Vertical Files Research Articles

On a vertical chain of small bubbles ascending in a viscoelastic fluid

Recently, our direct numerical simulations [Yuan et al., “Hydrodynamic interaction and coalescence of two inline bubbles rising in a viscoelastic liquid,” Phys. Fluids 33, 083102 (2021)] indicated that a stable chain can be formed for a pair of bubbles rising in a viscoelastic liquid, consistent with experimental observations. Motivated by the fact that the flow in bubble chains is still poorly understood, this Letter extends the investigations to multiple small bubbles ascending in a vertical file in a viscoelastic medium with different configurations. With an increasing bubble number, it is found that the rising velocity of the bubble group increases and the vertical chain of bubbles becomes unstable due to the distinct oscillation of the uppermost bubble. The terminal separation distance between two adjacent bubbles decreases in the upward direction, diminished by the neighborhood rising bubbles due to increasing loading. By probing the polymeric stresses and deformation, our results demonstrated that the accumulation of viscoelastic normal stresses promotes the aggregation of rising bubbles, while the successive chain of bubbles is stable because of the near-field repulsion induced by the non-monotonic polymer stretching among the bubble chain. In addition, the large bubble deformation appears to enhance the accumulative polymeric normal stress effect, and the bubbles can form more stable vertical chains at increasing initial spacing. Our findings provide insights into the mechanism of bubbles clustering in viscoelastic fluids, as chaining of bubbles is believed to be more prevailing in highly elastic flows.

The Filing Cabinet: A Vertical History of Information

The Filing Cabinet: A Vertical History of Information

<p><strong><em>Martensia incipiens</em></strong><strong> (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta), a newly recognized species of red algae from the Sultanate of Oman</strong></p>

Martensia incipiens sp. nov. is described from the Sultanate of Oman, based upon collections made in the Governate of Dhofar, Northern Arabian Sea. The type locality is Sadah. The delicate blades display a dazzling iridescence with pink to lilac colors in the living condition. The distinguishing morphological feature of this novel species is that the latticework is confined to a very narrow marginal fringe, consisting of vertical files of only six to nine cells in length and without any cross-links between the vertical files. Putative young tetrasporangial sori have a scattered arrangement over the blades.

Model of multi-level data storage system

A model of multi-level organization for data storage system is studied, based on the sequential application of algorithms for vertical file distribution by the levels of data storage system, horizontal placement in sections of a certain level, and dynamic placement as a result of data migration. Selection and normalization of metadata specifying the characteristics of the stored files were performed. The model of multi-level data storage provides the storage of files in accordance with their characteristics and meets the requirements for guaranteed storage time. Representation of the storage system in the form of a matrix enables the usage of Kohonen neural network tool to arrange files by levels and sections of a specific storage system level. The application of Kohonen neural network provides the transfer from sequential execution of algorithms to placement in one step. We have proposed the model of multi-level data storage. Algorithms have been developed for file placement in a multi-level data storage system. Test examples are given which demonstrate the ability of Kohonen neural network apparatus as a tool for solving the file allocation problem in accordance with the required parameters. The combined use of file allocation algorithms gives the possibility to organize multi-level data storage in accordance with the files characteristics and the assurance of time requirements for guaranteed storage.

Defining and Understanding Grey Literature

The Internet has dramatically altered how grey literature is defined. The importance, the availability, the access, and the types of grey literature have significantly increased since the days of keeping pamphlets and newspaper clippings in a vertical file. Deciding if a resource is commercially published or grey literature has become more complex and requires judgment. Knowledge of a field of study is helpful in knowing where to find or to gain insight about grey literature. For the author of this column and its readers, the resources cited by authors writing articles and columns for volumes 42 and 43 of Serials Review, published in 2016 and 2017, could be called a convenience sample. The references include data that are easily accessed and includes many resources that are developed by people, governmental agencies, and associations familiar to those working in this area of librarianship.

