Vertical Facial Morphology Research Articles

Relationship between dental arch width and vertical facial morphology in untreated Indian population

Introduction: Facial growth pattern is an important factor in planning orthodontic treatment properly. Knowledge of arch forms is important for an orthodontist, as it is related to future treatment outcome. Factors such as age, sex, and ethnicity are also important. The purpose of present study was to evaluate the dental arch dimensions in a different facial pattern in regional population, to evaluate correlation in the facial pattern with dental arch width to evaluate the differences in dental arch width between male and female subjects. Materials: The present study was conducted on 120 untreated subjects comprising of 60 males and 60 females aged between 16 to 38 years. The Jarabak’s ratio (posterior facial height/anterior facial height) was measured on cephalograms of each patient. Maxillary and mandibular inter-canine, first inter-premolar, second inter-premolar and first inter-molar widths were measured on study models of each patient. Results: There was no significant correlation between dental arch width and vertical facial pattern in regional population. In males, arch width is greater in canine, premolar and molar region than females. Conclusion: It was concluded that dental arch width is not associated with the vertical facial pattern but it is associated with gender. Thus, using individualized arch wires according to gender is suggested during orthodontic treatment. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.23 (Special Issue) 2024 p.S26-S31

Relationship between vertical facial morphology and dental arch measurements in class II malocclusion: a retrospective study.

To evaluate the relationship between dental arch measurements and the vertical facial pattern determined in skeletal Class II untreated patients. Lateral cephalograms and plaster models were obtained from 124 untreated female adults (average age: 17.6 ± 3.8 years). Class I (CI), Class II Division 1 (CII/1) and Class II Division 2 (CII/2) malocclusions were divided into three subgroups according to their vertical morphology as hypodivergent, normodivergent and hyperdivergent. The multivariate variance analysis (MANOVA) method was used in the comparison of measurement values according to vertical and sagittal morphology. The relationship between both A point-Nasion-B point (ANB) and Frankfurt-mandibular plane (FMA) angles and dental arch measurements was examined by Pearson correlation analysis. The significance level was received as p < 0.05. While vertical morphology has a statistically significant effect on mandibular arch length, sagittal morphology affects maxillary arch depth. The parameters influenced by both morphologies are maxillary and mandibular arch length, as well as maxillary intermolar width. The mandibular arch length was significantly shorter in hyperdivergent-CII-2 malocclusion (50.5 ± 7.4 mm). Larger values were obtained in both mandibular arch length and maxillary arch depth measurements in CII-1 malocclusion compared to CII-2 malocclusion. The maxillary intermolar width was significantly shorter in hypodivergent-CII-1 malocclusion (46.8 ± 3.4 mm), while it was higher in hypodivergent-CI malocclusion (51.1 ± 3.4 mm). The maxillary arch length was the lowest in hyperdivergent-CI malocclusion (63.1 ± 13.3 mm) and the highest in hypodivergent-CI malocclusion (72.8 ± 7.6 mm). Additionally, a positive but weak correlation was found between ANB and FMA angles. Dental arch measurements have been found to be affected by both vertical facial morphology and skeletal sagittal relationship. A positive correlation was found between ANB and FMA angles.

Differences in the effects of orthodontic treatment on airway-craniocervical functional environment in adult and adolescent patients with skeletal class II high-angle: a retrospective pilot study

IntroductionThis retrospective cohort study aimed to compare the change in upper airway and craniocervical posture after orthodontic treatment between adolescent and adult patients with Class II high-angle malocclusion.MethodsA total of 12 adolescent (mean ± standard deviation age = 13.0 ± 2.0 years) and 12 adult patients with Class II high-angle malocclusion (mean ± standard deviation age = 23.7 ± 6.4 years) were selected in this study. The lateral cephalograms and cone beam computed tomography images of adolescent and adult patients were taken before and after treatment, which can be employed to evaluate the variables of craniofacial morphology, upper airway, and craniocervical posture through paired t tests, respectively. An independent sample t test was performed to observe the differences between two groups after orthodontic intervention. For adults and adolescents, the correlation between craniofacial morphology, upper airway, and craniocervical posture was determined through Pearson correlation analysis.ResultsIn all subjects, the improvements in vertical and sagittal facial morphology after treatment were observed. Anterior and inferior movements of the hyoid bone, an increase of upper airway dimension, posterior tipping of the head and a reduction of cervical inclination in the lower and middle segments post-treatment were identified in adolescence (P < 0.05). Adults displayed anterior movements of the hyoid bone, whereas no significant difference was observed in upper airway dimension and craniocervical posture (P < 0.05). Notable differences were identified in the change of hyoid position and airway volume between two groups (P > 0.05). Mandibular plane inclination, growth pattern, occlusal plane inclination, and chin position were all significantly correlated with craniocervical posture in adolescent patients. Besides, the mandibular growth pattern and chin position in adult patients were significantly correlated with craniocervical posture (P < 0.05).ConclusionsOrthodontic treatment is capable of enhancing the facial profile of patients with skeletal class II high-angle while improving their upper airway morphology and craniocervical posture, where adolescents and adults differ substantially in that the former exhibit a more favorable alteration in the airway-craniocervical functional environment.

