Verbs In Question Research Articles

Noah, a Man of the Soil: An Analysis of Gen 9,20

Abstract The statement in Gen 9,20 has often been taken to signify that Noah was either the first viticulturalist or agriculturalist. These interpretations are associated with the syntactic analysis of the noun phrase “a man of the soil (אישׁ האדמה)” as well as a certain understanding of the meaning of the verb חלל (hif.). This article argues that the noun phrase can better be understood as an adverbial accusative or an appositional noun phrase while the verb in question here signifies the beginning of an incomplete or durable action. In sum, the verse does not indicate that Noah was the first agriculturalist or viticulturalist, but simply states that he began the work on the soil and moved on to planting a vineyard.

A semantic approach for the analysis of verbs in life sciences texts

ABSTRACT This paper presents a corpusbased study of a group of lexical verbs in eighteenth and nineteenth century scientific texts. The study has a twofold aim. Firstly, it aims to select four types of verb classes (verbs of communication, desire, aspectuals and perception) identified by Levin and Noonan and explore their use in the Corpus of English Life Sciences Texts, a subcorpus of the Coruña Corpus of English Scientific Writing. Secondly, it aims to determine if the frequency of these verbs varies based on the gender of the authors. Further, the study seeks to ascertain if a shifting pattern could be attested in the use of these verbs throughout the two centuries examined in the corpus, at a time when the scientific register was already becoming established. The findings of the study obtained from the greater or lesser occurrence of the verbs in question over the two centuries indicate which ones were more frequent in Life Sciences texts, whether they were more commonly used either by men or women and whether there was a pattern of continued usage of these verbs in Late Modern English scientific language rather than a shift towards nominalisation in this type of discourse.

Kajian Terhadap Common Errors dalam Penerapan Aturan Subject-Verb Agreement Bahasa Inggris

English as a foreign language that is widely used in the world provides a challenge to every learner. Grammar rules in English are one of the challenges faced by learners, especially in Subject-verb Agreement rules. This article aims to analyze the types of common errors made by students and determine the types of common errors with the highest percentage of common errors found. With a qualitative and quantitative descriptive design, this study chose students in the English Education Study Program, FKIP UMSU as the research sample. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that there were three types of common errors found in the use of subject-verb agreement rules in English by students at the English Education Study Program, errors between singular/plural subjects, errors in tense selection, and types of errors in the form 'to' form of verb/split of verb. Furthermore, it can be obtained that the highest percentage of errors obtained is in the type of 'to' form of verb/split of verb in question no. 20 where there were 82 students who answered incorrectly with a percentage of 66.12%.

영어 ‘re-verb’와 ‘verb again’, 한국어 ‘다시’와 ‘또’에 나타난 의미 특징 비교

The purpose of this study is twofold: One is to examine the semantic role of the prefix ‘re-’ and the adverb ‘again’; the other is to show the similarity and dissimilarity between ‘re-’(verb) and (verb) + ‘again’ in English and ‘tasi’ and ‘tto’ in Korean. To achieve the purpose, first, this study examines semantic and pragmatic differences that ‘tasi’ and ‘tto’ trigger in terms of the readings of ‘restitutive’ and ‘repetitive'. Second, it shows that the two restitutive and repetitive readings can be explained in terms of the difference in syntactic position. That is, for the former, if any, an event modifying adverb falls within the VP headed by the verb in question; for the latter, it appears outside of the VP. Third, the current study contends that both ‘re-’(verb) and (verb) + ‘again’ have in common the same function to denote the repetition of the event in question, whereas ‘re-’(verb) is used more restrictively than (verb) + ‘again’. In other words, ‘re-’(verb) is possible only if there is an object to undergo the event represented by the verb, and it is restored to the previous state as a result of the event.

