Verbal Group Research Articles

Concurrent predictors of behavioral inflexibility in minimally verbal and verbal autistic children.

Behavioral inflexibility (BI) refers to the rigid and inflexible patterns of behaviors that are a core aspect of autism. Few studies have investigated BI in autism separately from other restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs). The present study used a relatively new measure, the behavioral inflexibility scale (BIS; Lecavalier, L., Bodfish, J., Harrop, C., Whitten, A., Jones, D., Pritchett, J., Faldowski, R., & Boyd, B. (2020). Autism Research, 13(3), 489-499), to examine the relationship of BI and variables that are both core symptoms in autism as well as symptoms associated with cooccurring mental health conditions, atypical sensory experiences, and adaptive functioning in a sample of 87 children with autism. Additionally, we aimed to understand how these relationships may be related to autistic individuals' verbal status: minimally verbal (MV) or verbal. Results revealed that anxiety, attention deficit/hyperactive, depressive, oppositional defiance problems, and sensory differences were all significantly correlated with BI in the MV group. In contrast, only anxiety, depressive, and oppositional defiance problems were significantly correlated with BI in the verbal group. Linear regression analyses showed that oppositional defiance problems and atypical sensory experiences explained a significant proportion of the variance of BI in the MV group, whereas only depressive problems were significant in the verbal group after accounting for other mental health conditions. Overall, our findings demonstrate that multiple aspects of psychopathology are significantly related to BI and can have broader implications for interventions and mental health care in autistic children.

A corpus-based study of live grammatical metaphor in English academic writing

ABSTRACT Nominalization is an important resource for creating grammatical metaphor (GM). Previous research shows that nominalization is characteristic of academic writing but does not demonstrate discipline sensitivity within the academic genre. The reason might be that some nominalizations have developed into dead GM. This study aims to identify nominalizations that create live GM and explore the discipline sensitivity of live GMs based on a corpus of academic article abstracts across three discipline groups. The findings indicate that a clause construes an event or a status, which is either conveyed by the verbal group or a nominal group functioning as a participant of the verbal group. Verb nominalizations construing events and adjective nominalizations construing statuses are the key factors in identifying live GM. Notably, nominalizations not cooccurring with verbalizations are not necessarily dead GMs. The corpus-based research shows that both verb and adjective nominalizations exhibit discipline sensitivity. Verb nominalizations are more prevalent in natural science texts, whereas adjective nominalizations are more prevalent in the humanities and social science texts. However, live GMs are not inherently discipline sensitive; rather, it is those GMs contributing to the lexical density of the text that are discipline sensitive.

Joint attention and maternal attention across varying dyadic interactions for autistic children

BackgroundJoint attention (JA) is an area of delay associated with autism. Individual differences in JA are shown to relate to language development. The present study examined JA initiations (IJA) and responses to JA (RJA) of autistic children in structured and unstructured contexts with their mothers to examine the relation between mother attention and JA. MethodForty-two autistic children (ages 2.5 to 5.5 years) and their mothers engaged in 15 m interactions in three social contexts (competing demands, teaching, free play). Children were categorized by language level into limited language (N = 20) and verbal (N = 21) groups based on ADOS-2 module to assess group and contextual differences. Contingency analyses assessed bi-directional temporal relations between observed child JA and mother attention in lagged intervals. ResultsRate of children’s IJA and maternal attention differed depending on the context of their interaction. Child IJA and mother attention showed a bi-directional temporally contingent association such that child IJA predicted subsequent maternal attention, and maternal attention predicted subsequent child IJA. RJA was unrelated to maternal attention in contingency analyses. Post-hoc analyses indicated a language level group by receptive communication, and group by expressive communication interaction on the contingency between child IJA and subsequent mother attention such that a stronger contingency emerged for dyads wherein children had limited language. ConclusionsThe present study illustrates the important role that children’s social communication behaviors may have within mother-child social interactions, and how children’s verbal ability, as well as the context of the social interaction may influence bi-directional social attention.

What is finiteness in Dagaare?

Abstract Although the notion of finiteness has been much debated from different theoretical perspectives, little is known beyond Indo-European languages. The present study examines finiteness in the Lobr dialect of Dagaare (Niger-Congo: Mabia) from a systemic functional typological point of view. The study contributes to debates on whether finiteness is a discrete system or a cline. The study first distinguishes between semantic and grammatical finiteness. The analysis then show that Dagaare has a grammaticalised binary system of finiteness in the verbal group, encoded by four kinds of finiteness markers: (i) tense-mood-polarity, (ii) modality, (iii) habitual tense, and (iv) remoteness particles. Also, the Dagaare verbal group embodies disassociated systems of tense, comprising futurity, habituality, and remoteness and choices from each of these systems result in multiple Finite elements in the verbal group. On the other hand, clausal finiteness in Dagaare is a semantic cline that depends on the system of freedom. Specifically, a clause is finite or less finite depending on whether it combines a finite verbal group with clause final negotiation or information focus. The article provides finer criteria for distinguishing between semantic and grammatical finiteness that can be used for the description and typology of finiteness across languages.

