, 10 µm, and 15 µm. The enhanced slow-light effect for WLBG is studied theoretically and experimentally. Optimal performance occurs at a 10 µm offset, exhibiting a maximum group delay of 35 ps and a derived slow-down factor (SDF) of up to 1.54, with a 12.5 dB transmission dip and a propagation loss of 1.16 dB/cm, in vertical polarization. The experimental SDF results demonstrate the potential of our design for future applications in creating slow-wave structures via grating dispersion for compact photonic integrated devices, applying it to microfluid devices that can increase the light-liquid interaction path for the detection of refractive index change caused by variations in fluid concentration and composition, directly incorporating it into the hardened glass of cellphone screens for embedded sensors, as well as integrating it into optical antennas within smart glass windows that can enhance light-matter interactions for enabling real-time monitoring of environmental changes and improving wireless communications.

Topological Polar Networks in Twisted Rhombohedral-Stacked Bilayer WSe2 Moiré Superlattices.

Sliding ferroelectricity enables materials with intrinsic centrosymmetric symmetry to generate spontaneous polarization via stacking engineering, extending the family of ferroelectric materials and enriching the field of low-dimensional ferroelectric physics. Vertical ferroelectric domains, where the polarization is perpendicular to atomic motion, have been discovered in twisted bilayers of inversion symmetry broken systems such as hexagonal boron nitride, graphene, and transition metal chalcogenides. In this study, we demonstrate that this symmetry breaking also induces lateral polar networks in twisted bilayer rhombohedral-stacked WSe2, as determined through symmetry considerations and vector piezoresponse force microscopy (V-PFM) results. Lateral polarization (LP) in saddle point (SP) regions forms head-to-tail triangular vortices, exhibiting elliptical domain shapes with widths up to 40 nm. The LP encloses the vertical polarization (VP), forming a network of Bloch-type merons and antimerons. Our work enhances the understanding of domain distribution and polarization orientation in moiré ferroelectrics.

A reconfigurable transmitarray unit cell employing liquid metal

AbstractIn this paper, a reconfigurable transmitarray unit cell using liquid metal is presented. It consists of three conducting layers where the geometries of the resonators, on the different layers, differ and consist of an arrow shape together with rotated split rings. The arrow‐shaped conducting layer has the capability to convert the polarization of the incoming waves by 90°. The split ring resonators, on the upper and lower conducting layers, have the same dimensions but different orientations (horizontal and vertical polarization). Several fluidic channels are placed beneath/above the conducting layers. The transmission behaviour of the unit cell can be changed by altering the geometrical parameters which is achieved by injecting the liquid metal into the channels. More than 300° phase shift range with a maximum S21 of ∼ −1.5 dB at 3.3 GHz is obtained. It exhibits 3 dB of insertion loss over a bandwidth ranging from 3.2 to 3.43 GHz. It is the first time that a transmitarray unit cell, reconfigured employing liquid metal, provides a combination of low insertion loss and large phase shift range. The proposed prototype was fabricated and measured within an open‐ended waveguide and the measured results agree well with the simulations and verify the effectiveness of the design. The reconfigurable transmitarray unit cell can be used to design beam‐scanning arrays, as well as for applications in wireless communications.

Prediction of multiferroicity in the layered hydrogen-bonded system α-CrOOH: Proton transfer ferroelectricity and strain-tunable magnetic transition

Ferroelectric materials with vertical polarization could provide ground-breaking device applications, compatible with electric-field switching even in the presence of a surface-depolarizing field. Herein, we present theoretical evidence that rhombohedral chromium oxide hydroxide α-CrOOH, which has been synthesized experimentally, is a type-Ⅰ multiferroic. First-principles calculations plus Monte Carlo simulations indicate that α-CrOOH is a room temperature proton transfer ferroelectricity semiconductor with robust electric polarization as large as 24.6 μC/cm2. Moreover, the system exhibits an anti-ferromagnetism ground state with a Neel temperature of 340 K, where strain can modulate the transition from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic. Finally, a two-dimensional (2D) heterostructure model was designed, composed of monolayer α-CrOOH and functional MXene, for various applications such as non-volatile memory (NVM). The remarkable properties may enable the system to hold great potential for the development of future multifunctional devices.