Basic Reporting Verbs as Markers of the Author’s Idiostlyle

This article reveals the peculiarities of idiostyles referring to works by nineteenth-century classical Russian writers (F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov, and I. S. Turgenev). Based on intertext and inter-style statistical comparison, the author aims to reveal lexical compatibility and some individual particularities of using some frequent reporting verbs in literary texts belonging to the same period. The research is methodologically based on the ideographic approach to literary text analysis which takes into consideration internal correlations existing between lexical paradigmatics and syntagmatics. Lexical bigrams (pairs of words used in one phrase context) are taken as a unit of comparative lexicostatistical and contextological analysis. Word combinations of this type are used by the same writer in different texts, though they are not found in works by the other authors. The only obligatory element of a lexical bigram is a word which is often used by all the writers in question as it reveals the specific patterns of an author’s work with the same language material (such reporting verbs as сказать (‘say’), спросить (‘ask’), ответить (‘answer’), заметить (‘note’) are very representative for this purpose). So-called “idiostylistic markers” most frequently used to describe the moment of speech are identified for each writer in question. The author draws conclusions about the individual specificity of these stylistic patterns. Author-specific lexical compatibility shows that in the contexts of the verbs in question with lexical bigrams extracted from novels by L. N. Tolstoy, the use of the verb отвечать (‘answer’) prevails and involves an expression of emotions. The verb замечать (‘note’) which is frequently used in novels by F. M. Dostoevsky, reveals psychological perceptional particularities of speech of the other. The author argues that the use of the verb говорить (‘say’) for introducing direct speech is typical of А. P. Chekhov’s idiostyle where it is syntactically combined with adverbial participles denoting various nonspeech actions drawing the reader’s attention to a particular detail. The verb промолвить (‘utter’) is specific for I. S. Turgenev’s idiostyle and reveals implicit but semantically important correlations existing between the concepts of speech, thought, and motion.

Predicates of exposure to odor in Bulgarian and Russian (Bulgarian translation strategies)

The article deals with Bulgarian translation parallels to Russian sentences from literary texts with the verbs тянуть, потянуть, обдать / обдавать, пахнуть, which refer to some spontaneous forces delivering smell. Such predications are usually impersonal in Russian, while the smell is marked by Instrumental. The translation of such clauses into Bulgarian with impersonal structures is not typical. Firstly, because of the analytism of the Bulgarian language, secondly, because of the lack of a specific marker of impersonality. In the Bulgarian language we see a two-member sentence, where the smell takes the position of the subject. The idea of spontaneous forces (the air or the wind, carrying the smell) gives way to the idea of a smell as an active participant, which builds the situation up. Bulgarian verbs лъхна, облъхна / облъхвам, лъхам, which have different semantics and syntactic characteristics compared to the Russian ones, and are used as the main translation parallels to the Russian verbs in question. The choice of a specific verb as a translation parallel depends on the presence of the other participants, such as an experiencer or the source of the smell.

Semantic structure aspects of emotion verbs in Azerbaijan Turkish

Mental fiillerin bir alt sınıfı olan duygu fiilleri; zihnin üzüntü, korku, iğrenme, haz, sevgi, şaşkınlık, utanç, öfke gibi bir duygunun ya da duyguların tesirinde olma faaliyetini kısacası “duygulanma” süreçlerini ifade eden fiillerdir. Günümüz dil bilimi çalışmalarında fiillerin, cümlede yönetici konumunda bulunmaları sebebiyle, ait oldukları anlam bilimsel fiil kategorisi içerisinde daha doğru anlaşılabilmesi için anlamları gereği bir arada bulunabilecekleri üyelerin ve bu üyelerin söz konusu fiiller ile semantik ilişkisinin belirlenmesinin bir ön koşul olarak görüldüğü söylenebilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Azerbaycan Türkçesinde duygu fiillerinin anlam bilimsel yapı görünümlerini sunmaktır. Bu nedenle öncelikle Türkiye’de ve dünyada yapılan dil bilimi çalışmalarında duygu fiilleri ile ilgili oluşturulan kavramsal çerçeve değerlendirilmiş ve ardından durum dil bilgisi ışığında Azerbaycan Türkçesindeki duygu fiillerinin semantik rolleri belirlenmiştir. Deneyimci, içerik ve uyarıcı; duygu fiillerinin anlam bilimsel yapısında bulunan temel semantik roller olarak benimsenmiştir. Azerbaycan Türkçesindeki duygu fiillerinin söz konusu semantik rollerden meydana gelen beş farklı anlam bilimsel yapı sergilediği tespit edilmiştir. Duygu fiillerinin anlam bilimsel özelliklerini betimleyen bu inceleme aynı zamanda Azerbaycan Türkçesindeki duygu fiilleri için yeni bir sınıflandırma niteliği taşımaktadır. Bu araştırmanın fiil sınıflandırma çalışmalarının yanı sıra sözlük bilimi, sözcük bilimi, söz dizimi ve Azerbaycan Türkçesinin öğretimi gibi alanlara da katkıda bulunacağı düşünülmektedir.

