Vertical Flow Measurements Research Articles

Characterization of Fracture Permeability with High‐Resolution Vertical Flow Measurements During Borehole Pumping

ABSTRACTThe distribution of fracture permeability in granitic rocks was investigated by measuring the distribution of vertical flow in boreholes during periods of steady pumping. Pumping tests were conducted at two sites chosen to provide examples of moderately fractured rocks near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire and intensely fractured rocks near Oracle, Arizona. A sensitive heat‐pulse flowmeter was used for accurate measurements of vertical flow as low as 0.2 liter per minute. Although boreholes were spaced at intervals ranging from 10 to 50 meters, acoustic televiewer logs showed little direct continuity of individual fractures from borehole to borehole in either the moderately fractured rocks or intensely fractured rocks. Results indicated that nearly all inflow and outflow to boreholes occurred by means of one or two discrete fractures in both cases. These fractures did not appear very different from other prominent fractures indicated on televiewer and resistivity logs for these boreholes. Hydraulic connections between boreholes apparently were composed of conduits formed by the most permeable portions of intersecting fractures. Most flow in the moderately fractured rocks occurred at isolated fractures at a depth of about 45 meters indicating a nearly horizontal zone of fracture permeability composed of orthogonal, steeply dipping fractures. Previous studies have identified a zone of horizontal permeability in the lower part of the boreholes in the intensely fractured rocks, but flowmeter tests indicated that flow also entered and exited individual boreholes by means of one or two steeply dipping fractures. These results indicate zones of fracture permeability in crystalline rocks are composed of irregular conduits that cannot be approximated by planar fractures of uniform aperture, and that the orientation of permeability zones may be unrelated to the orientation of individual fractures within those zones.

Hot-wire anemometer behaviour in low velocity air flow

The behaviour characteristics of a commercially available hot-wire anemometer have been examined in the presence of low velocities, lwss than 0.1 m/s for the most part, and in both horizontal and vertical air flows. The orientation of the probe in a horizontal flow has been found to have a definite effect on velocity measurements, and a lower limit to the reliable application of hot-wire anemometry has been evaluated for a particular type of probe. Vertical flow measurements have resulted in the discovery of the magnitude of natural convective velocity, and a possible method for determining the dimensions of the temperature jump distance has been developed indirectly from the description of the shape of the calibration curve.

Measurements of vertical flow in ground water borings and hydrological parameters for assessing ground water pollution

Some measurements of vertical flow in borings in karst dolomite aquifer by the use of an electromechanical device are reported. Field studies undertaken to assess ground water pollution due to releases from a refinery complex, garbage disposal site and a heavily pollution river are described.