Broadband polarization-adjustable antenna realized by waveguide circular polarizers.

A broadband polarization-adjustable antenna realized by two waveguide circular polarizers is proposed in this paper. The antenna consists of a rectangular-to-circular transition waveguide, two identically structured rectangular slot circular polarizers, and a conical horn, all connected in sequence. By rotating the two circular polarizers to specific angles, the antenna can switch among four polarization modes: horizontal polarization, vertical polarization, left-hand circular polarization, and right-hand circular polarization. The antenna polarization adjustment principle is thoroughly analyzed. Taking the X-band polarization-adjustable antenna as an example, simulation and optimization were performed, and a prototype was fabricated and measured. The antenna's reflection coefficient is below -18 dB across all polarization modes from 9.2 to 10GHz. In linear polarized modes, gains exceed 10.5 dBi. For circular polarized modes, the gains align with those of linear modes, with an axial ratio of less than 1 dB in the operating frequency band. The measured results are consistent with the simulation results, confirming its excellent polarization adjustment performance and potential for high power microwave applications.

Fabrication and Evaluation of an Electromagnetic Shielding Material Made of Randomly Chopped Tape Carbon Fiber/Polyamide 6 Composites

Abstract Environmental pollution generated by electromagnetic wave radiation has significantly increased including in automotive applications. Thus, material technology, including polymer composite, has attracted a reduction of the negative effect of electromagnetic radiation. In this study, carbon fiber reinforced polyamide thermoplastic (PA-6/CF) made of carbon fiber with polyamide 6 tape, in the shape of a half-box, was produced using the hot compression method with different tape-length, and then the electrical conductivity and electromagnetic shielding performance were evaluated. The electrical conductivity was obtained from the resistivity measured by using a digital multimeter. Whilst the effectiveness of electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI-SE) was investigated using two methods, calculation, and actual measurement. The result shows that there is a different electrical conductivity between base and slope area of the PA-6/CF box composite. It also was observed that the actual EMI shielding performance shows a corresponding increase with the length of chopped carbon fiber tape and has a higher value compared to the calculated EMI-SE. Then, the highest value obtained for actual EMI-SE was 54 dB for the PA6/CF composite with 20-mm tape length, in the frequency range 0.3 – 1 GHz, and on horizontal antenna polarization. Whereas the composite with 10-mm and 15-mm tape length was the lowest EMI- SE (38 dB) on vertical antenna polarization, in the same frequency range. Furthermore, the microscopy analysis depicted that there are more voids exist in the slope area compared with the base area of the PA-6/CF composites. Finally, the molded PA-6/CF composites can be used as the battery enclosures of electrical vehicles in automobiles.

Multipath Characteristics of Orbital Angular Momentum Vortex Electromagnetic Radio Waves Over an Infinite Ground Plane

In this paper, the effect of an infinitely sized ground plane on the orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex electromagnetic (EM) radio waves is investigated. Although the effect of an infinite ground on OAM wave propagation and communication has already been numerically examined in the literature using the method of moments (MoM), this situation needs to be examined analytically and theoretically derived final form expressions need to be obtained. The multipath characteristics of OAM waves in a superconducting ground plane are theoretically presented considering both horizontal and vertical polarization conditions. In addition to direct radiation to an observation point in the far-field from the array antenna, many reflected radiations from the ground plane are also transmitted. The most fundamental reflected radiation is analyzed over a uniform circular array (UCA), adopting electromagnetic image theory. Furthermore, the transmitted field expressions obtained by considering both the circular array parallel to the ground plane and the circular array upright to the ground plane are formulated in a general analytical form for an OAM wave on a superconducting ground plane. In addition, numerical simulations are applied to exemplify the properties of OAM waves in the superconducting ground plane, unlike the isolated medium.