Correlation of Arch Width and Vertical Facial Morphology in Untreated Adults at a Tertiary Care Centre: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: The vertical dimension of a face is crucial in determining facial aesthetics and harmony. It is important for the orthodontist to understand the relationship between dental arch width and facial morphology for correct diagnosis and proper treatment plan. Aim: To determine the relationship between the vertical face pattern, dental arch width and also, to compare arch widths among both untreated female and male adults. Materials and Methods: This quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, at Sharad Pawar Dental College, Sawangi, Wardha, Maharashtra, India. The duration of the study was 1 month, from June 2019 to July 2019. Dental casts and lateral cephalograms were collected from 50 untreated adults (25 males and 25 females), aged between 18 to 30 years, who had minimal spacing, crowding and no crossbite. On every patient’s cephalogram, the angle between the plane of the mandible to the cranial base anterior Sella Nasion (SN) angle was calculated. Intercanine, intermolar, and interpremolar widths were measured on dental casts. Females and males arch width were compared. The significance of the differences was assessed using Student’s t-test, one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test and regression analysis. Results: The mean age of male study participants in the study was 24.44±5.04 years, whereas, mean age of females was 24.88±3.08 years. There were 25 males and 25 females of 18-30 years with mean age of 24 and 25 years, respectively. Arch widths of males were found to be significantly greater than, those of females (p&lt;0.05) and it was observed that, interarch width decreased significantly as the Sella Nasion-Mandibular Plane (SN-MP) angle increased. Regression analyses of male subjects revealed a significant positive relationship between the SN-MP angle. Whereas, the SN-MP angle and width of maxillary first premolar’s buccal cusp tip and the width of the second premolar (most buccal and buccal cusp tip), was found to have a strong correlation in female subjects. Conclusion: It was found that, the width of the dental arch is related to vertical face morphology and gender. During orthodontic therapy, it is recommended to use individualised archwires based on each individual’s pretreatment arch shape and width.

Three-dimensional evaluation of condylar position in skeletal Class I and Class II malocclusions along with vertical facial morphology

Objectives: This study aimed to three-dimensionally evaluate and compare anatomic condylar position to glenoid fossa in skeletal Classes I and II malocclusions along with vertical facial morphology (VFM). Material and Methods: Full skull 50 cone-beam computed tomographies (CBCTs) were taken with teeth in maximum intercuspation of patients aged 18–45 years who were grouped as skeletal Classes I and II, 25 each based on ANB angle and the patient’s right condyle was analyzed on CareStream-3D viewing software. The VFM was categorized based on the Jarabak ratio. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann–Whitney and Chi-square test. Results: In skeletal Class II when compared to Class I, the condyle in the glenoid fossa was anteriorly positioned with reduced anterior (P = 0.006) and increased posterior (P = 0.04) distance showing eccentric position. The condyle was also positioned lower suggesting an increased distance in the upper joint space (P = 0.04). The reduced height of the articular eminence indicated the condylar path and its position. The angle of articular eminence (P = 0.44) was decreased. Statistically, significant difference was not found between the various vertical facial morphologies. Conclusion: CBCT provides precise diagnostic values of joint spaces in skeletal Classes I and II to differentiate ideal condylar position from non-ideal according to different skeletal patterns, VFM, and also to notice minor discrepancies in joint spaces quantitatively. Depending on increased or decreased distances in the joint spaces, one can identify any temporomandibular joint-related discrepancies.

The relationship of masseter muscle thickness with face morphology and parafunctional habits: an ultrasound study.

