Verification Of Machine Research Articles

Design and experimental verification of hybrid excitation magnetic field modulation machine for electric vehicle propulsion

As one sort of flux modulation machine based on magnetic gear effect, field-modulated machine features with low speed large torque. A novel hybrid excitation field-modulated machine (HEFMM) is proposed by introducing the concept of hybrid excitation, the flux modulation poles (FMPs) and excitation winding of which are emplaced in stator teeth and the adjacent FMPs. It can be maintained wide speed range operation through the processes of flux-enhancing and flux-weakening with no increasing machine bulk, as well as the numbers of stator and rotor slot. The working principle of proposed machine is deeply studied, as well as basic electromagnetic characteristics are calculated by finite element method, including no-load magnetic flux linkage, no-load back electromotive force, cogging torque and output torque. In addition, the processes of flux-enhancing and flux-weakening are analyzed. Finally, one prototype with one kilowatt was built and its static characteristics were tested. The results show that the proposed HEFMM has the features of high torque density, small cogging torque and wide speed range, which is promising candidate for electric vehicle direct drive field.

Design and Verification of A Restaurant-Kitchen Waste Disposal Machine and Its Screw Extruder

Design and Verification of A Restaurant-Kitchen Waste Disposal Machine and Its Screw Extruder

Design of a Vending Machine Using Verilog HDL and Implementation in Genus & Encounter

This paper proposes the design, implementation, and verification of a vending machine using the Finite State Machine (FSM) methodology in Verilog HDL. The FSM is used to manage the multiple states of the vending machine, including “idle,” “accepting coins,” “dispensing item,” and “returning change.” The implementation of the vending machine is done in Verilog HDL, and the FSM is implemented as a state diagram. The design is then synthesized using the Genus synthesis tool and implemented using the Encounter implementation tool. The Genus tool uses advanced optimization techniques, such as timing-driven placement and clock tree synthesis, to improve the design’s performance and area. The Encounter tool performs physical design, including placement and routing, to meet the design’s timing, power, and area constraints. To validate the design’s correctness and functionality, a test bench is created to simulate the behavior of the vending machine. The simulation results are then used to verify that the design meets the required specifications and that the FSM behaves as expected. The proposed design is then can be implemented on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to demonstrate its effectiveness in a real-world scenario. The results of the implementation are presented and analyzed to validate the design’s performance, power consumption, and area. Overall, the vending machine using FSM in Verilog HDL, implemented in Genus and Encounter, provides a reliable and efficient solution for users to purchase items from the machine. The proposed design and implementation demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach, and the results show that the design meets the required specifications and performs well in a real-world scenario.

9‐4: Late‐News Paper: Full Color Organic Light Emitting Diodes on Silicon Micro‐display with Ultra‐high Luminescence and High Resolution

In order to satisfy the special demand of AR products for ultra‐high luminescence and high resolution full‐color silicon‐based OLED micro displays, a silicon‐based OLED micro display with resolution of more than 4000 ppi (0.36 inch with 1280×720) and a luminescence of more than 5000 nit is investigated. First, the design scheme of high‐resolution silicon‐based OLED driver is introduced. Based on the scheme of strong microcavity effect OLED device, the structure of red, green and blue monochrome luminescence enhancement is verified, and the current efficiency reaches 60 cd A‐1, 95 cd A‐1 and 6 cd A‐1, respectively. Finally, the development of HD036 chip is finished, and the high luminescence full‐color silicon‐based OLED micro display device with ppi more than 4000, luminescence more than 5000 nit, and color gamut more than 85% is achieved. The effect of virtual reality overlay display is achieved by the verification of AR machine.

Finite element analysis and experimental verification of high reliability synchronous reluctance machine

The aim of this study was to investigate and analyse the synchronous reluctance machine. An accurate method for determining the lumped parameters of an equivalent circuit of the studied machine has been proposed. The method is based on the phase currents and voltages analysis at low slip operation. Experimental research of a synchronous reluctance machine is supplemented by simulation studies. The field-circuit model of electromagnetic phenomena in the considered motor was developed and used in simulation. The proposed method allows the numerical model to be verified by comparing the calculated and measured torqueangle characteristics of the machine. The test results obtained are presented and discussed. Achieved satisfactory concordance between simulation and experiment results proves that the proposed approach can be useful in the synthesis of reliable synchronous reluctance machines as well as in their control systems.