Light-Induced Complete Reversal of Ferroelectric Polarization in Sliding Ferroelectrics.

Previous experiments have provided evidence of sliding ferroelectricity and photoexcited interlayer shear displacement in two-dimensional materials, respectively. Herein, we find that a complete reversal of vertical ferroelectric polarization can be achieved within an astonishing 0.5ps in h-BN bilayer by laser illumination. Comprehensive analysis suggests that ferroelectric polarization switching originates from laser-induced interlayer sliding triggered by selective excitation of multiple phonons. The interlayer electron excitation from the p_{z} orbitals of the upper layer N atoms to the p_{z} orbitals of the lower layer B atoms produces desirable and directional interlayer forces activating the in-plane optical TO-1 and LO-1 phonon modes. The atomic motions driven by the coupling of TO-1 and LO-1 modes are coherent with ferroelectric soft mode, thus modulating the dynamical potential energy surface and resulting in ultrafast ferroelectric polarization reversal. Our work provides a novel microscopic insight into ultrafast polarization switching in sliding ferroelectrics.

Intrinsic Ferroelectric Switching in Two-Dimensional α-In2Se3.

Two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric semiconductors present opportunities for integrating ferroelectrics into high-density ultrathin nanoelectronics. Among the few synthesized 2D ferroelectrics, α-In2Se3, known for its electrically addressable vertical polarization, has attracted significant interest. However, the understanding of many fundamental characteristics of this material, such as the existence of spontaneous in-plane polarization and switching mechanisms, remains controversial, marked by conflicting experimental and theoretical results. Here, our combined experimental characterizations with piezoresponse force microscope and symmetry analysis conclusively dismiss previous claims of in-plane ferroelectricity in single-domain α-In2Se3. The processes of vertical polarization switching in monolayer α-In2Se3 are explored with deep-learning-assisted large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, revealing atomistic mechanisms fundamentally different from those of bulk ferroelectrics. Despite lacking in-plane effective polarization, 1D domain walls can be moved by both out-of-plane and in-plane fields, exhibiting avalanche dynamics characterized by abrupt, intermittent moving patterns. The propagating velocity at various temperatures, field orientations, and strengths can be statistically described with a universal creep equation, featuring a dynamical exponent of 2 that is distinct from all known values for elastic interfaces moving in disordered media. This work rectifies a long-held misunderstanding regarding the in-plane ferroelectricity of α-In2Se3, and the quantitative characterizations of domain wall velocity will hold broad implications for both the fundamental understanding and technological applications of 2D ferroelectrics.

Textile omnidirectional antenna for wearable WiFi-7 applications using higher order modes

In WiFi 7 (IEEE 802.11be), Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology plays a crucial role in enhancing throughput. This combination enables numerous applications for wearable WiFi devices. For instance, WiFi can be utilized for tracking and fall detection purposes. Additionally, wearable devices used in gaming, vital signal monitoring, and tracking can benefit from the implementation of wearable MIMO antennas. Despite the demand for wearable WiFi antennas, specifically in the new 6 GHz band, a significant gap exists in the investigation of antennas that are completely made of textile, are low profile, and provide vertical polarization and omnidirectional patterns. Addressing this gap, in this paper, a wearable planar antenna is introduced, which is specifically designed to offer an omnidirectional pattern and linear polarization. To ensure its practicality and ease of use, the antenna utilizes lightweight and wearable textile material. The design details and performance of the proposed antenna are presented. The antenna covers all three bands of WiFi, namely, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz bands. The 10-dB return loss bandwidth is 2.4 GHz–2.5 GHz, and 4.6 GHz–7.2 GHz. The maximum Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for an input power of 500 mW is calculated at 1.053 W/Kg for a 2 mm air gap between the antenna and tissue surface. The size of the antenna is given by a circular area of π × (50 mm)2, and a thickness of 6 mm.