Exploring the Fictional World in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner: A Critical Stylistic Study

Critical stylistics is an interesting area that explores ideologies and social concepts, specifically in literary genres. Although critical stylistic studies are increasing, limited studies have explored social concepts in Romantic poetry. Hence, this qualitative study aimed at exploring the construction of the fictional world in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge employing Functional Grammar. The poem was analysed to highlight the linguistic elements that contribute to the construction of the fictional world by Coleridge. Nominal and verbal groups, word order, and deictic expressions were analysed within the framework of Critical Stylistics. The findings revealed that nouns and their descriptions are sometimes incompatible with the fictional world of Coleridge. Verbs are used to express the speaker's full control over the hearer and other characters in the poem. These linguistic phenomena were employed with varied frequencies. The findings of the study, firstly, extended the existing knowledge of the critical stylistic description of poetry, and secondly illustrated how the combination of linguistic elements could present new meanings.

Profiles of minimally verbal autistic children: Illuminating the neglected end of the spectrum.

Heterogeneity among individuals on the autism spectrum is widely acknowledged as a barrier to develop effective interventions. Overcoming this challenge requires characterization of individual differences, especially for children that are minimally verbal and often excluded from research studies. Most studies that describe autistic subgroups identify a single minimally verbal verbal group based on a single identifying measure (e.g., ADOS module one or single item indicating absence of phrase speech). Determining personalized courses of intervention requires a more detailed understanding since a single intervention will not be effective for all who are minimally verbal. The present study identified comprehensive profiles of cognitive, language, and social communication skills within a large, diverse, group of minimally verbal children with autism. The analysis combined baseline data from two studies to yield a sample of 344 participants, who were 3 to 8 years old at the time of study onset, with 60% who identified as having a race/ethnicity other than White. Via latent profile analysis (LPA), a three-group model was identified as best fit to the data. Profile identification was dependent on a participant's combination of cognitive, expressive, and social communication characteristics, rather than a single domain. One group (n = 206) had global delays, while the other two groups (n = 95 and n = 43) had variable strengths in cognition and communication. Findings suggest that low-frequency/minimally verbal communicators with autism have heterogeneous characteristics that can be systematically organized.

A CORPUS‐DRIVEN STUDY OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE SYNTACTIC COMBINATION STRENGTH AND THE SEMANTIC CONTRIBUTION IN THE ENGLISH “V‐TO‐V” CONSTRUCTION

AbstractThis paper conducted a corpus‐driven study on the syntactic and semantic features of the first verb and the to‐infinitive in the “V‐to‐V” construction. It was found that the syntactic combination strength of the “V‐to‐V” construction and the semantic contribution of the first verb are in general negatively correlated. The “V‐to‐V” construction can, therefore, be classified into three types: (1) Hypotactic clause complex of expansion, where the two verbs in the “V‐to‐V” construction construe the two processes, with weak syntactic combination and high semantic contribution of the first verb; (2) Single verbal group, where the two verbs construe one process with the first verb being auxiliary, with strong syntactic combination and low semantic contribution of the first verb; (3) Hypotactic clause complex of projection, where the two verbs construe two processes, with flexible syntactic combination and high semantic contribution of the first verb. Such correlation can thus form a cline from hypotactic clause complex of expansion through hypotactic clause complex of projection to single verbal groups.

Evaluation of parental anxiety following three methods of pre-anesthesia counseling: Video, brochure and verbal communication.

The purpose of this study is to provide comprehensive and efficient pre-anesthesia counseling (PAC) utilizing audiovisual aids and to examine their effect on parental anxiety. For this prospective, controlled study, 174 parents were recruited and randomized into three groups of 58 (Group A: video, Group B: brochure, and Group C: verbal). During pre-anesthesia counseling, the parent was provided with a detailed explanation of preoperative preparation, fasting instructions, transport to the operating room, induction, the emergence of anesthesia, and nursing in the post-anesthesia care unit based on their assigned group. We evaluated parental anxiety using Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory before and after the pre-anesthesia counseling. The results of our study show a statistically significant difference in the final mean STAI scores among the three groups (Group A: 34.69 ± 5.31, Group B: 36.34 ± 8.59, and Group C: 43.59 ± 3.39; p < .001). When compared to the brochure and verbal groups, the parents in the video group have the greatest difference in mean baseline and final Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores (12.207 ± 5.291, p .001). The results of our study suggest that pre-anesthesia counseling by video or a brochure before the day of surgery is associated with a higher reduction in parental anxiety when compared to verbal communication.

Expressive language variation, growth and predictors in Mandarin-exposed young children with autism spectrum disorder

Utilizing the Putonghua Communicative Development Inventory-Toddler Form, this longitudinal study assessed expressive language development (including lexicon, grammar, and decontextualized language) twice over a year’s span in two subgroups (high verbal, low verbal) of 77 2–6-year-old Mandarin-exposed children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Both subgroups showed the steeper increase of structural language (lexicon and grammar) vs. the flatter growth of decontextualized language. Moreover, children’s initial language skills (but not autism severity or language environment) predicted language outcomes one year later in both groups. The use of decontextualized language also predicted structural language development in the low verbal group. These findings confirmed the uneven expressive language growth across multiple language domains in subgroups of children with ASD and underscored the contribution of early language skills to their expressive language development. Moreover, the slow growth and significant predictivity of decontextualized language warrant targeted intervention in promoting children with ASD’s talk beyond the ‘here-and-now’ situation in communication.