The aim of this study was to determine the normal range of masseter muscle thickness by ultrasonographic measurement in individuals over 15 years of age, and to evaluate its relationship with age, gender, facial morphology, body mass index and parafunctional habits. The study was conducted on 115 volunteers whose lateral cephalometric radiography was performed within the indication in Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. The participants in the study were asked questions about their parafunctional habits, age, height and weight. Individuals were grouped as hypodivergent (n = 28), normdivergent (n = 55), or hyperdivergent (n = 32) according to vertical face morphology by making measurements on lateral cephalometric films. Right and left masseter muscle thicknesses of individuals were measured by ultrasonography while at rest and in contraction. The mean value of masseter muscle thickness was found to be 13.57 ± 2.57 mm. The rest and contracted muscle thicknesses were significantly higher in males than in females for the right and left masseter muscles (p < 0.05). When the masseter muscle was at rest and contracted, its thickness was higher in individuals with hypodivergent facial morphology, than in the other groups. No statistically significant difference was found in terms of masseter muscle thickness between individuals having parafunctional habits and those who did not have parafunctional habits (p > 0.05). Although masseter muscle thickness varied according to vertical facial morphology, this was not the case for parafunctional habits.

The relationship of maxillary arch dimension with vertical facial morphology in proto-malay race.

OBJECTIVE:To determine the relationship between the dimensions of the maxillary arch and vertical facial morphology within the Proto-Malay race.DESIGN:A cross-sectional study.SETTING:Orthodontics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia.PARTICIPANTS:Proto-Malay individuals aged ≥18 years without orthodontic treatment history (n = 104).METHODS:Lateral cephalometric radiographs and maxillary study model were obtained from 104 subjects who had never received orthodontic treatment (45 males and 59 females), aged 18 years, belonging to the Proto-Malay race, with skeletal class I malocclusion, normal overjet and overbite, and complete dentition (except the third molar). The vertical facial morphology was obtained by measuring the Jarabak's ratio on lateral cephalometric radiographs by using CorelDRAW. The study model was used to measure the dimensions of the maxillary arch, which are intercanine width, intermolar width, arch length, and palatal height, by using the Korkhaus modification device.RESULTS:The results showed a significant positive correlation between intercanine and intermolar width and a negative correlation between arch length and palate height with vertical facial morphology in the male and female groups within the Proto-Malay race.CONCLUSION:There is a relationship between the maxillary arch dimension with vertical facial morphology in the male and female groups in the Proto-Malay race.

Relationship between Dental Arch Width and Vertical Facial Morphology in Untreated Adults- A Retrospective Study

Early orthodontic research has focused on the link between face shape and malocclusion. Orthodontic treatment's effectiveness and stability are heavily influenced by a patient's dental and facial anatomy. An orthodontist's knowledge of arch shapes is essential since it affects the patient's treatment and future growth.&#x0D; For this study, the researchers wanted to see if there was a link between vertical face morphology and arch width, and if there was a difference in arch width between males and females. Arch width measurements (in millimetres) were utilised to determine the association.&#x0D; For both males and females, participants with the lowest mandibular plane angle had the widest arch, followed by those with the average mandibular angle and those with the highest.

Relationship between dental arch width and vertical facial morphology in multiethnic assamese adults

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between dental arch width and vertical facial morphology in the Assamese population and also to investigate the differences in dental arch width dimensions between male and female subjects. Materials and Methods: Ninety untreated adults aged from 18 to 45 years, divided into three test groups, Group-I: MP-SN angle: low 37°. Measurements of Intercanine width, first and second interpremolar width, first intermolar width, tooth-size arch material discrepancy were performed on maxiillary and mandibular cast. Results: The results indicate a high correlation with Pearson's correlation coefficient values (r) from intercanine width to interpremolar width, medium correlation for intermolar width. The relationship was found to be an inverse, as SN-MP angle increased, the dental arch widths decreased. Arch width varies as low SN-MP > average SN-MP > high SN-MP angle. The dental arch widths of males were found to be wider than females. Conclusion: The relationship of dental arch width and vertical facial pattern is determined by the steepness of the mandibular plane in the Assamese adult population. Since dental arch width is associated with gender, vertical facial morphology, and population groups, it is suggested to use individualized archwires according to each patient's pretreatment arch form and widths.