Seasonal Dynamics of the Land-Surface Characteristics in Arid Regions Retrieved by Optical and Microwave Satellite Data

Establishing a quantitative relationship between Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and optical data can facilitate the fusion of these two data sources, enhancing the time-series monitoring capabilities for remote sensing of a land surface. In this study, we analyzed the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Shortwave Infrared Transformed Reflectance (STR) with the backscatter coefficients in vertical polarization VV (σ0VV) and cross polarization VH (σ0VH) across different seasons. We used optical and microwave satellite data spanning from the southern Gobi Desert region to the steppe region in northern Mongolia. The results indicate a relatively high correlation between the NDVI derived from Sentinel-2 and σ0VH (RVH = 0.29, RVH = 0.44, p < 0.001) and a low correlation between the NDVI and σ0VV (RVH = 0.06, RVH = 0.14, p < 0.01) in the Gobi Desert region during summer and fall. STR showed a positive correlation with both σ0VH and σ0VV except in spring, with the highest correlation coefficients observed in summer (RVV = 0.45, RVV = 0.44, p < 0.001). In the steppe region, significant seasonal variations in the NDVI and σ0VH were noted, with a strong positive correlation peaking in summer (RVH = 0.71, p < 0.001) and an inverse correlation with σ0VV except in summer (RVV = −0.43, RVV = −0.34, RVV = −0.13, p < 0.001). Additionally, STR showed a positive correlation with σ0VH and σ0VV in summer (RVH = 0.40, RVV = 0.39, p < 0.001) and fall (RVH = 0.38, RVV = 0.09, p < 0.01), as well as an inverse correlation in spring (RVH= −0.17, RVV= −0.38, p < 0.001) and winter (RVH = −0.21, RVV = −0.06, p < 0.001). The correlations between the NDVI, STR, σ0VH, and σ0VV were shown to vary by season and region. In the Gobi Desert region, perennial shrubs are not photosynthetic in spring and winter, and they affect backscatter due to surface roughness. In the steppe region, annual shrubs were found to be the dominant species and were found to photosynthesize in spring, but not enough to affect the backscatter due to surface roughness.

Magnetic ferroelectric metal in bilayer Fe3GeTe2 under interlayer sliding

The inherent interlayer freedom in van der Waals stacked materials provides an excellent opportunity to investigate ferroelectric-like behavior through interlayer translation. Based on first-principles calculations, we find that the interlayer sliding in Fe3GeTe2 (FGT) bilayer enables the coexistence of polarization, metallicity, and ferromagnetism. We find that the polarization is induced by the uncompensated vertical interlayer charge transfer, and can be switched by an in-plane interlayer sliding. A moderate biaxial strain can reverse the polarization direction of the sliding FGT bilayer. The vertical polarization disentangles with the in-plane conductivity as was previously seen in the sliding ferroelectric WTe2 bilayer. Our work proposes an extremely rare magnetic ferroelectric metal phase that is useful for magnetoelectric and spintronic applications.

Reflection-type orientation-switchable optical differentiator exemplified by the BK7-MoS2 interface.

Optical differential operation is an ultra-fast edge information extraction technology that enables identifying the image features, whereas current optical differentiators mainly operate along one or two differential orientations and is incompetent for switching the differential orientation. A reflection-type orientation-switchable optical differentiator is proposed and the BK7-MoS2 interface is used as an example to analyze the edge detection performance. Theory suggests that there are dual modulation methods, one is tuning the incident polarization angle with a Brewster incident angle, and the other one is altering the incident angle with a nearly vertical incident polarization angle. The reason is that the term rp/rs tan α ≪ 1 is an ignored small quantity under these two situations and the spatial spectral transfer function is closely related to the scale coefficients Cx and Cy, whose magnitudes are both the incident polarization angle and incident angle dependent. Our optical differentiator can be combined with other tuning means since some two-dimensional materials are responsive to external stimuli, such as electrical or magnetic fields and defect engineering, these findings have potential applications in optical sensing, machine vision, and biomedical imaging.