Versions Of DSM Research Articles

The growing definition of Autism

ABSTRACT The definition of autism continually changes over time in line with the growth of autism studies and the influences of the neurodiversity movement. The current paper aims to present the ongoing changes in the definition and diagnostic criteria of Autism as well as to introduce the autistic and neurodiversity movement happening globally. It traces back histories of Autism from myths and legends, cases in history possibly related to autism, Kanner’s and Asperger’s pioneered works on autism, and the ongoing transformation of Autism diagnostic criteria presented by all versions of DSM. The contribution of adults with Autism organisations to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria is highlighted and future studies aimed to confirm the effectiveness of the newly revised criteria of DSM-5-TR are suggested. Subsequently, the current paper also discusses the brief history and principles of the autistic and neurodiversity movements that are growing globally and reviews the evolving definition of autism. The possible impact caused by the changes in the definition on the well-being of individuals with Autism is presented as well as future predictions of Autism’s definition are discussed.

Diversity of Binge-Eating Disorder Symptoms Is Associated with Anxiety about Getting Fat Rather Than Body Image: A Clinical Study of Women in Poland.

Anxiety about gaining weight is strongly related to body image. Evidence indicates that body dissatisfaction is a strong predictor of eating disorder development. Although not included in DSM-V diagnostic criteria, body image dissatisfaction, and concern are clearly relevant also for individuals with binge-eating disorder (BED). Weight gain anxiety is associated with psychopathological behaviors, but existing research in this area is primarily focused on bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. The goal of this present study was to investigate body image and body mass anxiety in people with BED. Women diagnosed with BED (n = 105) aged 18 to 66 were surveyed using the questionnaire developed by the authors evaluating the presence of BED symptoms based on DSM-V criteria, and two other instruments: the Body Esteem Scale (BES), and the Body Mass Anxiety Scale (BMAS-20). Statistical analyses were conducted to examine the correlations of BED with body image and body mass anxiety (Pearson's r), to test differences between groups with greater and lesser BED symptom diversity (Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test), and to assess differences among mild-, moderate- and severe-BED groups (ANOVA with a post-hoc test). A medium positive relationship was found between anxiety about getting fat (AGF) and the diversity of BED, measured as the number of BED symptoms. A larger number of BED symptoms was shown to be associated with a higher level of AGF. However, no significant differences in AGF levels were observed among BED-severity groups, specified with the frequency of binge eating episodes. No correlations were found between BED and body image. There were also no significant differences in body image between groups with a larger and a smaller number of BED symptoms. The only significant difference in body image observed among BED-severity groups was the level of weight concern. People with mild BED displayed a higher level of weight concern than those with severe BED. Women who binge eat experience high levels of AGF. In the present study, AGF was primarily associated with the number of BED symptoms and not the rate of recurrence of binge-eating episodes. The frequency of BED episodes, however, was linked with weight concern. On the other hand, the hypothesized relationship between disturbed body image and BED was not confirmed. The findings indicate that anxiety about getting fat should be viewed as one of the psychological costs incurred by women experiencing BED symptoms, and it should be mentioned in the next DSM version.

Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Greek Personality Psychopathology Inventory (GPPI-5)

Abstract. The 5th version of DSM ( American Psychiatric Association, 2013 ) employed a dimensional approach to describe and assess personality disorders, namely, the alternative model of personality disorders (AMPD). So far, AMPD has been translated and validated in many countries. Herein, the results of a series of studies conducted to develop and validate the Greek Personality Psychopathology Inventory (GPPI-5) following the AMPD are reported. Data from more than 1,200 adults were analyzed to examine factor structure. The ESEM approach was applied (1) to examine the proposed personality model, (2) to confirm previous validity studies on AMPD, and (3) to examine the invariance of GPPI-5 across gender. Results successfully replicated the AMPD at both the domain and facet levels. Measurement invariance across gender supported the GPPI-5 structure. Reliability and validity studies were conducted, providing evidence that GPPI-5 is a valid and psychometrically sound measure for assessing personality disorders in clinical and research settings.

