Verniciflua Extract Research Articles

Effect of detoxified Rhus verniciflua extract on oxidative stability and quality improvement of raw chicken breast during cold storage.

This study investigated the utilization of detoxified Rhus verniciflua (RV) extract as a natural antioxidant to extend the shelf life of chicken breast meat during storage. Pre-heating at (35°C, 100°C, 120°C, and 140°C) was conducted on heartwood of RV prior to extraction to improve its antioxidant activity and remove the allergenic compound urushiol. The antioxidant activity was the highest when RV pre-heated at 120°C with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) scavenging activity observed at 62.29 EC50 µg/mL and 12.11 IC50 mg/mL, respectively. Pre-heating also significantly increased the total phenolic content (TPC), with the highest improvement was seen at 120°C, 100°C, and 140°C respectively, wherein 35°C shared no difference with the raw RV (RRV). Urushiol content was vanished following pre-heating at 120°C and 140°C. With respect to these result, pre-heating treatment at 120°C was applied before the extraction of the heartwood of RV. Prepared breast meat sample was dipped into distilled water as a negative control, 0.02% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as positive control, and a solution containing detoxified RV extract (0.10%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 1.00%) at 4°C for 60 min. Treatment group with 0.50% and 1.00% addition increased the redness and yellowness value on day 6 and day 3 of storage respectively (p < 0.05). The pH value of breast meat was also increased in treatment of 0.50% and 1.00% on day 0, but subsequently lower until end of storge day compared to control negative (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 0.50% treatment exhibited a higher antioxidant activity, stronger inhibition of the microbial growth evaluated by total viable count and maintaining a lower total volatile basic nitrogen among treatments (p < 0.05), unless for BHT and 1.00% treatment groups (p > 0.05). It indicates a similar efficacy of detoxified RV extract with that of positive control treated with BHT. The results of this study suggested that dipping chicken breast meat into a solution containing 0.50% of previously pre-heated RV heartwood at 120°C could be a promising natural antioxidant for extending the shelf life, and at the same time improve its quality during storage.

IBF-R Regulates IRE1α Post-Translational Modifications and ER Stress in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice.

Obesity is a global health issue linked to the heightened risk of several chronic diseases. Rhus verniciflua (RV) is a traditional food supplement used for a range of pharmacological effects such as antitumor, antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibitory effects, hepatitis, and arthritis. Despite the traditional medicinal values, scientific evidence for its application in obesity is inadequate and unclear. Thus, this investigation was designed to evaluate the anti-obesity effects of IBF-R, an RV extract, using a high-fat diet (HFD) model. The study has six groups: chow diet group; chow diet with 80 mg/kg IBF-R; HFD group; IBF-R group with 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg. IBF-R supplementation significantly regulated the weight gain than the HFD fed mice. Further, IBF-R supplementation lowered the expressions of adipogenic transcription factors such as SREBP-1c, C/EBPα, FAS, and PPAR-γ in white adipose tissue (WAT) of diet-induced obese mice. In addition, IBF-R supplementation reduced the lipogenic gene expression while enhancing genes was related to fatty acid oxidation. Obesity is linked to redox-based post-translational modifications (PTMs) of IRE1α such as S-nitrosylation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and chronic metabolic inflammation. The administration of IBF-R inhibits these PTMs. Notably, IBF-R administration significantly enhanced the expression of AMPK and sirtuin 1 in WAT of HFD-fed mice. Together, these findings reveal the IRE1α S-nitrosylation-inflammation axis as a novel mechanism behind the positive implications of IBF-R on obesity. In addition, it lays a firm foundation for the development of Rhus verniciflua extract as a functional ingredient in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

IBF-R, a botanical extract of Rhus verniciflua controls obesity in which AMPK-SIRT1 axis and ROS regulatory mechanism are involved in mice