From a Lexical Verb to a Pragmatic Marker: The Case of the French falloir ‘have to/must’

The paper seeks to present a semantico-functional analysis of the French verb falloir. The empirical data are obtained from a parallel corpus – the Corpus Parallèle de Textes Littéraires (CTLFR-LT), which is composed of French literary texts and their translations into Lithuanian. The paper uses quantitative, qualitative and comparative methods. It is based on the studies focusing on the polysemy of modal verbs (Chu 2010; Dendale 1994; Kronning 1988; Le Querler 2001; Rossari 2012) as well as on the development of discourse markers in language (Dostie 2004; Vold 2008).
 The findings show that the verb falloir, while maintaining its core meaning of necessity, can express conjecture. When it is used in patterns together with verbs of saying (verba cogitandi and dicendi) and verbs of visual perception, falloir no longer functions as a marker of necessity and becomes a pragmatic marker of connection and argumentation.
 The analysis of the translations of the French verb falloir into a typologically different language, Lithuanian, has also confirmed the entrenched use of the verb in question in the modal field of necessity and its rich functional potential in the French literary texts. The paper contributes to the existing contrastive studies between the French and Lithuanian languages, which are not numerous. The findings of the research could serve didactic purposes as well as add to the field of translation studies.

Sound change, paradigmatic relations, and analogy produce suppletion in Catalan verbs

The development of stem-final /g/ in several parts of Catalan verb paradigms via sound change and analogy has created suppletion in a large number of verbs. In this paper I present evidence against viewing these developments as teleological or driven by factors of markedness or naturalness. I also argue that appeal to morphomes must be tempered by the recognition of the highly variable nature of the patterns displayed by the verbs in question and contextualized in mechanisms that do not merely model change but explain how speakers create change.

A Cartographic Approach To The Right Periphery: The Dual Status Of ItalianSembrareAnd Its Korean Counterpart*

AbstractThe cartographic project aims at drawing a map of clause structure that is as precise and as detailed as possible (Cinque 1999, 2004, Rizzi 1997, among many others). In this paper, I focus on the distribution of heads in the right periphery in Korean that I argue provides a direct window into the clausal architecture of the language. Taking as a starting point Cinque's (2004) discussion on the Italian verbsembrarein the context of clitic climbing and restructuring (see also Haegeman 2006, 2010), I examine the behavior of the verbpotain Korean and show that the verbs in question behave in exactly the same way in crucial respects—they can be merged high as functional heads marking speaker‐related evidentiality, while they can also be merged low as lexical verbs. The parallelism betweenpotaandsembrareprovides strong evidence for the universality of the cartographic hierarchy of functional projections.

A FRAGMENT OF THE LEXICAL SYSTEM OF KAZYM KHANTY: THE VERBS PITTI ‘TO FALL; TO GET INTO SOMEWHERE’ AND ΧƆJTI ‘TO TOUCH; TO HIT THE TARGET’, AND THEIR ARGUMENT STRUCTURE

The study describes the semantics of the Kazym Khanty verbs pitti ‘to fall; to get into somewhere’ and χɔjti ‘to touch; to hit the target’ as analyzed from the perspective of the frame-based approach to lexical typology. According to this approach, semantic fields consist of certain situation types, or frames, which are denoted by the lexemes belonging to the field. The situation types correspond to distributional patterns and serve as a basis for cross-linguistic comparison of word meanings. The paper identifies and illustrates the sets of physical meanings of the verbs in question, with a special focus on the domain of variation between pitti and χɔjti. It is shown that these verbs concur in contexts involving the semantics of either getting (occasionally) into somewhere (cf. A fly got into my soup) or hitting the target (cf. The arrow hit him in the arm). Evidence from Kazym Khanty, as well as from available cross-linguistic data, suggests that these meanings are adjacent to each other, while the meaning ‘to get into somewhere’ is closer to the domain of falling, and the meaning ‘to hit the target’ is closer to the domain of physical contact. Thus, the meanings ‘to fall’, ‘to get into somewhere’, ‘to hit the target’, and ‘to touch’ form a semantic continuum with no clear-cut boundaries between the semantic fields. This hypothesis is further supported by morphosyntactic variation in encoding of the patientive argument of the verb χɔjti, which seems to be influenced by the morphological pattern inherent to the verb pitti.