Dissociative Identity Disorder in an Inpatient Setting

AbstractDespite recognition in current and past versions of DSM, dissociative identity disorder (DID) remains a controversial psychiatric disorder which hampers its diagnosis and treatment. Factors that lead misdiagnosing of DID are the unfamiliarity with spectrum of dissociative disorders, the existence of feigned DID, the reluctance of individuals with DID to present their dissociative symptoms, and lack of knowledge and appreciation of its epidemiology which is shown to have 1.5% lifetime prevalence. An accurate diagnosis allows the appropriate interventions leading to fewer hospitalizations.KC is 28 y.o. female with a psychiatric history significant for polysubstance use, PTSD, and GAD, who presented to the ED due concern for DID per mother. Prior to presentation, she had thrashed her mother’s home of which she denies recollection. She has a history of early sexual trauma by her own family. She screened 44 on the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). Throughout her hospitalization, she exhibited questionable lapses of disassociation, although there were no noted changes of posture, dress, speech, or acknowledgement of alters. She was discharged on Remeron 15 mg, Risperdal 2 mg, and Prazosin 2 mg with outpatient resources for trauma-based therapy.DID is characterized by two or more distinct identities or personality that coincide with fluctuating states of consciousness and changing access to autobiographical memory. The neurological similarities between personality states in DID and PTSD subtypes support a trauma-related etiology of DID. Although there are many interviewing tools, the DES has been the most widely used clinically. Although collateral information, detailed history, and DES were concerning for DID, observation did not show distinct dissociative episodes as discussed by collateral (alter described as destructive and cold towards her own infant) although the hospital environment may not have provided enough stress for patient to transition from one personality to another.The International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation proposes a phase-oriented treatment approach: 1) establishing safety, stabilization, and symptom reduction; 2) confronting, working through and integrating traumatic memories; 3) identity integration and rehabilitation. From inpatient standpoint, phase 1 and 2 may be promptly addressed. Besides initiation of Remeron and Risperdal (consistent with treatment of DID in two prior case reports), implement grounding techniques and coping mechanisms against triggers for dissociative episodes. Inpatient screening can facilitate earlier accurate diagnosis, faster and more targeted interventions, prevent unnecessary direct and indirect societal costs, and, most importantly, improve quality of life for those with the disorder.FundingNo Funding

Men's Depression, Externalizing, and DSM-5-TR: Primary Signs and Symptoms or Co-occurring Symptoms?

Men's Depression, Externalizing, and DSM-5-TR: Primary Signs and Symptoms or Co-occurring Symptoms?

Validation and Psychological Properties of the Persian Version of DSM 5 Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (PYFAS 2.0) in Non-clinical Population.

The Yale Food Addiction Scale version 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) is used for the assessment of food addiction (FA). This research intended to evaluate the validity of the Persian translation of the questionnaire and to investigate the psychological properties and the association between FA and anthropometric indices. In a sample of 473 nonclinical participants, FA, binge eating, and objectively measured anthropometric indices were assessed. Internal consistency, convergent, and validity of the PYFAS 2.0 were examined. Also, the factor structure (confirmatory factor analysis following the 11 diagnostic indicators in addition to the significant distress) and the construct of the scale were evaluated. The frequencies of mild, moderate, and severe FA based on PYFAS 2.0 were 0.2%, 10%, and 5.5%, respectively. The findings supported a one-factor structure. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good construct validity (RMSEA=0.043, χ2=76.38, df=41, χ2 (CMIN)/df=1.862, GFI=0.975, AGFI=0.957, IFI=0.986, RFI=0.958, ECVI=0.319, TLI=0.978). For both the diagnostic and symptom count versions, the PYFAS 2.0 presented acceptable internal consistency (IC) (Kuder-Richardson 20=0.99 and McDonald omega=0.91). The PYFAS 2.0 was a psychometrically sound instrument in an Iranian non-clinical population. This questionnaire can be used to study FA in Persian non-clinical populations. Future research should study the psychometric characteristics of this scale in high-risk groups.