Selected Bibliography for the 125<sup>th</sup> Anniversary of Central Michigan University

The Michigan Historical Review 43:2 (Fall 2017): 65-80©2017 Central Michigan University. ISSN 0890-1686 All Rights Reserved Selected Bibliography for the 125th Anniversary of Central Michigan University By Susan Eileen Paton In 1892, twelve Mount Pleasant, Michigan, businessmen formed a committee and set their sights on building a teacher training school. They sold stock and prospective housing lots to buy the old Hursh farmland south of town and contracted with Professor Charles F. R. Bellows to head the school. Thus, the Central Michigan Normal School and Business Institute was born with thirty-one students in attendance that first year. In 1895, the Michigan State Board of Education assumed control of the school, an occasion met with much celebratory bonfires and banquets in Mount Pleasant. In 1918, the school, now boasting five buildings, awarded its first Bachelor of Arts degree. The name changed several times over the next few decades until 1959 when, with a student population of just over 4,500, it became Central Michigan University. Today, that original 10-acre plot has grown to 480 acres, and the 28,000 students enrolled at CMU can choose classes from over 200 academic programs. This selected bibliography is arranged in a loosely chronological format and by no means does it include all the archival material on the school’s history housed at CMU’s Clarke Historical Library, but it offers a glimpse at the wealth of records, be they letters, diaries, photographs, minutes, reports, or films that await any curious researcher. Announcement of Central Michigan Normal School and Business Institute Reproduction of the original 1892 twenty-one-page document; it was reprinted by the Clarke library for the 75th anniversary in 1967. College of Education vertical files Files run from 1892 on up to 1998, beginning with Normal School and then Teachers College records, and include ads, bulletins, newsletters, handbooks, and more. Also included are materials from the 1950s and 1960s on Rural School Management and the Teacher Education Project. 66 The Michigan Historical Review Central Michigan Normal School Class of 1896 Normal school photo album Small photo album with thirty-five images of professor portraits, student activities, Chippewa River excursions, an ice storm, and several female students, perhaps friends of the album’s owner, Christine Weideman, a student at the time (1893-1895). The First Hundred Years: A Portrait of Central Michigan University, 1892-1992, by John Cumming A richly detailed history including construction, leaders, and social life, with a section on campus adjustments that touches on such varied topics as faculty collective bargaining and alcohol misuse. A History of the Mathematics Department, Central Michigan University, 18921992 , by James K. Bidwell Written for CMU’s centennial, this book covers department and faculty activities as well as course chronology. CMU Bibliography 67 Proudly We Serve: Historical Sketches of Central Michigan College by Administration, 1892-1955, by Rolland Harper Maybee, with Victor P. Croftchik and Irwin M. Campbell Booklet from 1955 of Central’s earlier years organized by college presidents, includes photos. A History of the Department of Health Education at Central Michigan University, 1892-1977, by Sherri C. LeClear Masters’ thesis (1979) covering the growth of the Health Education department and faculty activities during these years. How Sweet is Your Suite: A History of Housing at Central Michigan University, by Donald W. Kilbourn Divided into two parts (1892-1958 and 1959-1980), this book offers histories and recollections of every dorm on campus. Central Michigan University, by Jack Westbrook History of Central from 1892-2007 (the year it was published), packed with photographs. Oversized images Images include a range of years, beginning with commencement photos of the 1890s on up to a 1969 sepia-tone print of Warriner Hall. Normal School Class of 1898 photo album Album includes sixty-one formal portraits of staff and students of the Normal School in 1898. Album has a black cover with a gold-lettered title; inscription reads “Courtesy of Mrs. A. E. Gorham.” Student Personnel, Course History of Central Michigan College 1903-1954 A listing of all courses offered during the years 1903-1954, from “aeronautics” to “speech & drama.” 68 The Michigan Historical Review Central Normal School campus in 1923, looking south...

Variability of Cation-Exchange Capacity (CEC) of Fen Peats in Vertical Profiles from Eastern and Central Poland in Relation to Function of Peatlands as Natural Geological Barriers

Abstract An analysis of cation-exchange capacity(CEC) variability of peats is presented in vertical pro files from eastern and central Po land. CEC values were com pared with ash con tent (Ac), pH and CaCO3 content. Eight peatlands were selected for re search in the fol lowingareas: War saw Plateau (2 objects), Siedlce Plateau (2 objects), Lubartów Plateau (2 objects), Nałęczów Table land (1 object) and Dobrohusk Depression (1 object). The peatlands represented a fen peat type of similar botanic compositions of sediments, but they differed in the area, peat thickness and drain age conditions. Characteristic regular i ties in CEC variability were noted in the peatlands and there were three types of CEC variability in vertical pro files. Carbonate peats (types 1 and 2) had the high est pH and definitely the high est values of CEC. In vertical pro files, there was also a zonation, but the regularities similar to non-carbonate peats were not observed. Different distribution of phys i cal and chem i cal parameters were establishedin vertical pro files in partly drained peatlands (with a muck layer on top) with non-carbonate peats (type 3) and there were three distinct zones in vertical pro files, with different Ac and CEC. Determination of the vertical CEC variability and other phys i cal and chem i cal parameters in peatlands made it possible to distinguish zones with potentially most beneficial isolation conditions.