Obesity is a major health concern worldwide and adds woes to the quality of life. Several natural herbs have been shown protective effects against obesity. Here, we investigated the protective effect of Rhus verniciflua extract (IBF-R) against obesity and the underlying mechanism in obese mice. IBF-R alleviated body weight, liver weight as well as adipose tissue weight without altering food intake. IBF-R extract reduced lipogenesis and adipogenesis in liver and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). At the molecular level, AMPK-SIRT1 axis increased, and mTOR-SREBP1-ER stress axis decreased. In brown adipose tissue (BAT), IBF-R administration increased mitochondrial biogenesis and thermogenesis markers like PGC1α and UCP1 via AMPK-SIRT1 signaling and mTOR-SREBP1-ER stress-mitochondrial function axis. Moreover, IBF-R influenced the recovery of PGC1α deacetylation via SIRT1 activation. These observations suggest that IBF-R protects against obesity by playing multiple modulatory roles in liver steatosis, adipocyte metabolism, and BAT function mediated by AMPK-SIRT1 axis and ROS regulating pathways.

Fermented-Rhus verniciflua extract ameliorate Helicobacter pylori eradication rate and gastritis.

An antibacterial effect of fermented‐Rhus verniciflua extract (FRVE), an urushiol‐free extract fermented by Fomitella fraxinea, on Helicobacter pylori was evaluated in mice. Minimal inhibitory concentration of FRVE against H. pylori eradication was checked with serial dilution method in vitro. H. pylori infection‐induced mice were utilized to determine the effect of oral administration of FRVE with/without standard triple therapy (STT: metronidazole, omeprazole, and clarithromycin) on H. pylori colonization and gastric inflammation. H. pylori was clearly eradicated by FRVE at a concentration of ≥2 mg/ml in vitro. In animal study, FRVE at a concentration of ≥6 mg/ml significantly reduced colonized H. pylori grading (0.2 vs. 2.2, p < .01) and improved gastric inflammation (0.4 vs. 1.6, p < .01) compared to control. STT with FRVE (3 mg/ml) exerted synergistic effect on both H. pylori colonization grade (STT, 0.6 ± 0.9; FRVE, 1.4 ± 0.5; STT + FRVE, 0.8 ± 0.4) and gastric inflammation (STT, 0.4 ± 0.5; FRVE, 1.4 ± 0.5; STT + FRVE,1.0 ± 0.1) compared with single therapy (p < .01). H. pylori eradication rate of FRVE (6 mg/ml) was higher than that of STT (60% vs. 20%). FRVE has potential antibacterial activity against H. pylori infection and can be used as an additional therapy on STT.

Effect of Rhus verniciflua Extract on IgE-Antigen-Mediated Allergic Reaction in Rat Basophilic Leukemic RBL-2H3 Mast Cells and Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in Mice.

Rhus verniciflua is widely known for its antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, and antiaging efficacy and α-glucosidase inhibition. This study was designed whether Rhus verniciflua extracts inhibit the IgE-antigen-mediated allergic reaction in RBL-2H3 mast cells, and it further investigated the FcεRI- and arachidonate-signaling by which Rhus verniciflua extracts exert its antiallergic effects. IgE-antigen-sensitized RBL-2H3 mast cells were investigated for the cytotoxicity of Rhus verniciflua extracts and β-hexosaminidase release, and inflammatory mediators (e.g., TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, histamine, and PGD2) were then assessed. Additionally, we examined expressions of genes involved in arachidonate- and FcεRI-signaling pathway in RBL-2H3. Rhus verniciflua extracts inhibited β-hexosaminidase release and production of the inflammatory mediators in RBL-2H3. Rhus verniciflua extracts reduced amounts of histamine and expressions of FcεRI signaling-related genes such as Lyn and Syk and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in mast cells. Finally, in late allergic responses, Rhus verniciflua extracts reduced PGD2 release and COX-2 and cPLA2 phosphorylation expressions from IgE-antigen-mediated mast cells. Lastly, 250–500 mg/kg RVE significantly attenuated the Ag/IgE-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in mice. These findings provide novel information on the molecular mechanisms underlying the antiallergy properties of Rhus verniciflua extracts in FcɛRI-mediated allergic reaction.

R. verniciflua and E. ulmoides Extract (ILF-RE) Protects against Chronic CCl₄-Induced Liver Damage by Enhancing Antioxidation.