Versioning boundary objects: the citation profile of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM)

PurposeResearch objects, such as datasets and classification standards, are difficult to be incorporated into a document-centric framework of citations, which relies on unique citable works. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorder (DSM)—a dominant classification scheme used for mental disorder diagnosis—however provides a unique lens on examining citations to a research object, given that it straddles the boundaries as a single research object with changing manifestations.Design/methodology/approachUsing over 180,000 citations received by the DSM, this paper analyzes how the citation history of DSM is represented by its various versions, and how it is cited in different knowledge domains as an important boundary object.FindingsIt shows that all recent DSM versions exhibit a similar citation cascading pattern, which is characterized by a strong replacement effect between two successive versions. Moreover, the shift of the disciplinary contexts of DSM citations can be largely explained by different DSM versions as distinct epistemic objects.Practical implicationsBased on these results, the authors argue that all DSM versions should be treated as a series of connected but distinct citable objects. The work closes with a discussion of the ways in which the existing scholarly infrastructure can be reconfigured to acknowledge and trace a broader array of research objects.Originality/valueThis paper connects quantitative methods and an important sociological concept, i.e. boundary object, to offer deeper insights into the scholarly communication system. Moreover, this work also evaluates how versioning, as a significant yet overlooked attribute of information resources, influenced the citation patterns of citable objects, which will contribute to more material-oriented scientific infrastructures.

Psychometric Properties of Mobile Phone Abuse (MPA): Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Student Mobile Users.

Objective: Smartphone is an important technology device in our lifestyle. It has an important part of our daily lives, but it also has a negative effect, such as cell phone dependency. This research aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of mobile phone abuse (MPA) in the Iranian population. Method: In this study, data were chosen from 1100 participants who were studying in Tehran universities. The principal version of the scale was translated into Persian using the back translation method. All attendees completed Demographic Questionnaire, MPA Questionnaire, and Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale (MPPUS). Eventually, a clinical interview (based on the fifth version of DSM) was done for all the participants. For data analysis, internal and external consistency, factor analysis, construct validity and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used. Statistically, less than 0.05 were considered to be ‎ significant.‎ Results: According to expert judgments, content validity index was satisfactory. Furthermore, the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed with Cronbach’s α of 0.90 and test-retest reliability of 0.56 after 3 weeks. The best cutoff point for this questionnaire (MPA) was 46. Also, 4 factors were extracted by principal components method and varimax rotation: “excessive use of cell phone,” “addictive use of social networks,” “mood modification,” and “preoccupation” for both male and female students. Conclusion: MPA could be used in studies on the evaluation of mobile phone addiction. This can be a stepping stone towards the identification of problems and improvement of students’ mobile phone abuse.

GANSER SYNDROME AS A PARTICULARITY OF THE COGNITIVE DEFICIT IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

Introduction: Disorganized schizophrenia is a subtype of schizophrenia which is not recognized in the updated version of DSM. It is found in ICD-10 with the name of hebephrenic schizophrenia. The paper presents a 27-year-old patient with multiple admissions at psychiatry for schizophrenia with an unknown onset, initially considered to be paranoid; the current level of disorganization of the behavioral acts, of the language, of the thinking, having the intensity of hebephrenic schizophrenia. The paper presents a Ganser syndrome in association with alcohol consumption and prohibited substances use.
 Methods: hospitalization, psychiatric evaluation under antipsychotic treatment with haloperidol and zuclopenthixol, counseling, social assistance.
 Results: The patient fulfills all the criteria for the classification in hebephrenic schizophrenia, with a reserved prognosis and an involuntary accentuated potential considering the multiple admissions, the early onset, the lack of social and family support, the absence of the obvious triggering factor, the resistance to the treatment, the probable association with the substance use. Considering school dropout and the potential subcultural context, it can be considered the presence of a mild to moderate intellectual disability.
 Conclusions: In the context of the profound dissociation of the behavior, affect and thinking, the patient associate traits from the Ganser syndrome with his vulnerable personality, which are grafted on the halls created by his absent family support and emotional neglect. The bizarre attitudes and positions along with the Ganser syndrome predict a potential catatonic episode.