ANALYSIS OF VERTICAL FACIAL MORPHOLOGY IN ORTHODONTIC PATIENTS WITH HYPODONTIA

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the vertical facial morphology in patients with hypodontia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Orthodontics department, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar, from July to December 2018. After the institutional review board approved the proposed study, a total of 155 subjects for the sample were recruited based on a convenient sampling technique. Results: Out of 155 patients, 90 were male, and 65 were female. Age was between 18 and 25 years, with the mean age of 19.51 years. Records of the sample were evaluated. Vertical facial parameters (Sn-Mp, FMA, and MMA) were determined using lateral cephalograms. The percentage of patients with normal vertical facial morphology (45.2%) was higher than the percentage of patients with low vertical facial morphology (35.5%) and high vertical facial morphology (19.4%). There was a tendency towards low vertical facial pattern in patients with hypodontia. There was no significant difference between the vertical parameters of males and females (P = &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: This study concluded that patients with hypodontia tend to have a low vertical facial morphology, and the early rehabilitation of the missing teeth can facilitate the vertical growth of the collapsed jaws.

Long-term evaluation of lower incisors gingival recessions after orthodontic treatment.

The development of gingival recessions has been associated with orthodontic treatment; however, a clear etiology is still unknown. The aim of the present study was to further clarify potential association between the development of labial and lingual recessions and inclination of the lower incisors during orthodontic treatment, vertical facial morphology, width of the alveolar bone process, height and width of their symphysis after orthodontic treatment and at long-term retention. On dental casts and good quality lateral cephalograms of 126 orthodontically treated patients, relevant measurements were performed and gingival recessions were assessed and recorded before, immediately after treatment and at long-term retention. Taking into account the whole sample at three different occasions, on the buccal side, the lateral incisors have significantly less recessions than the central incisor. On the lingual side, tooth 32 presented with lower risk of recession compared to all other three incisors. No association was found between the width of the alveolar bone process at the apex (Wapex), at the level of the crest (Wcrest) and at mid of the root (Wmid), the width (D), the vertical skeletal pattern (AnsPns-Go'Me) and the onset of buccal or lingual recessions. Development of new recessions was clearly associated with males and with increasing age. The symphysis height (Me-Wcrest) was statistically related with the onset of lingual recessions on 32 and 42. The ratio between the symphysis height and the width at the crest level demonstrated a statistically significant association with the presence of buccal and lingual recessions. Excessive proclination (≥10°) of the lower incisors demonstrated an association with the onset of recessions in 25 per cent of the cases. Based on the sample of this study, there is some evidence that increased symphysis height (Me-Wcrest), and ratio between the symphysis height and the width at the crest level as well as big change of lower incisor inclination during treatment are associated with the development of recessions.

Occlusal bite force changes during fixed orthodontic treatment in patients with different vertical facial morphology

In orthodontics, treatment planning and treatment progress requires in depth knowledge and understanding of the masticatory muscles and their relationship to different facial morphology. Occlusal Bite Force (OBF) is used to assess the functional status of the masticatory mechanism (Bakke, 2006). There are several factors influencing the occlusal bite force. They include age, gender, cranio-facial morphology, periodontium, temporomandibular joint disorders and dental status (Koc et al., 2010). Long-faced individuals exhibits smaller values of bite force and short-faced type of craniofacial morphology has been associated with stronger bite force (Abu Alhaija et al., 2010). Bite force reduces significantly through age, particularly in women (Shinogaya et al., 2001). Weak periodontium may reduce the threshold value of the mechanoreceptors causing changes in biting force (Morita et al., 2003). The greater bite force in the posterior dental arch depends on the larger occlusal table, contact area and the number of teeth loaded during the biting action (Babic et al., 2002). Maximum Voluntary Bite Force (MVBF) and malocclusion has a strong relationship. In earlier reports the decrease in MVBF due to malocclusion was well documented (English et al., 2002). Greater bite force found in individuals with normal occlusion, followed by Classes I, II and III malocclusion respectively (Araujo et al., 2014). Reduction in maximum bite force and number of occlusal contacts was reported in children having unilateral posterior cross bite in comparison with those possessing ideal occlusion (Sonnesen and Bakke, 2007). It is reported that bite force values decreased during the initial period of active orthodontic treatment but, with time, recovered to pretreatment levels (Sawsan et al., 2012). It was also noted that occlusal bite force increased after orthodontic treatment (Winocur et al., 2007). Pain and discomfort due to orthodontic appliances and changing occlusal relationships during orthodontic treatment produces reduction in occlusal bite force (Yawaka et al., 2003). Assessment of bite force during orthodontic treatment gives a clue to the orthodontist regarding the type of mechanics to be used. It is also helpful in diagnosing any interferences in the stomatognathic system during orthodontic treatment (Sathyanarayana et al., 2012). Only few studies have addressed the issues of occlusal bite force change during fixed appliance orthodontic treatment (Sawsan et al., 2012, Yawaka et al., 2003). While changes in bite forces have been shown to occur during routine orthodontic treatment, and that bite forces vary with varying facial patterns, there is no clarity whether the change in bite force during orthodontic treatment is same for all patients or if it differs with different types of facial patterns. Hence this study assess the changes in occlusal bite force during the first 6 months of fixed appliance orthodontic treatment and the time taken to reach ideal bite force in patients with different vertical facial morphology.