This study aimed to characterize the protective effects of R. verniciflua extract (ILF-R) and E. ulmoides extract (ILF-E), the combination called ILF-RE, against chronic CCl4-induced liver oxidative injury in rats, as well as to investigate the mechanism underlying hepatoprotection by ILF-RE against CCl4-induced hepatic dysfunction. Chronic hepatic stress was induced via intraperitoneal (IP) administration of a mixture of CCl4 (0.2 mL/100 g body weight) and olive oil [1:1(v/v)] twice a week for 4 weeks to rats. ILF-RE was administered orally at 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg to rats for 4 weeks. Alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and lipid peroxidation assays were performed, and total triglyceride, cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels were quantified. Furthermore, ER stress and lipogenesis-related gene expression including sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP-1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and P-AMPK were assessed. ILF-RE markedly protected against liver damage by inhibiting oxidative stress and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity including glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase. Furthermore, hepatic dyslipidemia was regulated after ILF-RE administration. Moreover, hepatic lipid accumulation and its associated lipogenic genes, including those encoding SREBP-1 and FAS, were regulated after ILF-RE administration. This was accompanied by regulation of ER stress response signaling, suggesting a mechanism underlying ILF-RE-mediated hepatoprotection against lipid accumulation. The present results indicate that ILF-RE exerts hepatoprotective effects against chronic CCl4-induced dysfunction by suppressing hepatic oxidative stress and lipogenesis, suggesting that ILF-RE is a potential preventive/therapeutic natural product in treating hepatoxicity and associated dysfunction.

Topical film prepared with Rhus verniciflua extract-loaded pullulan hydrogel for atopic dermatitis treatment.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by relapsing pruritus and skin dryness. Due to the pathogenic multiplicity and the adverse effects associated with the current therapeutics, development of transdermal drug delivery system is becoming an area of interest. Here, a novel topical film prepared with Rhus verniciflua extract (RVE)-loaded pullulan hydrogel (RVE@PH) was synthesized and tested its therapeutic efficacy on the AD rats modeled by neonatal capsaicin injection method. The RVE@PH was characterized by a Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and an in vitro release assay. Rat pups were randomly divided into two groups: vehicle-treated (VEH; n = 5) and capsaicin-treated (n = 15). The latter were given capsaicin subcutaneously at 24 h after birth for AD induction and further divided into three groups (n = 5 per each): not treated (CAP), pullulan hydrogel-applied (PH), and RVE@PH-applied (RVE-PH). The pullulan hydrogel and RVE@PH were topically applied on shoulder lesions for 14 days (from 42 to 56 days after birth). Their phenotypes were compared based on the dermatitis score, epidermal thickness, mast cell infiltration, and serum myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities. The PH group showed significant attenuation in all the aforementioned values compared to the CAP group, suggesting that pullulan hydrogel itself has therapeutic activity against AD. Notably, the attenuations were more potent in the RVE-PH group than the PH group, indicating that the therapeutic efficacy against AD is augmented by the presence of RVE, a loaded pharmaceutic. Collectively, these results indicate that RVE@PH inhibits AD through exerting the dual roles, that is, the pullulan hydrogel-mediated physical and RVE-mediated pharmaceutical actions. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 2325-2334, 2019.

Comparison of the main components and bioactivity of Rhus verniciflua Stokes extracts by different detoxification processing methods

BackgroundRhus verniciflua Stokes is an Asian tree species that is used as a food supplement and traditional medicine in Korea. However, its use is restricted by its potential to cause allergy. Thus, allergen-free R. verniciflua extracts are currently being marketed as a functional health food in Korea. In the present study, three different allergen-free R. verniciflua extracts (DRVE, FRVE, and FFRVE) were produced by detoxification of R. verniciflua, and their properties and constituents were compared.MethodsThe main components and properties (antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and hepatic lipogenesis inhibitory effects) of the three allergen-free extracts were compared. Moreover, the major phenolic constituents of R. verniciflua, including gallic acid, fustin, fisetin, and quercetin, were analyzed in the three extracts.ResultsDRVE was superior to the two other extracts with regard to antioxidant activity, while FRVE was superior with regard to antimicrobial activity and suppression of hepatic lipogenesis. FRVE exhibited lipid-lowering effects by lowering sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 and triglyceride levels, and promoting the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and AMP-activated protein kinase in an in vitro model of non-alcoholic fatty liver.ConclusionsOverall, our findings demonstrate various differences among the three extracts. This suggests that functional and bioactive compounds present in R. verniciflua could be altered by the detoxification process, and this property could be considered in the development of functional health foods in the future.