On converse lability and its decline from Vedic to Epic Sanskrit: The verb juṣ- ‘to enjoy’ and ‘to please’

In the Early Vedic language, we encounter two different systems of active vs. middle voice and valency oppositions. The emergence of many thematic Vedic transitive active forms (e.g. īráya-ti ‘to raise sth. or so.’) is obviously innovative and secondary when compared to labile, and formally more archaic athematic active forms (e.g. íyar-ti ~ iyár-ti ‘to rise, to raise sth. or so.’). On this basis, it has been claimed that the original voice distinction was mainly driven by agency (i.e., volition, control, responsibility and animacy), whereas the secondary voice opposition was driven by transitivity distinctions and direct and indirect reflexive middle semantics (Pooth 2012, 2014). In this article, another verb in question, namely the psych verb juṣ- ‘to enjoy, to please’, will be examined as a parallel case to further discuss the general developments in the Vedic verb system, which are part of the general decline of lability and the increase of verb forms specified for transitive vs. intransitive behavior within Vedic (Kulikov 2014, 2012, 2006). This article will show that the Sanskrit psych verb juṣ- ‘to enjoy’ and ‘to please’ exhibits converse lability in Early Vedic Sanskrit, whereas it does not behave like this in Epic Sanskrit. The syntactic and semantic behavior of forms of juṣ- in both periods of Sanskrit will thus be compared.

Lability in Old English Verbs: Chronological and Textual Distribution

Abstract Present-Day English has an unusually high number of labile verbs, such as melt or burn, both cross-linguistically and with respect to genetically related languages. Comparison among early Germanic languages has allowed researchers to detect an incipient favouring of labile coding already in Old English, where it is more frequent than in any other language of this group (Hermodsson 1952) and replaces causative coding in a considerable proportion of former causative verb pairs (van Gelderen 2011; García García 2020). This article attempts to map the chronological and textual distribution of labile verbs between the seventh and the eleventh centuries CE in order to explore how lability develops throughout the Old English period. Old English labile verbs coming from Germanic causative oppositions are the sample on which we base our study. The choice ensures that the verbs in question were originally not labile and underwent a process of labilization in (pre-)Old English. Some of the questions addressed in the study are: Can a tendency towards labilization in Old English be confirmed by internal evidence, as it arguably can by external comparison with other Germanic languages? Can an increase in lability be detected in English before French influence was effective? Does it show any restrictions by genre or individual text?

The Mechanism of Noun Incorporation in Ancient Greek

Based on inner- as well as on cross-linguistic evidence, a copious group of compound verbs of the form [N+V]V such as στεφανη-πλοκέω and νομο-θετέω can be described as instances of noun incorporation in Ancient Greek. These verbs – diachronically, denominal verbs derived from verbal governing compounds – synchronically display characteristics of compounding of a nominal element to a verbal element. This compositional quality, amply attested textually, as well as other unique semantic, pragmatic, and morpho-syntactical properties of the process we term ‘noun incorporation’, set this group of verbs apart from mere denominalization and mark their derivation as a distinct morphological mechanism in Ancient Greek. This is most clearly discernible in the effect this process has on the valency and argument structure of the verbs in question, mostly yielding an intransitive verb, or, under very specific conditions, a transitive verb governing a direct object in a close morphological and semantic relationship to the incorporated noun. Viewing these verbs as cases of noun incorporation not only aligns Ancient Greek with other noun-incorporating languages but also elucidates the internal structure, derivational scheme, and morpho-syntactic behavior of these verbal compounds, as attested in Ancient Greek texts, ranging from Homeric Greek through Hellenistic and Imperial Greek.