Effect of molar intrusion with temporary anchorage devices in patients with anterior open bite: a systematic review.

ObjectiveThe objective of the study is to assess the effect of molar intrusion with temporary anchorage devices on the vertical facial morphology and mandibular rotation during open bite treatment in the permanent dentition.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of the published data in seven electronic databases up to September 2015. We considered studies for inclusion if they were examining the effects of posterior teeth intrusion on the vertical facial morphology with open bite malocclusion in the permanent dentition. Study selection, risk of bias assessment, and data-extraction were performed in duplicate. Meta-analysis was not possible due to dissimilarity and heterogeneity among the included studies.ResultsOut of the 42 articles that met the initial eligibility criteria, 12 studies were finally selected. Low level of scientific evidence was identified after risk of bias assessment of the included studies with no relevant randomized controlled trial performed. Out of the 12 selected studies, five studies used miniplates and seven studies used miniscrews. Mandibular counterclockwise rotation was found to be between 2.3° and 3.9° in six studies (as sassed by mandibular plane angle, between MeGo or GoGn and SN or FH plane) while it was less than 2° in the remaining studies.ConclusionsCurrent weak evidence suggests that molar intrusion with temporary anchorage devices may cause mandibular counterclockwise autorotation. Future well-conducted and clearly reported multicenter randomized controlled trials that include a non-treatment control group are needed to make robust recommendations regarding the amount of mandibular rotation during open bite treatments.

Overjet as a predictor of vertical facial morphology in orthodontic patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion

Objective: To evaluate the vertical facial morphology in untreated orthodontic patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised of 113 patients (61 females and 52 males) between 8 and 13 years of age, having Class II malocclusion with overjet of >4 mm, no prior history of orthodontic treatment, no craniofacial anomalies and no missing first permanent molars. Skeletal parameters were assessed using pretreatment lateral cephalograms of these patients. Overjet was measured on the study casts, using digital vernier caliper. Descriptive statistics was calculated for age and different vertical facial cephalometric angles. Pearson's correlation was used to correlate various parameters. One-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of means of vertical facial cephalometric angles among three overjet groups (Group I = 5-7 mm, Group II =8-10 mm, Group III = >10 mm). Results: The means of all vertical facial cephalometric parameters were in the normal range representing average facial pattern in patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion, except Jarabak ratio which indicated a tendency toward long facial pattern. No statistically significant correlation was found between overjet and parameters of vertical facial morphology. Frankfort mandibular plane angle was found to have a moderately significant positive correlation with Steiner's mandibular plane angle ( r = 0.789**) and Y-axis ( r = 0.604**). Conclusion: Patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion have an average vertical growth pattern, Overjet value is not a predictor of vertical facial morphology, There is no significant correlation between overjet and parameters used to assess vertical facial morphology.

Three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography based comparison of condylar position and morphology according to the vertical skeletal pattern.

ObjectiveTo compare condylar position and morphology among different vertical skeletal patterns.MethodsDiagnostic cone-beam computed tomography images of 60 adult patients (120 temporomandibular joints) who visited the orthodontic clinic of Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital were reviewed. The subjects were divided into three equal groups according to the mandibular plane angle: hypodivergent, normodivergent, and hyperdivergent groups. Morphology of the condyle and mandibular fossa and condylar position were compared among the groups.ResultsThe hypodivergent and hyperdivergent groups showed significant differences in superior joint spaces, antero-posterior condyle width, medio-lateral condyle width, condyle head angle, and condylar shapes.ConclusionsCondylar position and morphology vary according to vertical facial morphology. This relationship should be considered for predicting and establishing a proper treatment plan for temporomandibular diseases during orthodontic treatment.