DSM-V: major changes and overview on personality disorders with special reference to borderline disorder

The purpose of this article is to describe the amendments made in the new version of DSM (fifth edition) as to understand not only main aspects of certain diseases and/or personality disorders, but also whether or not changes shifted focus to dimensional instead of categorical system or if in some aspects both are considered. Moving forward from a general overview of the handbook, the effective changes will be examined in detail. Attention will also be given to Personality Diseases, taking account of various studies on this subject and the most recent knowledge on “Borderline Disease” from a diagnostic standpoint. Considering the complex construction of such disease, will be firstly illustrated the assumption of first studies so as to cover the most recent clinical and theoretical contributions, together with a brief overview of some treatment approach such as psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral and systemic-relational, principles of medical treatment, a summary on differential diagnosis and a representation of some clinical case as well. The article will be concluded by a brief discussion of future prospects able to provide the clinician with even more effective and safe operational strategies as to lead professionals towards more specific and less misleading assumptions for a better approach in any scope (therapeutic, forensic, etc.) and giving comfort to those who receive support as well. Everyone is a very unique individual, even if similar to others. That is why it is extremely important to clearly identify a disease and ensure an adequate treatment.

Prevalence and clinical characteristics of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescent inpatient psychiatric patients—a pilot study

Background: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is preoccupation with perceived body defects leading to distress and impairment in social functioning. Most of adolescent BDD literature has been done on patients within the outpatient setting with prior versions of DSM with dearth of information about BDD and comorbid psychiatric conditions among adolescents within the inpatient setting.Aims: This pilot study evaluated the prevalence rate, clinical characteristics in adolescent BDD compared to non-BDD adolescents in a psychiatric in patient setting in addition to their comorbid issues like anxiety, OCD, ADHD and substance abuse.Methods: Forty-five consecutively admitted adolescent patients participated with 17 meeting the DSM 5 criteria for BDD while 28 did not. Patients were asked four questions designed around the DSM-5 criteria for BDD after which they were asked to complete questionnaires like BDDQ child and adolescent version, BDDM, Multiaxial Anxiety Scale for Children, Children’s Depression Inventory, Y-BOCS and Vanderbilt ADHD rating scales.Results: Seventeen participants had BDD. Mean age of BDD patients was 13.1 while non-BDD was 12.4. Male patients with BDD were seven (41%) while female BDD patients were 10 (58.8%). Anxiety, depression, OCD and substance use disorders were common comorbid diagnoses. Majority of patients in the BDD group classified their BDD as a severe problem with more BDD, patient’s considering suicide because of their BDD.Discussion: BDD is present in adolescents admitted in inpatient psychiatric hospital with more female patients endorsing BDD versus their male counterparts. Patients with BDD are more likely to endorse more comorbid psychiatric issues such as anxiety, OCD, ADHD and substance abuse.

Autism in DSM-IV vs DSM-V: What if Machine Learning Could Help Us See Things More Clearly?