Pożyczka wschodniosłowiańska czy regionalizm północnopolski? O czasowniku szczupać ‘dotykać, macać’

The article attempts to determine how to classify the verb szczupać ‘to touch, to feel’ that is present in Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages and also in the Polish-East Slavic borderland region. As has been revealed by the analysis of documents, linguistic data gathered from historical dictionaries and dictionaries of dialects along with literary sources, the verb in question is an East Slavic borrowing that has been adopted locally in a major part of Poland’s eastern borderland and reinforced by the existence of derivatives.

Глаголы перемещения веществ в некоторых финно-угорских языках

The article deals with verbs describing motion of substances (‘fl ow’, ‘stream’, ‘pour’ etc.) in three Finno-Ugric languages (Komi, Western Khanty, and Hill Mari), which were not considered in the previous typological studies of this domain. The article is aimed at identifying the semantic oppositions between such verbs from the typological perspective. The material has been collected primarily in fieldwork by elicitation and is compared to the data available in dictionaries (sometimes coming from other language varieties). Methodologically, I rely on the frame-based approach to lexical typology, which involves collocational analysis as the key procedure for highlighting semantic oppositions A sketch of falling verbs in each language is provided (focusing on how the basic parameters of cross-linguistic variation are realized in my sample), since they are contiguous to the domain being in the main focus. The main part of the article provides the description of flowing & pouring verbs in each language from the sample. I discuss several semantic features of these verbs, such as the opposition between a stream and drops, the colexification of moving liquids and granular substances (with some language-specific constraints dealing with some properties of the situations), special lexemes for small amounts of liquids emitted from some entity, etc. Some issues underdescribed in typological studies are touched upon (e.g. a special verb in Khanty for small portions of liquids or pouring substance moving in the air, such as fog or flour). The semantic connections between, on the one hand, flowing & pouring, and, on the other hand, falling of multiple subjects are analyzed, taking into account the restrictions on the subject of falling (natural entity vs. artifact, size of singular entities) and on the whole situation (distributivity) available for this colexification pattern. Other polysemy patterns developed by the verbs in question are considered as well, e.g. the extension of the basic lexeme kis’s’yny ‘flow, pour’ in Komi to some situations of destruction

Глаголы падения в английском языке: данные корпусов и типология

The paper presents the results of the studies carried over the group of English verbs with the meaning of falling. The research goals included classification of the lexical meanings, both direct and metaphorical, rendered by those verbs, on the basis of the analysis of the components of the situations put together in the special questionnaire. This was carried out together with native speakers of English, after which the collected set of examples was verified and expanded with searches in the big corpora of English speakers’ oral and written production available at the SketchEngine platform. Besides being a great source of extracting lexical meanings, Sketch Engine also provided the data and the statistics for the analysis of collocational behaviour of the verbs in question used with different subjects of falling. The scope of application of the umbrella verb fall and the distribution between it and its two rivals — drop and fall down — was in focus of the three corresponding sections in the paper, while the range of peripheral verbs of falling with all the comparative analysis of their lexical features formed one more section. Separately from the verbs conveying the direct meanings of falling, metaphoric shifts in the meanings of these verbs made up the content of section 6. Based on the findings presented in the previous sections, the conclusions regarding the concept of falling in English are discussed in the last part of the paper. The research confirmed that the verb fall is by far the most widely used in various contexts of falling. Whether used alone or combined with adverbial or prepositional particles, it covers the overwhelming majority of meanings of falling, both literal and metaphorical. Although drop proved to be the most frequent synonym of fall, there is a distribution of meanings between the two related to the nature of the subject and the intentionality of the action. As shown in the paper, the choice between fall and fall down appears to be determined by the trajectory of the fall and whether the typical position of the subject is vertical or not. Likewise, the distribution between fall off and fall down is conditioned by the trajectory, with the surface mentioned with the latter. Among the various peripheral verbs of falling, come and go — the most general verbs of movement — are also used in combination with down in specific cases of falling.