FOMO case studies: loss, discovery and inspiration among relics

In 2009, I was two years into my tenure as a museum employee, managing a collection of small exhibition brochures, pamphlets and gallery announcements at the National Gallery of Art Library. That summer, New York Times art critic Roberta Smith reported on a phenomenon I had also observed in my capacity as Reference Librarian for Vertical Files: the decline of the printed gallery post card. Smith's ArtsBeat blog post, ‘Gallery Card as Relic,’ is a breezy elegy surveying recent “final notice” cards mailed from commercial galleries that were “going green” by eliminating paper mailings. I, however, was feeling less light-hearted about the demise of what Smith describes as a “useful bit of art-world indicator…[and] an indispensable constant creatively deployed by artists, avidly cherished by the ephemera-obsessed and devotedly archived by museums.”

Getting acquainted with social networks and apps: Snapchat and the rise of ephemeral communication

Purpose – The traditional library image that comes to mind upon hearing this word is of vertical files filled with newspaper clippings, photos, brochures, flyers on a popular topic or event. Design/methodology/approach – The modern image of ephemera, however, is now more nuanced and complex, as the increased creation of digital ephemera provides opportunities and challenges for libraries and archives. Findings – There now need to be considerations for dealing with digital materials and artifacts that are short-lived and temporary. These digital ephemera are increasing every day, with a presence in the world that is anything but temporary. Originality/value – The Library of Congress announced that it would be digitally archiving every public tweet since Twitter’s inception in March 2006 (Raymond, 2010). As of 2013, they had archived 170 billion tweets and were receiving nearly a half billion tweets a day (Allen, 2013). However, the magnitude of the project is being grappled with and currently the project appears to be in limbo (Scola, 2015).

On Vertebraria Royle from Triassic of Nidpur, Madhya Pradesh

Abstract The present paper embodies a description of a new species of the vertebrarian axis Vertebraria Royle (1834) from the Triassic Nidpur beds, M.P., India. Structurally preserved axes of the new species Vertebraria nidpurensis occur as horizontal or longitudinal compressions exhibiting excellent features of secondary xylem tissue. The description is based on a single hand specimen, displaying four axes lying in different positions but all exposed in their lateral views. Total length of axes is unknown but the largest specimen is about 7.2 cm long. Width of axes ranges between 0.2 cm – 2.8 cm depending on the number of vertical series of elongated rectangular areas present in the axis. Each vertical file of rectangles is separated from adjacent series by a narrow longitudinal groove. The rectangular area of longitudinal file is separated from the rectangle above and below by a thick or thin transverse bar that extends from one longitudinal groove to the other. Three axes out of four exhibit well preserved secondary tissues that showed features which were quite different from species of Vertebraria reported upto date. The new species differs from all other previously described structurally preserved species in having tracheids that bear pits on both tangential and radial walls and in having wood rays that are 2-35 celled high. Vertebrarian axes of above type are being reported for the first time from Triassic of Nidpur, Madhya Pradesh.

Testing models of dental development in the earliest bony vertebrates,AndreolepisandLophosteus

Theories on the development and evolution of teeth have long been biased by the fallacy that chondrichthyans reflect the ancestral condition for jawed vertebrates. However, correctly resolving the nature of the primitive vertebrate dentition is challenged by a dearth of evidence on dental development in primitive osteichthyans. Jaw elements from the Silurian-Devonian stem-osteichthyans Lophosteus and Andreolepis have been described to bear a dentition arranged in longitudinal rows and vertical files, reminiscent of a pattern of successional development. We tested this inference, using synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) to reveal the pattern of skeletal development preserved in the sclerochronology of the mineralized tissues. The tooth-like tubercles represent focal elaborations of dentine within otherwise continuous sheets of the dermal skeleton, present in at least three stacked generations. Thus, the tubercles are not discrete modular teeth and their arrangement into rows and files is a feature of the dermal ornamentation that does not reflect a polarity of development or linear succession. These fossil remains have no bearing on the nature of the dentition in osteichthyans and, indeed, our results raise questions concerning the homologies of these bones and the phylogenetic classification of Andreolepis and Lophosteus.