Evaluation of arch width variations among different skeletal patterns in South Indian population

Background:Anterior cranial base can be taken as a reference line (SN) to determine the steepness of mandibular plane. Subjects with high mandibular plane angle tend to have a long face and one with low MP-SN angle has a shorter face.Objective:This study was done to investigate if dental arch widths correlated with vertical facial types and if there are any differences in arch widths between untreated male and female adults in South Indian population.Materials and Methods:Lateral cephalogram and dental casts were obtained from 180 untreated South Indian adults (90 males and 90 females) above 18 year old with no cross bite, minimal crowding and spacing. The angle between the anterior cranial base and the mandibular plane was measured on lateral cephalogram of each patient. Dental casts were used to obtain comprehensive dental measurements including maxillary and mandibular inter canine, inter premolar and inter molar widths, as well as amount of crowding or spacing.Results:The results showed that male arch widths were significantly larger than those of females (P < 0.05) and there was a significant decrease in inter arch width as the MP-SN angle increased in untreated adult South Indian population. The results obtained in our study when compared with studies done in other population groups showed that there is difference in inter arch widths according to ethnicity and race.Conclusion:It was concluded that the dental arch width is associated with gender, race and vertical facial morphology. Thus using individualized arch wires according to each patient's pre treatment arch form and width is suggested during orthodontic treatment.

Relationship between Dental Arch Dimensions and Vertical Facial Morphology in Class I Subjects

Relationship between Dental Arch Dimensions and Vertical Facial Morphology in Class I Subjects

Relationship between Dental Arch Dimensions and Vertical Facial Morphology in Class I Subjects

Relationship between Dental Arch Dimensions and Vertical Facial Morphology in Class I Subjects

Vertical facial pattern and sagittal relationship in patients with Class II malocclusion: Are they interrelated?

ObjectiveTo examine the extent to which vertical facial morphology and sagittal relationship determined by overjet, Wits appraisal, and ANB angle are interrelated in patients with skeletal and dental Class II malocclusion. Materials and MethodsLateral cephalograms and dental casts were obtained from 140 untreated patients (68 males and 72 females, between 8 and 11 years old) with skeletal and dental Class II malocclusion. Overjet was measured on study casts and sagittal skeletal parameters as well as vertical facial morphologic characteristics were analyzed on lateral cephalograms. Stepwise and simple linear regression analyses were used to determine the statistical significance of the relationships between the sagittal parameters and vertical facial morphologic characteristics. Male and female samples were evaluated separately. ResultsLinear regression identified associations between vertical facial characteristics and overjet (female R2 value, 0.55; male R2 value, 0.47). Associations between vertical facial characteristics and sagittal skeletal parameters were weaker: ANB (female R2 value, 0.32; male R2 value, 0.20) and Wits (female R2 value, 0. 17; male R2 value, 0.15). Simple linear regression identified statistically significant moderate associations between overjet and all vertical facial characteristics. The largest significant associations were found between overjet and palatal plane:gonial-menton (female R2 value, 0.47; male R2 value, 0.28). The associations were stronger in the female sample. ConclusionsSagittal relationship is associated with vertical facial morphologic characteristics and is a moderate predictor of vertical facial morphologic pattern. Approximately 50% of overjet variance, 25% of ANB variance, and 15% of Wits variance are explained by vertical facial morphology in patients with Class II malocclusion.

The relationship between vertical facial morphology and overjet in untreated Class II subjects

To evaluate the association between vertical facial morphology and overjet in untreated Class II subjects. The lateral cephalograms of 140 untreated Class II subjects (68 males and 72 females) between 8 and 11 years of age were divided into three groups based on their overjet value as measured on study casts: Group I normal overjet (less than 3 mm), Group II increased overjet (more than 3 mm but less than or equal to 6 mm), and Group III extreme overjet (more than 6 mm). Mean values and standard deviations of 28 variables measured on lateral cephalograms were calculated. Differences between the three groups were tested using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Bonferroni tests. Additionally, cephalometric differences between groups and available normal values for the Syrian population were evaluated using an independent t-test. Subjects with normal overjet showed a horizontal facial pattern and posterior inclination of the maxilla, whereas increased overjet subjects exhibited a neutral facial pattern. In contrast, subjects with extreme overjet had a vertical facial pattern and anterior inclination of the maxilla. The mandible was retrognathic and the maxilla was normally positioned in the three groups. A positive association was found between the overjet and the tendency toward a hyperdivergent pattern.