Optimal Design and Verification of Standing-up Motion Assistant Machine

Standing-up motion assistant machine is a new type of assistant device for the care and motion of the semi-disabled, which can replace the manual motion mode to a great extent and reduce the workload of the care-givers. After a detailed analysis of shortcomings of the structural design of the existing standing-up motion assistant machine in the practical application in elderly institutions, this paper proposes a design scheme and mechanical structure of the hanger. The optimized product is verified based on ergonomics theory. Results show that the design scheme and structure of the hanger of the motion assistant machine proposed in this paper can satisfy the requirements of occupant comfort on the premise of ensuring safety, as well as effectively expand the application of the standing-up motion assistant machine in elderly institutions of varied facility levels.

A two-layer cylinder phantom developed for film-based isocenter verification of radiotherapy machine.

A two-layer cylinder (TLC) phantom was developed for simplifying film-based isocenter verification of linear accelerators in radiotherapy. The phantom mainly consists of two parts: (1) two nested solid cylinders between which a radiochromic film can be inserted and irradiated; (2) a tungsten ball supported by a thin rod and located at the phantom center for alignment with the mechanical isocenter. In practice, the phantom was first positioned by the room laser to align the tungsten ball to the mechanical isocenter of the linear accelerator. Then, a radiochromic film was precisely inserted into the gap between the two cylinders of the phantom and irradiated by beams with preset gantry and couch angles. Later the irradiated film was scanned and processed by an in-house developed analysis software. Finally, the offset of the radiation isocenter from the mechanical isocenter was determined by the built-in three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction algorithms. The accuracy of this method was evaluated by positioning the phantom with a known couch shift, then checking the residual error after couch shift correction. The reliability of this method was evaluated by comparing the calculated offset with the corresponding result determined by the traditional star-shot method. For the accuracy test, the residual errors were -0.14 ± 0.03mm, 0.05 ± 0.06mm, and 0.05 ± 0.06mm in the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical axes, respectively. For the reliability test, the differences between the calculated offset and the result determined by the star-shot method were -0.10mm, 0.12mm, and 0.12mm in the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical axes, respectively. The proposed method is able to reconstruct beams in 3D with one film, which is more time-saving and accurate. Additionally, with this design, the phantom positioning, film loading, beam delivery, and data analyzing are simpler. This phantom and analysis software provides an efficient and effective way to perform film-based isocenter verification of linear accelerators in radiotherapy.

Calibration Of Vickers Hardness Test PT.Tenaris Seamless Pipe Indonesia Jaya Cilegon Using Standar Blok

A calibration is an activity to determine the conventional validity of the appointment value of measuring instruments and measuring materials by comparing them to standard measurements that are traceable to national and international standards for measurement units and or international and certified reference materials. The calibration is generally a process of adjusting the output or indication of a measurement device to match the magnitude of the standard used in certain accuracy. The purpose of this paper is to find out the vickers hardness test calibration whether the machine running normally or there is a problem with the device. A case study was conducted in PT. Tenaris SPIJ, Cilegon, Indonesia. A vickers hardness testing in the case study has its own reference standard, namely ISO 6507-2: 2018 Metal material - Hardness Test Verification and Calibration of the test machine. The vickers hardness test equipment is a machine to conduct tests using a diamond pyramid with a plane angle of 136°, by means of an emphasis by an indentor that results in a trace or indentation on the surface of the test object. The vickers hardness testing is abbreviated as HV or HVN and also known as Diamond Pyramid Hardness Test (DPH). Result of calibration in the case study was found the repeatability value on vickers hardness testing machine of 32 HV 10 and the error value of ±3%.

Sizing, Analysis, and Verification of Axial Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machine

This paper proposes the analytical design methods of axial flux-switching permanent magnet (AxFSPM) machines. The analytical design methods take the influences of electric and magnetic loadings into account to calculate the specific sizing and scalability of the AxFSPM machine. In addition, the winding functions are implemented to derive the self-, mutual-, d-axis, and q-axis inductances. The results of analytical design methods indicate that the magnetic loading has bigger impact on the stator dimensions of AxFSPM machines than the electrical loading. The d- and q-axis inductances of the all-pole-wound AxFSPM machines are similar under the same number of slots and turns. A prototype is manufactured using analytical design methods. The experimental results show that the prototype machine achieves target specification and the usefulness of the proposed design method is verified.