Everything old is new again: Finding a place for knowledge structures in a satisficing world

The authors use an exploratory project involving Web resources related to Alzheimer's Disease to explore ways in RDF metadata can more effectively translate the virtues of the traditional vertical file to a Web environment form using Semantic Web descriptive standards. In so doing, they argue against the separation of bibliographic control from the socially-embedded institutional practices of reference work, collection development, and the management of information ephemera. Libraries of the future will use specific Web technologies that lend themselves to sophisticated and rigorous knowledge structures, and link them with librarians' skills in information harvesting and evaluation.

The Development of the Virtual Notebook, a Wiki-Based Ready Reference Technology

Traditionally, library professionals have used a variety of ready reference technologies to assist in providing reference and user services. Technologies such as card files, vertical files, and reference notebooks are frequent components of library service desks. Ready reference technologies serve many purposes, most notably, helping staff to answer frequently asked questions and facilitating the sharing of information between library staff. This paper traces the development of the Virtual Notebook, a wiki-based ready reference technology, at Purdue University. The tool is placed within the historical context of ready reference technologies within the library profession and at Purdue. The authors present preliminary results from the implementation of the Virtual Notebook and discuss the tool’s future. The manuscript is an outgrowth of a presentation at the 2008 Brick and Click Symposium at Northwest Missouri State University.

INTERVIEW WITH DR. JOHN HOPE FRANKLIN

INTRODUCTION In 2007 we celebrated 60th anniversary of first edition of From Slavery to Freedom (FSTF), John Hope Franklin's groundbreaking synthesis that introduced African Americans' narrative history to millions of people throughout world. Over years book received countless accolades from historians, other scholars, and public. In a brilliant discussion of book's treatment of women and gender, Darlene Clark Hine, influential historian of South and African American women's history, praised book as the Bible of Black History ... as much a historical document and artifact as it is a history of our civilization. Columbia University historian Eric Foner acknowledged that FSTF has introduced generations of students, as well as readers outside academy, to richness and drama of African American experience, as well as making plain why no account of American history can be complete that does not accord African Americans a central role. The impact and significance of this work secures John Hope Franklin's legacy as a historian who fundamentally altered way Americans know their nation's past. (1) After reading John Hope Franklin's autobiography, Mirror to America, which contains a chapter on Franklin's experience writing FSTF, I grew curious to learn more about origins and evolution of his most famous book. In large part, I wanted to study history of FSTF and gain insight into how African American history developed as a distinct and respected scholarly field within American history. I began this project with a foray into Duke University's Rare Book, Manuscript and Special Collections Library, which holds John Hope Franklin Papers. I hoped research in that collection would uncover documents that went beyond Dr. Franklin's chapter in his autobiography in explaining why he wrote From Slavery to Freedom, why Alfred Knopf, Inc., published it, and how book's content and historians perception of it changed over time. John Hope Franklin's papers certainly contained fascinating sources, but besides a vertical file of book reviews and promotional flyers announcing new editions of FSTF, there were few materials that covered book's origins and evolution. (2) A breakthrough occurred when Karen Jean Hunt, director of Franklin Research Center, encouraged me to schedule an appointment with Dr. Franklin and to speak with him about my research project. At first, idea of interviewing John Hope Franklin made me nervous. I didn't feel that I had read enough of Franklin's work to conduct a proper interview with him, and I thought there would be no way one of most prominent historians in country could make time for me, an extremely junior historian barely one year removed from his dissertation defense. Still, how many times does one get to interview John Hope Franklin? Excitement over chance to spend time with a legendary historian outweighed my lack of confidence in my meager scholarly record. I took Karen Jean Hunt's advice and thanks to her, Dr. Franklin agreed to meet me during last week I was in Durham. I had enough time to finish research in Franklin's papers and quickly study some of his other essays and monographs. I devoured The Free Negro in North Carolina, 1790-1860 (1943), Dr. Franklin's first published book, which contained many themes regarding social position of minorities in democratic societies that appeared in his second book, From Slavery to Freedom. Duke's rare books library held a copy of first edition of FSTF, and I selectively read it during days leading up to my appointment. I was familiar with seventh edition of FSTF, which I had read a decade earlier. To my mind, first edition read like a completely different book. I remembered seventh edition's prose as rather wooden and weighed down by specific names and dates. The first edition's narrative, on other hand, was lively and exciting, and book read more like a trade book than a textbook. …

