Verbena Research Articles

FIRST REPORT OF PODOSPHAERA XANTHII CAUSING POWDERY MILDEW ON AGERATUM CONYZOIDES IN INDIA

During March and April 2015, powdery mildew symptoms were observed on A. conyzoides, a very common weed, along roadsides and in some agricultural fields of Satara District (M.S., India). Symptoms appeared as thin white patches on the stem and both leaf surfaces. Infected leaves were deformed and showed curled margins. Disease incidence was estimated to be 100%. Microscopical observations revealed nipple-shaped, solitary hyphal appressoria, erect conidiophores with cylindrical foot cells, 30-65×10-13 µm in size, sometimes slightly constricted at the basal septum or slightly swollen at the very base, followed by 1–4 shorter cells, forming long chains of ellipsoid-ovoid to doliiform conidia, 35-55 × 14-22 µm in size, bearing distinct fibrosin bodies. Germ tubes were short, lateral, simple to forked. Chasmothecia were absent. Based on these morphological characters, the pathogen was tentatively identified as Podosphaera xanthii (Braun and Cook 2012). A reference specimen (HAL-2924F) was deposited in the Geobotany Herbarium of Martin Luther University, Halle, Germany. To confirm the identity of the fungus, genomic DNA was extracted and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified by PCR and sequenced using the primers ITS5 and ITS4 (White et al., 1990). The resulting 257 bp sequence was deposited in GenBank (accession No. KX369237). BLAST analysis showed 99% identity with comparable sequences of P. xanthii from Verbena brasiliensis from Korea (KJ472787) and Xanthium strumarium from India (KX369236). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. xanthii on A. conyzoides in India. This weed may be acting as a source of inoculum for powdery mildew disease on different crops and plants of ornamental and horticultural importance.

Fusarium Solani causing lemon verbena root rot in Iran

Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) is a medicinal plant whose use and growing surface is increasing in Iran (Malekirad et al., 2011). Leaf chlorosis and necrosis associated with root rot symptoms were observed in the course of surveys in lemon verbena farms of Kerman province (southeast Iran) in November 2012. More than 45% of 140 randomly examined plants were symptomatic. Infected root tissues were surface-sterilized, cultured onto PDA and incubated at 25°C for a week. Cream-colored colonies developed, with thin-walled, hyaline, ovoid, 1-2 celled microconidia (7.1-15.6×2.1-4.7 μm). Macroconidia (30-62×4.1-5.8 μm) were 3-5 septate, thick walled, hyaline and slightly curved. Chlamydospores were rounded, thick-walled, single, double or several in chains. Based on the morphological features, the iso- lated fungi were identified as Fusarium solani (Leslie and Summerell, 2006). Pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed by inoculation of healthy roots. Amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA of a representative isolate using the universal pri- mers ITS1F and ITS4 resulted in a 531 bp product (GenBank accession No. KM229706) which showed 99% similarity with comparable F. solani sequences and clustered with other F. solani isolates in phylogenetic analysis. A preliminary report on the isolation and morpho- logical identification of F. solani from lemon verbena in Fars province (south of Iran) was previously published (Bagheri et al., 2014). This study confirms the presence and pathogenic- ity of F. solani in a wider range in lemon verbena farms in southern Iran and to our knowledge is the first molecularly-supported report of this fungal pathogen on lemon verbena in the world.

Ethanolic leaf extract of Verbena hastata produces antidiarrhoeal and gastrointestinal motility slowing effects in albino rats

The antidiarrhoeal effects of ethanol leaf extract of Verbena hastata were evaluated in rat .Studies were investigated on castor oil- induced diarrhoea and gastrointestinal motility activity in rat. The extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) elicited a greater anti-motility than 5 mg/kg atropine (P < 0.05) and significantly (P < 0.05) protected rats against castor oil- induced diarrhoea. The frequency of defaecation as well as the wetness of faecal droppings was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced. The oral LD50 of the extract was found to be greater than 5000mg/kg in mice. The result obtained shows that the ethanol leaf extract of V. hastata may contain some biologically active principles that are active against diarrhoea and this may be the basis for management of gastrointestinal disorders. Key words: Verbena hastate, anti-diarrhoeal, gastrointestinal tract, castor oil.

Chemical Constituents of Verbena bonariensis

Four known flavone glucuronides, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (8), apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (9), chrysoeriol-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (10) and hispidulin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (11), and seven known phenolic compounds (1-7) were isolated from the whole plant of Verbena bonariensis. The structures of all compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis.

The flavonoid chemosystematics of Egyptian Verbena species.

The flavonoid chemosystematics of Egyptian Verbena species.

Further Discoveries of Sand Verbena in Alberta

Further Discoveries of Sand Verbena in Alberta

INTOXICACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL EN TERNEROS HOLSTEIN CON &lt;i&gt;Ageratum houstonianum&lt;/i&gt; Mill (Celestina azul) Y &lt;i&gt;Lantana camara&lt;/i&gt; L. (Filigrana, Verbena Morada, Cinco negritos)

La fotosensibilización hepatógena se estudia por los servicios veterinarios desde el siglo pasado, estableciéndose una de las causales de ésta enfermedad la Lantana camara (verbena morada), donde los animales presentaban hemorragias y dermatitis, no reportándose la presencia de plantas fotosensibilizadoras, ni dermatitis ocasionada por otra causa según los resultados laboratoriales, sólo la evidencia del consumo junto al forraje de la planta Ageratum houstonianum Mill. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar algunos efectos tóxicos de las plantas A. houstonianum y L. camara en terneros y se realizó a partir de la formación de dos grupos de animales (terneros) intoxicados experimentalmente con A. houstonianum y L. camara basado en las regulaciones de bienestar animal para los casos estudiados. Se estudiaron aspectos relacionados con la triada, tiempo de sangramiento y de coagulación en los que hubo evidencias de alteración para los parámetros fisiológicos de la especie en los animales tratados. Los análisis estadísticos se basaron en t student y regresión lineal. Palabras clave: Plantas fotosensibilizantes, fotosensibilización, hemorragias, dermatitis, Intoxicación por plantasDOI: 10.5377/calera.v10i14.28

A Comparative Study of Sclerotium Rolfsii and Sclerotium Delphinii

(1931). A Comparative Study of Sclerotium Rolfsii and Sclerotium Delphinii. Mycologia: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 204-222.

Heralds crowned with vervain

Heralds crowned with vervain

Vervain against melancholy

Vervain against melancholy