Vertical Focusing Mirror Research Articles

High-Precision Ion Beam Figuring of X-Ray Plane Mirrors for the Bendable KB Focusing System

Two trapezoidal plane mirrors of 240 mm in length were fabricated by ion beam figuring (IBF) technology for application in a bendable KB focusing system. The correction of surface height and slope errors in different spatial frequency ranges of the mirrors was studied systematically. After one to two iterations of IBF, the figure height errors of the vertical focusing mirror (VFM) and horizontal focusing mirror (HFM) were improved from 32.4 and 65.4 nm to 2.7 and 7.2 nm (RMS), respectively. If the best-fit sphere of the surface profile was subtracted, the residual two-dimensional height errors were only 1.1 and 1.2 nm (RMS). The slope errors in the low spatial frequency range were corrected much faster than the middle frequency ones (f = ∼1 mm−1), which make the low-frequency slope error much smaller. After IBF, the two-dimensional slope errors of the two mirrors calculated with a spatial interval of 1 and 10 mm were reduced to approximately 0.29 and 0.08 μrad, respectively. Full spatial frequency characterization of the VFM before and after IBF showed that the low-frequency figure errors (f < 1 mm−1) were significantly reduced while the middle- and high-frequency morphologies (f > 1–2 mm−1) remain almost the same as before figuring. The fabricated plane mirrors were applied in the hard X-ray micro-focusing beamline in the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), which realized a focal spot of 2.4 μm × 2.8 μm at 10 keV.

Performance of the Compact Visual Beam Imaging System on the GM/CA BM Beamline at the APS

A typical problem encountered on a beamline with a sagittal focusing monochromator is the difficulty of optimizing the crystal alignment because the full width of the monochromatic, unfocused beam cannot be visualized. This problem is particularly acute on beamlines that accept a wide swath of radiation combined with a fixed experimental setup consisting of constrained apertures that only allow the focused beam to pass through to the sample position. To address this problem, an imaging system has been designed and implemented on the GM/CA bending magnet beamline at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. This imaging system consists of a 30mm × 50mm flat YAG crystal, right angle prism/mirror and video camera located downstream of the vertical collimating mirror, sagittally focusing monochromator and vertical focusing mirror. The YAG crystal was installed in a 6-way vacuum cross in the beam path, and was mounted on a linear translation feedthrough allowing remote controlled insertion and removal of the crystal from the beam path. The CCD camera was mounted outside the vacuum chamber and views the x-ray induced scintillation from the YAG crystal through a window. This visualizer allows one to optimize the twist, yaw and roll of the second crystal, facilitates proper sagittal focusing and serves as a remote controlled diagnostic tool. An overview of the design and the performance of the imaging system will be presented.

Performance calculations of the X-ray powder diffraction beamline at NSLS-II

The X-ray Powder Diffraction (XPD) beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source II is a multi-purpose high-energy X-ray diffraction beamline with high throughput and high resolution. The beamline uses a sagittally bent double-Laue crystal monochromator to provide X-rays over a large energy range (30-70 keV). In this paper the optical design and the calculated performance of the XPD beamline are presented. The damping wiggler source is simulated by the SRW code and a filter system is designed to optimize the photon flux as well as to reduce the heat load on the first optics. The final beamline performance under two operation modes is simulated using the SHADOW program. For the first time a multi-lamellar model is introduced and implemented in the ray tracing of the bent Laue crystal monochromator. The optimization and the optical properties of the vertical focusing mirror are also discussed. Finally, the instrumental resolution function of the XPD beamline is described in an analytical method.

Beamline X29: a novel undulator source for X-ray crystallography

A high-flux insertion device and beamline for macromolecular crystallography has been built at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) that employs a mini-gap undulator source developed by the NSLS. The mini-gap undulator at beamline X29 is a hybrid-magnet device of period 12.5 mm operating at proven gaps of 3.3-10 mm. The beamline provides hard X-rays for macromolecular crystallography experiments from the second and third harmonics over an energy range of 5-15 keV. The X-ray optics is designed to deliver intense and highly collimated X-rays. Horizontal focusing is achieved by a cryogenically cooled sagittally focusing double-crystal monochromator with approximately 4.1:1 demagnification. A vertical focusing mirror downstream of the monochromator is used for harmonic rejection and vertical focusing. The experimental station hosts an Area Detector Systems Quantum 315 CCD detector with 2.2 s readout time between exposures and Crystal Logic goniostat for crystal rotation and detector positioning. An auto-mounter crystal changer has been installed to facilitate the high-throughput data collection required by the major users, which includes structural genomics projects and the Macromolecular Crystallography Research Resource mail-in program. X29 is 10(3) times brighter than any existing bending-magnet beamline at NSLS with an actual flux of 2.5 x 10(11) photons s(-1) through a 0.12 mm square aperture at 11.271 keV.