The effects of herbal extracts on CCl4-induced ROS accumulation and cell death in hepatocytes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of herbal medicinal extracts against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced functional alteration and cell death in hepatocytes. HepG2 cells were treated with a frequently utilized herbal medicinal extract, and cell viability and antioxidative activity were subsequently measured with MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) assays and MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assays. Among the extracts from Alnus japonica (ILF-AJ), Angelica keiskei (ILF-AK), Allium tuberosum (ILF-AT), Eucommia ulmoides extract (ILF-E), and Puerariae radix (ILF-P), Rhus verniciflua extract (ILF-R), ILF-E and ILF-R more significantly increased hepatocyte viability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Hepatic enzyme activities (AST and ALT), lipid peroxidation, and SOD levels were also significantly regulated in the presence of ILF-E and ILF-R. Next, to assess a synergistic effect between ILF-E and ILF-R, the combined ratio of these two extracts was analyzed. When ILF-E and ILF-R were combined in a 1:1 ratio at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, they more significantly regulated cell death, AST and ALT activity, MDA level, SOD level, and the oxidant capturing characteristic marker DPPH. Through this study, the combined 1:1 formulation of ILF-E and ILF-R is suggested to be a potentially therapeutic and preventive medicinal herb for the preservation of hepatic function and treatment of toxicity.

Effects of health functional foods on Cytochrome P450 enzymes

Increasing evidence has shown the involvement of health functional foods (HFFs) in inhibition or induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP), affecting the pharmacokinetics of co-administered drugs. To optimize the use of HFFs, it is nec-essary to understand the effects of them on CYPs. In this review we summarize the findings from clinical and in vitro studies evaluating the effects of HFFs on CYPs. In in vitro studies, CYP2C9 and 3A4 were strongly inhibited by allicin in garlic, boswellia extract, fermented curcuma, licorice extract, pomegranate concentrate, and red yeast rice. Furthermore, CYP2C9 was suppressed by hydrolyzed soy extract, lycii fructus extract, and Rhus verniciflua extract. Moreover, red yeast rice strongly inhibited CYP2D6, whereas CYP 2C19 was strongly suppressed by garlic, licorice extract, lycii fructus extract, red yeast rice, and Rhus verniciflua extract. Meanwhile, ginkgo biloba leaf extract showed a potent inductive effect on CYP2C19. In clinical studies, the long-term consumption of ginseng or ginkgo biloba leaf extract caused moderate inductive effects on CYP3A, whereas intake of milk thistle extract led to a moderate inhibition of CYP2C9. Further clinical studies are needed to verify the effects of HFFs on CYPs.

Rhus verniciflua Stokes extract induces inhibition of cell growth and apoptosis in human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells.

Rhus verniciflua Stokes has been widely used as a traditional medicinal plant with a variety of pharmacological activities. We investigated the mechanisms involved in mediating the effects of Rhus verniciflua Strokes (R.verniciflua) extract in human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells, including caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways related to cell-cycle arrest, as well as the inhibition of nuclear factor NF-κB activation and upregulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. R.verniciflua extract suppressed the abnormal cellular proliferation of K562 cells in a dose- and time‑dependent manner and increased the quantitative proportions of cells involved in the early and late process of apoptosis. Furthermore, R.verniciflua extract significantly mediated the mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic regulators, such as Bcl-2, Bax, Mcl-1 and survivin in apoptotic cells. Particularly, the treatment of K562 cells with R.verniciflua extract augmented the caspase‑3 activity and increased the expression of caspase‑3 protein, while co-treatment with R.verniciflua extract and the permeant pan‑caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK and caspase‑3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-FMK inversely enhanced the proliferation of K562 cells. The extract of R.verniciflua inhibited the activation of NF-κB and the phosphorylation of ERK. Collectively, these results indicated that the extract of R.verniciflua inhibited the proliferation of human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells by activating the apoptotic process via caspase‑3 overexpression and the regulation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling.