Event Abstract Back to Event Autism in DSM-IV vs DSM-V: What if Machine Learning Could Help Us See Things More Clearly? Sarah Itani1, 2*, Mandy Rossignol2, Fabian Lecron2 and Philippe Fortemps2 1 Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Belgium 2 University of Mons, Belgium Over the last years, the evolution of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM) has been subject to a lively debate between people for and against the resulting changes in clinical practices. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) figures among the syndromes that have seen the most significant changes between the fourth and fifth versions of DSM. The ASD category includes three distinct DSM-IV conditions: autistic disorder, Asperger’s and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). This revision is highly controversial, especially since it awakens fears of reduced access to healthcare. Indeed, the clinical criteria related to ASD are perceived as less stringent and may thus exclude a part of children previously diagnosed with Asperger’s or PDD-NOS. In this work, we shed light on the interest of mathematical approaches to investigate whether the changes involved by DSM-V as regards ASD are genuinely required. Moreover, we show how modern Machine Learning (ML) can be used to capture the complexity of the neuropathology through the detection of explanatory markers and the development of systems able to recommend a diagnosis. For such a purpose, we considered a data sample extracted from the publicly available ABIDE (Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange) dataset, including neurotypical and ASD children aged between 6 and 12 years old (n = 177). The ASD children were also diagnosed as autistic, Asperger’s or PDD-NOS, based on DSM-IV criteria. Moreover, for each subject, the sample contains Blood Level Oxygen Dependent (BOLD) signals, at resting-state, given a brain parcellation in 90 brain regions. The results tend to show that the autism group is distinct from the Asperger’s and PDD-NOS conditions. It also appears that the assessment of the brain activity is relevant to make a diagnosis with interesting predictive performances. These results are promising and gives grounds of hope of completing the current formal assessment based on descriptive clinical criteria. Acknowledgements Sarah Itani is a research fellow of the Belgian Fund for Scientific Research (F.R.S.-FNRS). Keywords: Autism (ASD), artificial intelligence, DSM, diagnosis, Children, machine learning Conference: 13th National Congress of the Belgian Society for Neuroscience , Brussels, Belgium, 24 May - 24 May, 2019. Presentation Type: Poster presentation Topic: Behavioral/Systems Neuroscience Citation: Itani S, Rossignol M, Lecron F and Fortemps P (2019). Autism in DSM-IV vs DSM-V: What if Machine Learning Could Help Us See Things More Clearly?. Front. Neurosci. Conference Abstract: 13th National Congress of the Belgian Society for Neuroscience . doi: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2019.96.00086 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 26 Apr 2019; Published Online: 27 Sep 2019. * Correspondence: Mrs. Sarah Itani, Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Brussels, Belgium, sarah.itani@umons.ac.be Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Sarah Itani Mandy Rossignol Fabian Lecron Philippe Fortemps Google Sarah Itani Mandy Rossignol Fabian Lecron Philippe Fortemps Google Scholar Sarah Itani Mandy Rossignol Fabian Lecron Philippe Fortemps PubMed Sarah Itani Mandy Rossignol Fabian Lecron Philippe Fortemps Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Association of age and gender with anxiety disorders in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To provide an estimate of 12-month and lifetime prevalence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) anxiety disorders in older adults based on published studies on this topic and to identify the impact of gender and age. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. Six databases were searched, and manual searches through reference lists of selected articles and reviews were performed. When the information was available, summary effects were calculated for the prevalence of each anxiety disorder and for every age and gender subgroups. Summary odd ratios (OR) were calculated to compare the prevalence of an anxiety disorder according to age and gender. A total of 6464 studies were identified, and 16 studies were included in the meta-analyses. Prevalence was significantly higher in women than men for generalized anxiety disorder (12month OR=6.10, P=0.001; lifetime OR=1.96, P=0.001), 12-month social anxiety disorder (OR=2.07, P=0.01), and lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder (OR=1.93, P=0.002). The prevalence of specific phobia was significantly lower in both the 75 to 84 and 85years and above age groups when compared with the 65 to 74years age group (OR=0.70, P=0.004 and OR=0.63, P=0.01, respectively). Our results suggest that the tendency for women to experience a greater prevalence of anxiety disorders remains present in older adults. Specific phobia was the only disorder to be less frequent with advancing age. This is likely to change with the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria because this new DSM version now indicates that fear of falling is a possible type of specific phobia and fear of falling is generally more frequent in the oldest age groups.