THE USE OF MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS IN REPORTING COVID-19: A STUDY OF SELECTED ARTICLES DAILY NATION NEWSPAPER

This article analyses the uses of modal auxiliary verbs in reporting Covid-19 in selected articles in Daily Nation newspaper. Covid-19 is a member of the beta coronaviruses that can cause acute severe respiratory symptoms or possibly mild, cold-like symptoms. The reporting of the disease was done in the newspaper in Kenya every day from the first time it was reported in the country on 13th March 2020. The articles analyzed were purposively selected from articles in Daily Nation newspaper and analyzed using insights from Quirk et al’s (2000) dichotomy of modal auxiliary verbs. The data was analyzed manually with regard to different functions of the modal auxiliary verbs in question. Six categories of modal auxiliaries namely; Ability, possibility, prediction, obligation, intention and quasi-legal modals characterized the data. Findings indicate that the authors of the articles chose predictive auxiliary modals will, may, can and should in that order in the articles. Other types of modal used are would, must and might. The modals used presented the opinions of the article writers and the use of will reported the highest frequency.

Greek Durative Verbs with the Nasal Infix and Suffix

The Indo-European nasal infix presents have not been explained so far from the semantic point of view. The present author argues that the infix *-n(e)- originally expressed the feature of durativity. Due to the diachronic externalization of inflection this nasal morpheme later evolved into a suffix added to the verbal root. Numerous durative verbs with the nasal marker -an- are attested as early as the 2nd millennium BCE in the Anatolian languages; cf. Hittite iy-ann-a/i- ‘to march, go a long distance’, Palaic iyannnai ‘he marches (a long distance)’ vs. Hitt. i- ‘to go’, Luw. i-, Hier.Luw. i-, Lat. eō, īre, Lith. eĩti, OChSl. iti ‘id.’ (< PIE. *h1ei- ‘to go’). The durative verbs in question, as well as the related nouns with the durative suffix *-ano-, also appear in other Indo-European languages, cf. Toch. B yaneṃ ‘they walk, go (for a long time)’. Numerous Greek present forms (e.g. ἁνδάνω, θιγγάνω, λαμβάνω, λανθάνω, λιμπάνω, μανθάνω, πυνθάνομαι and so on) document the same nasal morpheme not only infixed into a verbal root, but also in the form of the suffix -αν-. It is to be explained as the effect of the diachronic externalization of the durative (nasal) morpheme. The Greek verbal forms with the nasal infix and the nasal suffix should be treated as intermediate or hybrid. Newer forms (indicating the durativity of the action) in Greek contain only a nasal suffix (e.g. αὐξάνω, ἱζάνω, ἰσχάνω, κευθάνω, ληθάνω, οἰδάνω, ῥοφάνω).

ТРАНС-ГЕРМАНСЬКІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРЕТЕРИТО-ПРЕЗЕНТНИХ ДІЄСЛІВ

This article contains systematic and detailed analysis of morphological and semantic parameters of Germanic preterite-present verbs, dividing them into major and minor subgroups. The development of both preterite-present subgroups and their steady transformation into the modal verbs is a specific feature of all Germanic languages. Since the modal verbs of the Modern Germanic languages are morphologically defective, it is commonly assumed that preterite-present verbs of the old Germanic languages lost some of their morphological features in the process of turning into modal verbs. The semantic aspects of this process are rather obscure. All Germanic languages were losing some preterite-present verbs in the process of transformation from the Gothic language, which had fourteen preterite-present verbs. In OE there were twelve preterite-present verbs. Six of them survived in NE. The morphological description focuses on the finite and non-finite forms of the preterite-present verbs, which belong to the minor subgroup. The detailed description helps to see the origin and development of the minor subgroup in the new light. The description encompasses the data of classical Indo-European languages and Old Germanic languages. The authors emphasize the expediency of turning to the theory of preterite/strong verb origin, the verbs in question may be regarded as inter-group, hybrid units. In order to gain insight into the origin of the Germanic languages it is necessary to look into the history of the Gothic and West Germanic and North Germanic languages. The authors find it useful to compare common and different phenomena, highlighting individual specific processes taking place in the process of development of the Germanic languages. These languages are analyzed on different stages of their development, but inline with the view that the languages co-operated and coexisted in the same area. The data given in the article are used to analyze the problem implementing comparative grammar tools. The authors were particularly careful to take all grammatical forms into consideration while working with the lexical units from the ancient sources. Some additional information was taken from Greek, Latin and Sanskrit to produce reliable and consistent comparison of the German language with the rest of Indo-European languages.