The anti-inflammatory influence of fermented soy products containing a fermented Rhus verniciflua extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells

The anti-inflammatory influence of fermented soy products containing a fermented Rhus verniciflua extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells

발효옻 추출물 첨가 된장의 숙성에 따른 변화

Fermented-Rhus verniciflua (FRV) extract is increasingly used in fermented soy products, fermented vinegars, and certain alcoholic beverages. In this study, we investigated the effects of FRV extract on the physicochemical properties of doenjang (soybean paste). Addition of FRV extract to doenjang resulted in a 28.2-45.4% increase in the amino acid content and a 1.3- to 1.5-fold increase in the concentrations of glutamic acid, which imparts a savory flavor to doenjang. The concentration of biogenic amine (BA) of the sample containing the extract was 5.3-52.6% lower than that of the control. The major components of BA included tyramine (55.1-74.6%), followed by putrescine, spermidine, tryptamine, and cadaverine, in decreasing concentrations. The organic acid concentration of the sample containing the extract was 1.2-1.3- fold higher than that of the control. The total free sugar concentration was 163.4 mg/100 g in the control and 206.6-276.8 mg/100 g in the supplemented sample, showing a 1.3- to 1.9-fold increase as the addition of the extract.

A Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Quantitation of 10 Bioactive Components in Rhus verniciflua Extracts.

The purpose of this study was to develop a simultaneous method to quantify 10 bioactive compounds in Rhus verniciflua extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The chromatographic separation was performed using a C18 column under gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as the mobile phase solvents. The analytes were detected in the negative-ion mode using multiple-reaction monitoring detection with an electrospray ionization interface. The calibration curves for all the analytes showed good linearity (r(2) >0.997) over the concentration range of 1-1,000 ng/mL. The recovery values were within 89.53-110.14%, and the intra- and interday coefficients of variation were <4.86% for all the tested compounds. The developed method was successfully applied to a quality assessment of the R. verniciflua extract samples.

무독화 옻 추출물로 제조한 발효식초의 품질 특성

In this study, vinegar was produced using urushiol-free fermented Rhus verniciflua extract to create a lacquer with added value. The effect of manufacturing conditions on the quality of vinegar using detoxified R. verniciflua extract for fermentation was investigated. The acidity of the vinegar for inoculations with various liquid starter contents was 4.8~4.9%, and it was similar among all treatment groups. The acidity of vinegar was higher when the initial alcohol content was high. The acetic acid yields were 82.8%, 84.4%, 77.7%, and 69.5%, and the maximum yield was observed when the initial alcohol content was 6%. For acetic acid fermentation using different amounts of detoxified R. verniciflua extracts, the acidity of the vinegar with the extract after fermentation was 5.3~5.9%. However, the acidity of vinegar without the extract was 5.5%. The intensity of the brown color was high for vinegar without the extract. Hunter’s L values were high for vinegar with an extract content of 2%. Acetic acid (53.3~65.8 mg/mL) was the predominant acid. Arginine (190.3~333.3 μg/mL), proline (125.6~290.8 μg/mL), alanine (126.1~270.9 μg/mL), and glutamic acid (159.0~262.4 μg/mL) were the predominant amino acids in detoxified R. verniciflua vinegar.

Pharmacokinetic Profile of Eight Phenolic Compounds and Their Conjugated Metabolites after Oral Administration of Rhus verniciflua Extracts in Rats.