Analysis and Improvement of Direct Sampling Method in the Monostatic Configuration

The recently introduced non-iterative imaging method entitled \enquote{direct sampling method} (DSM) is known to be fast, robust, and effective for inverse scattering problems in the multi-static configuration but fails when applied to the mono-static one. To the best of our knowledge no explanation of this failure has been provided yet. Thanks to the framework of the asymptotic and the far-field hypothesis in the 2D scalar configuration an analytical expression of the DSM indicator function in terms of the Bessel function of order zero and sizes, shapes and permittivities of the inhomogeneities is obtained and the theoretical reason of the limitation identified. A modified version of DSM is then proposed in order to improve the imaging method. The theoretical results are supported by numerical results using synthetic data.

Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Detention Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Previous studies have reported a high prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among people living in detention (PLD) corresponding to a five- to ten-fold increase compared to the general population. Our main study objective was to provide an updated ADHD prevalence rate for PLD, including PLD in psychiatric units. Sub-objectives included (i) comparing different ways of assessing ADHD, including DSM-5 criteria and (ii) identifying which types of PLD are more likely to have ADHD.Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines and the MOOSE checklist. PubMed/Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Sciences were searched combining “ADHD” and “prison” keywords and synonyms for articles published between January 1, 1966 and January 2, 2018. Potential sources of variation to the meta-analytic ADHD prevalence rate were investigated using meta-regressions and subgroups analyses.Results: The meta-analysis pooled 102 original studies including 69,997 participants. The adult ADHD prevalence rate was 26.2% (95% confidence interval: 22.7–29.6). Retrospective assessments of ADHD in childhood were associated with an increased prevalence estimate (41.1, 95% confidence interval: 34.9–47.2, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the prevalence estimate between screenings and clinical interviews in adulthood. Only three studies used the DSM-5 definition of ADHD and results were non-significantly different with other DSM versions. We found no difference according to participants' characteristics.Conclusion: Our results confirmed the high prevalence rate of ADHD among PLD, corresponding to a five-fold increase compared to the general population. In light of such high ADHD prevalence, our results reinforce the importance of addressing this critical public health issue by (i) systematically offering ADHD screening and diagnosis to all individuals entering detention, and (ii) delivering treatment, monitoring, and care for ADHD during and after detention. These strategies may help reduce recidivism and reincarceration, as well as violence in detention settings, in addition to improving the health and wellbeing of people living in detention. Additionally, our study suggests that using screening scales may be a reliable way of assessing ADHD, although caution is needed because a complete evaluation by an experienced clinician is required to provide a formal diagnosis.

Maternal Depression in Families of Children with ADHD: A Meta-Analysis

Although research has demonstrated a relationship between maternal depression and child attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); the strength of the relationship is currently unclear. The results of some studies have found a strong association between maternal depression and child ADHD, while other studies have found little or no association. A meta-analysis was conducted to clarify the strength of the association between maternal depression and child ADHD. The current study included 51 published and unpublished studies that included a quantitative comparison between maternal depression and child ADHD. Mothers of children with ADHD had significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms than mothers of children without ADHD (d = 0.58; 95% CI [0.43, 0.74]; p < .001; k = 18). The relationship between maternal depressive symptoms and child ADHD symptoms was moderate (r = .22; 95% CI [.17, .28]; p < .001; k = 21). 17.11% of mothers of children with ADHD currently met criteria for a depressive disorder (95% CI [11.95, 23.89], p < .001, k = 19). The DSM version used to evaluate child ADHD status was the only moderator that was statistically significant (p = .021, k = 15). Specifically, studies that used the DSM-III or DSM-III-R were associated with larger effect sizes than studies that used the DSM-IV or DSM-IV-TR. The results suggest that clinicians should screen for the possible co-occurrence of maternal depression when working with families of children with ADHD.