Optimal Design and Experimental Verification of Wound Rotor Synchronous Machine Using Subharmonic Excitation for Brushless Operation

This paper presents an optimal design of a recently introduced brushless wound-rotor synchronous machine (BL-WRSM). The BL-WRSM, with a special stator winding arrangement, utilizes a single three-phase inverter for generating an additional spatial subharmonic component in the stator magnetomotive force (MMF). This subharmonic component of the stator MMF is used for the brushless excitation of the rotor. The pole span and pole shoe height were the optimized parameters, with the goals of improving the quality of output power and reducing torque ripple. Moreover, the average torque of the machine was improved by optimizing the harmonic winding placed on the rotor. The optimized BL-WRSM was further analyzed for the flux weakening operation. Finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out to analyze the performance of the BL-WRSM. Finally, the performance of the optimal BL-WRSM model was verified through an experimental test, which demonstrated good agreement with the simulation results.

Formal Process Virtual Machine for Smart Contracts Verification

This paper reports on the development and verification of a novel formal symbolic process virtual machine (FSPVM) for verifying the reliability and security of Ethereum smart contracts, denoted as FSPVM-E, completely in Coq proof assistant. It adopts execution-verification isomorphism (EVI), an extension of Curry-Howard isomorphism (CHI), as its fundamental theoretical framework. The current version of FSPVM-E is constructed on a general, extensible, and reusable formal memory (GERM) framework, an extensible and universal formal intermediate programming language Lolisa, which is a large subset of the Solidity programming language using generalized algebraic datatypes, and the corresponding formally verified interpreter of Lolisa, denoted as FEther. It supports the ERC20 standard and can automatically simultaneously symbolically execute the smart contract programs of Ethereum and verify their reliability and security properties using Hoare logic in Coq. In addition, this work, contributes to solving the problems of automation, inconsistency and reusability in higher-order logic theorem proving.

RINGA: Design and verification of finite state machine for self-adaptive software at runtime

ContextIn recent years, software environments such as the cloud and Internet of Things (IoT) have become increasingly sophisticated, and as a result, development of adaptable software has become very important. Self-adaptive software is appropriate for today's needs because it changes its behavior or structure in response to a changing environment at runtime. To adapt to changing environments, runtime verification is an important requirement, and research that integrates traditional verification with self-adaptive software is in high demand. ObjectiveModel checking is an effective static verification method for software, but existing problems at runtime remain unresolved. In this paper, we propose a self-adaptive software framework that applies model checking to software to enable verification at runtime. MethodThe proposed framework consists of two parts: the design of self-adaptive software using a finite state machine and the adaptation of the software during runtime. For the first part, we propose two finite state machines for self-adaptive software called the self-adaptive finite state machine (SA-FSM) and abstracted finite state machine (A-FSM). For the runtime verification part, a self-adaptation process based on a MAPE (monitoring, analyzing, planning, and executing) loop is implemented. ResultsWe performed an empirical evaluation with several model-checking tools (i.e., NuSMV and CadenceSMV), and the results show that the proposed method is more efficient at runtime. We also investigated a simple example application in six scenarios related to the IoT environment. We implemented Android and Arduino applications, and the results show the practical usability of the proposed self-adaptive framework at runtime. ConclusionsWe proposed a framework for integrating model checking with a self-adaptive software lifecycle. The results of our experiments showed that the proposed framework can achieve verify self-adaptation software at runtime.

Dynamic behavior verification of a lightweight machine for routing

In this paper, the interaction between the dynamics of the routing process and the vibration behavior of the ARABA I lightweight machine is presented. Firstly, the dynamics of the routing is evaluated by the critical depth of cut of the lobes diagrams of the process. Secondly, the structural dynamics of the machine is analyzed by means of its experimentally validated finite element model. Considering the compliance of the machine as the only source of deformation, the interaction of the machine-process dynamics is evaluated and useful outputs are obtained. The critical depth of cut, the frequency of chatter, and the chatter-free workspace are depicted in the operational workspace of the machine. These results are finally used to propose some design and material improvements in the machine which lead to an enhanced performance in the routing process.

Comparative Analysis and Experimental Verification of an Effective Permanent-Magnet Vernier Machine

This paper presents an effective permanent-magnet vernier (PMV) machine for direct-drive applications, in which the low-speed outer rotor employs a spoke-magnet arrangement with flux focusing to improve air-gap flux density, and the stator adopts an open-slot structure to enable the stator teeth to achieve field modulation. Using the finite element analysis, the performance characteristics of the proposed machine are investigated and compared with the split-slot surface PMV machine. A prototype is also built for experimentation to verify the validity. Both simulation and experimental results show that the proposed machine can offer the advantages of improved torque capability and low voltage regulation.