New soft X-ray facility SINS for surface and nanoscale science at SSLS

The first soft X-ray facility at the Singapore Synchrotron Light Source was built by FMB and commissioned in 2003. Dubbed SINS for surface, interface, and nanostructure science, it covers a photon energy range from 50 to 1200 eV. The photon beam can be set to left circular, right circular or linear polarization by changing the pitch and vertical position of the vertical focusing mirror of the prefocusing optics. The typical resolution ( E/Δ E) and flux are about 1000 at 10 10 photons/s or exceeding 4000 at 10 8 photons/s in a spot of about 1.5 mm × 0.2 mm on the sample. The performance of the beamline was measured using gas photoionization spectra of Ar, He, Kr, and N 2 as well as an XMCD spectrum of a Ni sample. From the Ni XMCD signal, calculation shows that the degree of circular polarization can reach 95% at 850 eV photon energy. The end-station is presently equipped with a hemispherical electron energy analyzer and typical surface science diagnostics including LEED and ion sputtering. Upgrading with an in situ STM/AFM and a growth chamber is underway which will make SINS a unique tool for in situ surface and nanoscale science studies.

PLS photoemission electron microscopy beamline

The performance of a recently commissioned beamline at the Pohang Light Source (PLS) is described. The beamline, which is located at 4B1 at PLS, is a Varied Line Spacing (VLS) Plane Grating Monochromator (PGM) beamline. VLS PGM has become very popular because of the simple scanning mechanism and the fixed exit slit. The beamline which takes 3 mrad horizontal beam fan from bending magnet, covers the energy range 200–1000 eV for Photoemission Electron Microscopy (PEEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Magnetic Circular Dichroism (MCD) experiments. Simplicity of the optics and high flux with medium resolution were the design goals for these applications. The beamline consists of a horizontal focusing mirror, a vertical focusing mirror, VLS plane grating and exit slit. The source of PLS could be used as a virtual entrance slit because of its small size and stability. The flux and the resolution of the beamline at the experimental station have been measured using an ion chamber and a calibrated photodiode. Test images of PEEM from a standard sample were taken to illustrate the further performance of the beamline and PEEM station.

SB7: the new bending-magnet double-headed dragon beamline at SuperACO

A new beamline is now operational at LURE on bending-magnet 7 of the SuperACO storage ring in Orsay. The monochromator is of the ;dragon' type, designed to work in the energy range 150-1500 eV, and is equipped with a double vertical focusing mirror in order to allow for fast switching of light polarization. In this paper the results of photoion-yield experiments performed on N(2), Ar and Ne gases are presented. The observed resonance structures enable us to determine the available energy resolution: a resolving power higher than 8500 is obtained at the Ar 2p, N 1s and Ne K-edges when using all the optical elements at full aperture. The total flux as a function of the measured photon energy resolution and the characterization of the double-head behaviour in delivering circularly polarized light are reported.

Design of a high-flux and high-resolution VUV bending-magnet beamline.

A high-flux and high-resolution VUV beamline (4-40 eV) has been designed and is under construction at SRRC. This beamline, which collects 50 mrad of horizontal radiation, uses a 6 m cylindrical-grating monochromator with an incident angle of 70 degrees instead of the conventional normal-incidence-monochromator (NIM) design. Special features, such as movable entrance slit, bendable vertical focusing mirror and movable curved exit slit, are employed to enhance greatly the beamline performance. With both slit openings set at 10 micro m, the energy-resolving power can reach as high as 70000. Photon fluxes of 1 x 10(13) and 1 x 10(10) photons s(-1) are calculated for energy-resolving powers of 1000 and 40000, respectively. The best image size at the sample position is smaller than 0.45 x 0.2 mm.