Integrating the findings from boundary sciences for development of the DSM/ICD classifications

IntroductionTemperament and mental illnesses are considered to be varying degrees along the same continuum of imbalance in the neurophysiological regulation of behavior. Mental disorders are linked to specific patterns in the relationships between neurotransmitters and between brain structures. Similar links were found for temperament traits. Development of DSM and ICD classifications might benefit therefore from an integration between psychiatry, functional neurochemistry and differential psychology.ObjectivesTo describe the neurochemical systems underlying mental disorders and temperament traits in healthy adults.MethodsFindings in neurochemistry, neuropsychology, differential psychology and psychopathology are compared to the traits described in various temperament models. This analysis is summarized in the perspective of the neurochemical functional ensemble of temperament (FET) model.ResultsNeurochemical correlates for 12 main dynamical aspects of behavior are presented as a systemic framework that follows a universal functional structure of human actions described in kinesiology, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry and clinical neuropsychology. The role of monoamine systems (serotonin, dopamine, noradrenalin), acetylcholine, GABA/glutamate, neuropeptide and opioid receptor systems are linked to regulation of specific dynamical properties of behavior in a systematic way. Several insights for the structure of the classification of mental disorders from the perspective of the FET model are proposed.ConclusionsAn integration of research in neurochemistry and psychopathology of behavior with differential psychology based on healthy samples can bring new insights for future versions of DSM and ICD classifications of mental disorders. Such integration does not follow either dimensionality or categorical approach but instead is based on functional ecology of human behavior.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

Le concept d’irritabilité chronique sévère : une dimension clinique à prendre en compte chez l’enfant et l’adolescent

IntroductionFor a decade, the concept of irritability has known a renewed interest in infant and child psychopathology. Indeed, longitudinal follow-up studies clearly highlighted their predictive value — in the short, medium and long terms — of a broad field of behavioral disorders and emotion dysregulation. This dimensional and transnosographic approach of irritability, coupled with the latest neuroscience data, points out that irritability could be the equivalent of a psychopathological marker, covering both a neurobiological, cognitive and emotional component. It is a major challenge today to better understand the developmental sequence of severe chronic irritability and its predictive influence on the etiology of mental disorders from childhood to adulthood. MethodWe briefly review here the latest current data on this topic. ResultsThe important point is that chronic and non-episodic irritability in children, associated with strong emotional sensitivity to negative events and frequent access of anger, could have a predictive value for progression to anxiety disorder or severe mood disorder but not to bipolar disorder as it was believed until now. The risk of developing a bipolar disorder would be more frequently correlated with the notion of transient and episodic irritability in a context of previous family history of bipolar disorder. ConclusionFurther studies are expected to narrow the discriminative validity of this notion of severe irritability and confirm or not its relevance as a major clinical criterion of Severe Mood Disorders in children and adolescents introduced in the last version of DSM (DSM-5).

Análise da evolução dos critérios diagnósticos da anorexia nervosa

Analysis of the evolution of the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa Since the inclusion of anorexia nervosa (AN) in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the diagnostic criteria of the disorder have been updated. The aim of this study was to present the evolution of these criteria and discuss the major changes. This is a theoretical study. The III, IV, IV-TR and V versions of DSM were consulted. The authors also consulted PubMed, SciELO and Scopus databases, using the following keywords in combination: anorexia, DSM, and diagnostic criteria. There have been changes in the criteria related to the need for amenorrea and minimum body mass index, and information was added on the level of severity and remission of the disorder, as well as subtype details. Periodic reviews of the DSM, based on clinical researcher's contributions, provide more accurate assessments and the design of more effective interventions in the treatment and prevention of eating disorders.

Robert L. Spitzer (1932–2015)

The author recounts the life and work of Robert L. Spitzer, a great American psychiatrist who died in December 2015. Spitzer is best known for his review work on the third DSM version. He also took part in the declassification of homosexuality as mental disorder after arduous negotiations and pressure from homosexual movements.