Design and Experimental Verification of a Short-Circuit Proof Six-Phase Permanent Magnet Machine for Safety Critical Applications

By making use of leakage flux components, a multiphase permanent magnet (PM) machine constructed with fractional-slot concentrated windings can confine winding short-circuit current to rated current to avoid further damage when the stator winding gets short-circuited. However, those high-winding-inductance machines suffer from high PM demagnetization risks. Design principles to avoid PM demagnetization are discussed in this paper to deal with this issue. In addition, mathematical analyses of short-circuit current and torque pulsations are developed, which reveal the physical nature and offer an effective way to investigate the machine performances. Short-circuit fault remediation methods utilizing two-phase symmetry of asymmetric six-phase machine is proposed. Furthermore, a 24 kW prototype machine was fabricated and experimental verification has been conducted.

Fractional-Slot Concentrated-Winding Axial-Flux Permanent-Magnet Machine With Core-Wound Coils

This paper presents the design, finite-element analysis (FEA), and experimental verification of a single-stator double-rotor fractional-slot concentrated-winding axial-flux permanent-magnet machine with core-wound coils. The advantages that are obtained by adopting such coil construction in terms of shorter end-winding connections higher fill factor, and mechanical robustness of the magnetic structure are highlighted. Machine performances both at no load and at rated load are analyzed through static FEA, and a simple index is introduced to compare induced losses in the permanent magnets for various machine configurations. Time-stepped transient FEA is used to validate the index. The construction and experimental testing of a full-scale prototype is described to confirm the expected performances and to characterize the prototype in terms of losses (both at no-load and in loaded conditions), cogging torque, and main machine parameters.

Improved Analytical Model for Electromagnetic Analysis of Axial Flux Machines With Double-Sided Permanent Magnet Rotor and Coreless Stator Windings

This paper deals with the experimental verification and electromagnetic analysis of an axial flux machine with a double-sided permanent magnet (PM) rotor and coreless stator windings, based on analytical field computation. Employing a magnetic vector potential and a 2-D analytical model, magnetic fields produced by PMs are obtained. The 3-D problem is solved by introducing a special function for the radial position. Then, the analytical solutions for back emf, electromagnetic torque, and efficiency of the PM-type axial flux machines are derived by using the magnetic field solutions and considering simple equivalent circuits. The analytical results are validated extensively by 3-D FE results. Test results such as back-emf, torque, and efficiency measurements are also presented to show the effectiveness of the analyses.

Study of the Integrated Configuration of a Parallel Machine with Joint Rings

This paper aims at exploring a new parallel machine as a configuration integration, and developing this new configuration into a series. The moving platform of this parallel machine (spindle) replaces the swivel ball joints with joint rings. In the machine processing, the rigidity of the spindle parts can be enhanced. The layer of joint rings will increase holding points of spindle components and reduce singularity of the parallel machine. The comprehensive method of machine will be used in this paper which is based on the azimuthal characteristic. Each chain of the machine will be splitted into a single opened chain for research, analyzing the azimuthal characteristic of each kinematic pair. A union method is also used to work out the motion output equation of each chain. Different chain combination and intersection method will be applied on the basis of the verification of a 5-strut parallel machine to build the parallel machine of four degrees of freedom with joint rings.

Design and Experimental Verification of Hybrid Excitation Machine With Isolated Magnetic Paths

In order to extend the speed-operation range for constant generating voltage or constant motoring power of the electrical machine, a new hybrid excitation machine with isolated magnetic paths (HEIMP) is presented in this paper. Its structure, operation mechanism, and two crucial design points are described in detail. A conceptual prototype machine is designed and manufactured in integration with a rotating-armature ac exciter (brushless). It is then simulated by finite element analysis software and tested in order to verify the efficient field-adjusting characteristics, the high efficiency, and the feasible design technique of the HEIMP machine. It is also shown that the integrated brushless design makes the system more compact and reliable.

Quadruped virtual robot simulation in a virtual environment obeying physical laws

In the development of a robot, the validation of that robot with the use of real machinery takes a considerable amount of time and money. In particular, it is difficult to validate a robot’s behavior in an unsafe place. The developers also have to pay attention to virtual debugging. Using a program validated in VR space makes the verification of a real machine’s behavior more efficient. In this research, we make a virtual robot walk on a road autonomously by using a program where the virtual robot tracks a line in a virtual environment.