The Emergence of Genetic Rationality (review)

Reviewed by: The Emergence of Genetic Rationality Kim Kleinman The Emergence of Genetic Rationality. By Phillip Thurtle. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. 2007. Phillip Thurtle presents an intriguing but ultimately too ambitious examination of biology as Gregor Mendel's "genetics" comes to explain what had been known as "heredity" in the early 20th Century. In a nicely sustained concluding discussion, Thurtle exemplifies this transition by looking at the contrasting yet complementary views of botanist Hugo deVries and naturalist David Starr Jordan on the work of plant breeder Luther Burbank. Jordan had invited deVries to Stanford University where he was president in July 1904. DeVries, one of the rediscoverers of Mendel, admired the scope and industrial scale of Burbank's creation of plant hybrids, while, for Jordan, Burbank's continued to use an older approach of observing phenomena in their varied landscapes. Thurtle's insight is that information processing systems are shifting in this period, reflecting the "two sets of logics developed from two mutually supporting but distinctly different spatial and temporal practices" (307). Thurtle further develops the idea of this older "panoramic mode" in relation to Spencer Fullerton Baird's organization of natural history expeditions for the Smithsonian Institution when he was its assistant secretary. Creating through specimen collection panoramas, both over a species range and of the variety of species from a locale, Baird [End Page 185] was able to make more usable the discoveries of Smithsonian expeditions. Baird took advantage of such technological developments as the Wooten patent desk (he did not, however, use the newly introduced vertical file system before his death in 1887) to organize this information. Jordan, as a naturalist he was a protege of Baird's, helped build Stanford University as one of the United States' great private universities as its first president. Leland Stanford's wanted to use the major professor system of another of Jordan's mentors, Andrew Dickinson White of Cornell University to create a university that would forge leaders of industry with practical skills. So he hired Jordan from Indiana University with just that aim. Stanford also figures in Thurtle's first important episode, the development of trotter horse breeding as a hobby for the emerging captains of industry in the late 19th Century. Effectively using Edith Wharton's subtle literary depictions of the social nuances of New York society, Thurtle situates this emerging hobby for the rich as a cultural phenomenon. Heredity, national and regional identity, and industrial practices are all factors giving depth to what seems at first glance be yet another frivolity of the rich. Thurtle's use of other literary figures—Theodore Dreiser and Jack London, in particular—to reflect key features of his argument is strong and inviting. Frustrating, though, are the long stretches of dry theoretical exposition establishing analytical tools that are not given a sufficient test on a too small handful of historical moments—trotter horse breeding, Smithsonian expeditions, and Luther Burbank—that are meant to capture American culture just as genetics is emerging. These tools can be useful, but there is more work to be done to explore the emergence of genetic rationality, shaped, as Thurtle suggests, by developments in industry, information, and institutions. Kim Kleinman Webster University Copyright © 2010 Mid-America American Studies Association

The availability and accessibility of vertical file collections in Jamaican libraries