Rhus verniciflua (Toxicodendron vernicifluum) is a medicinal tree popularly used in Asian countries such as China, Japan, and Korea as a food additive or herbal medicine because of its beneficial effects. R. verniciflua extract (RVE) contains diverse phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, as its major biological active constituents. In this study, the pharmacokinetic profiles of eight phenolic compounds were investigated following oral administration of RVE to rats. The eight phenolic compounds were 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, fisetin, fustin, butin, sulfuretin, taxifolin, and garbanzol. The plasma concentrations of the eight compounds were determined by using a liquid chromatography-triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer before and after treatment with β-glucuronidase. When 1.5 g/kg RVE was administered, the eight compounds were all detected in plasma, mainly as conjugated forms. These pharmacokinetic data would be useful for understanding the pharmacological effects of RVE.

Estrogenic activity of a Rhus verniciflua extract and its major components

Rhus verniciflua Stokes has been used as a traditional herbal medicine, a food additive, and a material for lacquer in Korea. In this study, hot water extracts of R. verniciflua Stokes xylem (RVE) and purified compounds were examined for estrogenic activity. RVE showed estrogenic activity mediated by estrogen receptors (ER) with a higher binding affinity and activity to ERβ than to ERα in ERα- or ERβ-transfected cells. It also exhibited estrogenic activity in a uterotrophic assay using rats. All of RVE compounds had high affinity to ERβ compared with ERα in reporter gene assay and ER binding assay. Among seven RVE compounds, butin, butein, sulfuretin, and garbanzol had a strong estrogenic activity in ERE-mediated reporter gene assay. Butein and sulfuretin had stronger ERβ binding affinity compared with others. Collectively, these results demonstrate an estrogenic activity of RVE and suggest its potential value for postmenopausal women.

Inhibitory effect of Rhus verniciflua Stokes extract on human aromatase activity; butin is its major bioactive component

Rhus verniciflua Stokes has been used as a traditional herbal medicine in Asia. In this study, the effect of R. verniciflua extract on human aromatase (cytochrome P450 19, CYP19) activity was investigated to elucidate the mechanism for the effect of R. verniciflua extract on androgen hormone levels. Androstenedione was used as a substrate and incubated with R. verniciflua extract in cDNA-expressed CYP19 supersomes in the presence of NADPH, and estrone formation was measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. R. verniciflua extract was assessed at concentrations of 10–1000μg/mL. The resulting data showed that R. verniciflua extract inhibited CYP19-mediated estrone formation in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 136μg/mL. Subsequently, polyphenolic compounds from R. verniciflua extract were tested to identify the ingredients responsible for the aromatase inhibitory effects by R. verniciflua extract. As a result, butin showed aromatase inhibitory effect in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 9.6μM, whereas the inhibition by other compounds was negligible. These results suggest that R. verniciflua extract could modulate androgen hormone levels via the inhibition of CYP19 activity and butin is a major ingredient responsible for this activity.

Simultaneous determination of bioactive phenolic compounds in the stem extract of Rhus verniciflua stokes by high performance liquid chromatography

A simple, sensitive, and precise reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method was developed for the quantitative determination of 4 bioactive phenolic compounds (gallic acid, fustin, fisetin, and sulfuretin) from the stem extract of Rhus verniciflua stokes. Chromatographic analysis was performed on a Capcell Pak C18 column (150×4.6mm, 3μm) with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid and 90% acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1mL/min. Quantitation was performed using a UV–vis detector at 260nm. The method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and recovery. Excellent linear behavior was observed over the investigated concentration range (10–500μg/mL for gallic acid, fustin, and fisetin; 0.5–100μg/mL for sulfuretin) with correlation coefficient (r2) values >0.99. The intra- and inter-day precision over the concentration range of compounds was less than 6.65% (relative standard deviation) and the accuracy was between 92.42% and 103.62%. The mean recoveries for all the analytes were more than 92.18%. This method was successfully applied for the analysis of bioactive phenolic compounds in the R. verniciflua extracts.

Lipid peroxidation and inflammatory cytokines inhibition effect of Rhus verniciflua extract in vitro

Lipid peroxidation and inflammatory cytokines inhibition effect of Rhus verniciflua extract in vitro