Abstract Small island developing states are often characterized by weak local publishing industries and infrastructure, which leads to the unavailability of locally relevant publications. Given this reality, the vertical file collections are therefore an important source of indigenous information. In view of this, the authors sought to determine to what extent are vertical files existent and prevalent in Jamaican libraries especially in an age of increasing reliance on electronic resources. The authors also examine how Jamaican libraries make these vertical files accessible to the public. To achieve this, both a survey and a comparative study of vertical files in selected library and information service environments in Jamaica were undertaken. The results indicate that vertical files exist in a variety of environments. However, more can be done in Jamaican libraries to improve the accessibility of vertical file collections to users. There is need for closer attention to be paid to vertical files in Jamaica and their promotion, as these collections are very valuable sources of local information not yet documented by local publishers. Keywords: vertical file, collection management, vertical file index, vertical file subject index, Jamaican Libraries, developing countries, small island developing countries The Status of Vertical File Collection Management in Jamaican Libraries Developing countries tend to lack the variety of information resources that developed countries take for granted. According to Khanna, Palepu and Sinha (2005), while developed countries have the and culture supportive of specialised research institutions and intermediaries, developing countries are characterised by a lack of these. The challenges in the English-speaking Caribbean's publishing industry include scarce resources, small market [sic] and absence of infrastructure (Institute of Social and Economic Research [ISER], 1988, p.5). Marketing problems afflict the region's publishing industry and force some book buyers to source Caribbean from outside the region (ISER, 1988). Bandara (1995) revealed that a majority of Caribbean books are produced outside of the region. S. Spencer, Mendes and Terry, (1987) also found that regional scholarly publishers have insufficient resources to have effective marketing and promotion strategies as well as lack financial support, thereby leading to serious survival problems. Gaps in the region's publishing are not due to absence of only. Indigenous of scholarly and education material in the region is also hampered by the small size of the region's audience (S. Spencer et al.,1987, p.1). Due to size of audience, writers and scholars do not have a sufficiently large regional market to sustain their scholarship and writing, thus opting to write for an international audience (S. Spencer et al.,1987). This further depletes the availability of local materials. Some thirty years ago, Thomas (1979) underscored the importance of stimulating more publishing in the region. For Thomas (1979), the local publishing industry is necessary for the production of culturally relevant materials and to produce materials that can be purchased with the local currency. The latter point is very essential for small developing countries such as those in the Caribbean, who according to Mohamedali (1999), have rising costs of publications correlating with the of local currencies. According to Mohamedali (1999), the depreciation in the value of local currencies vis-a-vis other international currencies is a major constraint which adversely affects the purchasing power of [Caribbean] libraries, since most...publications...have to be purchased from abroad (p. 308). Consequently, it can be seen that without local publishing, all publications purchased would require the availability of foreign currency. The point of locally relevant publications is also essential, as foreign publications may not meet local needs. …

“Just-in-Case” Answers: The Twenty-FirstCentury Vertical File

“Just-in-Case” Answers: The Twenty-FirstCentury Vertical File

Artifacts of Disaster: Creating the Smithsonian's Katrina Collection

The idea of museum collections built from disasters, natural or man-made, can be unsettling. Yet collections are the basis of everything that history museums do. This explains why in the weeks after 9/11 the Smithsonian Institution began gathering artifacts from the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and the field in Pennsylvania where Flight 93 crashed to earth in an effort to capture something of the material record of what happened that day. And it explains why shortly after Katrina collided with the Gulf Coast the curatorial staff of the National Museum of American History met to consider the problem of collecting artifacts to support future museum exhibitions, public programs, websites, and publications that might address this exceptional hurricane and its aftermath. Photographer Hugh Talman and I were among the Smithsonian staff who had gone to New York City four years earlier, and with that experience under our belts we left for the Gulf Coast in late September 2005 on the first of two collecting and documentation trips, each lasting a week. Through a friend I made contact with the police chief of Houma, thirty miles southwest of New Orleans, who found us rooms in a hotel full of reporters, emergency responders, and evacuees. We faced a gauntlet of security checkpoints, exclusion zones, and flooded streets, but the chief also assigned us a patrol officer and a squad car, in a kind of ratification of our reason for being there. What to do, where to go, who to see, how to begin? Parts of three states had been devastated. We had made a list of "ghost artifacts" before we departed, things we thought belonged in an ideal material record of the storm: an axe used to chop through an attic roof; Michael Brown's FEMA identity card; handmade "Help!" signs and flotation devices; part of a levee; [End Page 357] Coast Guard rescue gear; a "dropwindsonde," the sacrificial electronic dipstick ejected by hurricane-hunter aircraft to chart wind speed, air pressure, and other storm conditions. It was an unrealizable ideal, of course, but it provided us with initial direction and gave us a basis for establishing official contacts who helped us gain access to key areas. Otherwise, we kept ourselves open to serendipity. During those two trips in late September and early December we covered hundreds of miles of Louisiana and Mississippi in police and rental cars. The fruits of our labors: fifty-eight artifacts and 1,731 digital photographs. Each item is thoroughly documented, embedded in a context by means of literature, photography, notes, and maps to make it as adaptable as possible to future museum uses. The worldwide web provides a new outlet for documentation normally stashed in museum vertical files, and many of the photos are online in the Hurricane Digital Memory Bank (http:// www.hurricanearchive.org/index.php), a project of George Mason University's Center for History and New Media and the University of New Orleans in partnership with the National Museum of American History.1 There can of course be no definitive collection of any event, certainly not one as massive and complex as Katrina. Time will determine the usefulness of the Smithsonian's Hurricane Katrina collection. Some of these objects and images may serve as anchors for the thematic storytelling that museums of history have come to love. In the meantime, here, under five headings, is a sampling. Levees Had its levee walls not failed, New Orleans would have been left merely wet and windswept, not submerged and depopulated. Acquiring a piece of wreckage from a New Orleans levee—not necessarily to reveal a design flaw or show how the walls failed, but something of manageable size that said "levee"—was therefore a priority. We clambered over muddy, patched levees along the 17th Street Canal, the London Avenue Canal, and the Industrial Canal in our search. The tongue-and-groove sheet-steel pilings driven down along the canals' flanks drew our...

The Vertical File: Freudiana

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article History NotesFull AccessThe Vertical File: FreudianaLucy D. Ozarin, M.D., M.P.H.Lucy D. OzarinSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., M.P.H.Published Online:1 Oct 2004https://doi.org/10.1176/pn.39.19.0390036The APA Library, which became a library of psychiatric history since APA moved its headquarters to Arlington, Va., has maintained since its inception close to 50 years ago an extensive collection of materials on psychiatric subjects and individuals. The material is drawn from newspaper clippings, magazine articles, brochures, and publications of significant psychiatric events. One of the largest files is labeled “Freud.” Among the contents of the Freud file are extensive photographs and descriptions of the Freud Museum in London.Freud's home and office at Bergasse 19 in Vienna, where he lived from 1891 to 1938, is marked only with a plaque. In March 1938 Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany, and attacks on Jews began immediately. Within days Freud's flat was searched, and Anna Freud was held for an entire day by the Gestapo for questioning. With the support of powerful friends, Freud managed to escape. The Nazis allowed Freud to take with him the major furnishings of his office and library. Of special interest is his office, where he saw patients.Just before Freud was spirited to London, August Aishorn, a Viennese psychoanalyst, arranged for a photographer, Edmond Engelmann, to take pictures of the office. The pictures show the famous couch with an armchair at the head, a large desk, and an extensive collection of more than 2,000 antiquities, mainly of Egyptian, Greek, and Roman origins. Several authors have hypothesized that the antiquities represented suppressed memories to Freud: “the retrieved memory was like the unearthed ancient object.” A photograph of Freud's waiting room shows an armless sofa and a small table with chairs around it. Framed pictures and manuscripts hang on the walls.Engelmann's photos were located with difficulty and eventually came to Anna Freud. Freud's office at 20 Maresfield Gardens in London was set up as a replica of his office in Vienna. Anna Freud lived in the house until she died in 1982. The house is now a museum and has been open to the public since 1986.An exhibit of some of Freud's antiquities was held at the Jewish Museum in New York in 1975 and toured the United States for three years (1989-92). A Freud centenary exhibit was presented by the American Psychoanalytic Association at APA's annual meeting in Chicago in 1956 and at the Academy of Medicine also that year. An accompanying brochure shows photos of Freud at age 8 with his father, at age 16 with his mother, with his wife in 1886, and numerous photos of his later years. The brochure also lists Freud's publications.In 1939 the New York Psychiatric Institute acquired 800 volumes from Freud's library. These were books Freud had sent to a local bookseller when he left Vienna and were advertised for sale for $500. By chance, Dr. Jacob Schatsky, the institute's librarian, saw the ad and was able to buy the books, most of which are old and bound in leather.In 1976 Engelmann's photos of Freud's home and office were published by Basic Books with an introduction by Peter Gay. The book was reviewed for the New York Times “Book World” by Anthony Storr, who found it of interest that Freud's office contained photographs of two of his pupils, Marie Bonaparte and Lou Andreas Salome, as well as Yvette Guilbert and Toulouse Lautrec.More information on the Freud Museum is posted online at<www.freud.org.uk/>.▪ ISSUES NewArchived

Intermediate Web Site Utility

Abstract Librarians can use the Web for a wide variety of personal and professional purposes. Vertical files and ready reference files were a main stay of libraries in years past. Today, the Web can duplicate this function in a much more efficient manner.