Enhancing Translation Competence: Investigating Summarization Impact on English/French to Arabic Translation.

The training of oral and written summarization is embedded in Cognitive Apprenticeship Theory (CAT). This study examines how this form of intervention can improve the long-term reading comprehension skills of students at the Intermediate level; under a program to train translators in English/French into Arabic. It assesses the effectiveness of individual learning and cooperative study methods. One group was given personalized learning, another collaborative; both were split further into spoken and written groups. The 120 students in this cohort all came from the translation studies department at Al-Noor University College (all under age 23). During the six sessions, a delayed post-test used summarization and cooperation scales. The results obtained from one-way ANOVA clarify the impact of summarization training, with verbal groups performing better than written and control learning. In the delayed post-test, groups engaged in collaborative learning notably improved. According to survey results, questions about teacher and student feedback offer mainly positive evaluations of summarization strategies and collaborative learning in translation studies. This study stresses the advanced reading skills in translation studies students gained through summarization training or collaborative learning. This study investigates if there are significant differences in the delayed improvement of reading skills among Translation Department students due to different patterns of summarization training, individually and collaboratively. It also investigates whether there is a significant difference in the delayed effects on reading skills between collaborative and individual approaches, as well as summarizing strategies perception among teachers and students working in Translation Departments

Structural and stylistic features of german phraseological units with a coloronym component

The article presents an analysis of the structural and stylistic features of German phraseological units with a coloronym component and considers the peculiarities of the relations between the components of these constructions. The point of view established in linguistics is that stable phrases with adjectives expressing basic color concepts are phraseological units. The author identifies and structures nominal and verbal groups of phraseological units with a coloronym component, presents an analysis of the relationship between the components of stable phrases containing a color designation. It was found that the functions of classification and amplification stand out as the main functions of coloronym adjectives within a stable phrase. The theoretical and practical significance of the study consists in substantiating the originality of structural and stylistic features of German phraseological units with coloronym adjectives, which is due to the degree of cohesion and the nature of rethinking the components of the structure. The possibility of using an adjective as a semantically pivotal word in a stable phrase is proved.

Risk Factors for Urinary Tract Infections in Children with Hematuria in the Emergency Department.

Hematuria is a worrisome symptom in children and is sometimes associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs). This study aimed to identify useful clinical factors that can predict UTIs in hematuria patients without pyuria in the pediatric emergency department (ED). We retrospectively recruited patients with hematuria from the pediatric ED. Clinical symptoms, urine biochemistry and microscopic examination results, and blood laboratory tests were analyzed to identify the predictors of UTIs. Patients were divided into the verbal group (age ≥ 2 years) and non-verbal group (age < 2 years) for identifying predictors of UTIs. Causes of hematuria were also investigated. A total of 161 patients with hematuria without pyuria were evaluated. Among symptoms, dysuria was significantly correlated with UTIs. Regarding urine biochemistry data, urine esterase and urine protein > 30 mg/dl were found to be significant parameters for predicting UTIs, while urine esterase and urine nitrite showed significant differences in children with age < 2 years. In the urine microscopic examinations, urine red blood cells (RBC) > 373/µL in children aged ≥ 2 years and urine RBC > 8/µL in children aged < 2 years were associated with UTIs. In addition, UTIs and urinary tract stones were found to be the top two causes of hematuria. Dysuria, urine esterase, urine nitrite, and urine protein may be useful parameters for predicting UTIs in pediatric patients with hematuria but no pyuria in the ED. In addition, a UTI was the most commonly identified etiology of hematuria without pyuria, followed by urinary tract stones.

Predicting Communication Skills Outcomes for Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Following Early Intervention.

This study aims to assess changes in the receptive and expressive language skills and to determine if the baseline characteristics such as communication, cognitive and motor skills, predict outcomes in preschool children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) following early intervention. We recruited 64 children participating in the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) early intervention program at an Autism Specific Early Learning and Care Center (ASELCC) in Australia. Baseline characteristics across various developmental domains was measured using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL), Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales, 2nd Edition (VABS-II), and the ESDM Curriculum Checklist. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the effects of the intervention on outcomes. Fixed-effects such as time, groups (verbal and minimally verbal), and time-by-group interactions were assessed whilst adjusting for covariates. Further, multiple linear regression models were used to determine if the baseline characteristics were significant predictors of the outcomes following the early intervention. Among the 64 children who participated in this study, 38 children were verbal, whereas 26 were deemed to have minimal verbal skills. The mean age of the sample was 4.1 years with a significant male predilection (83%) and from a culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) background (64%). Findings of the linear mixed effects model showed significant within and between group differences in the ESDM subscales, indicating higher magnitude of changes in the verbal group compared to the minimally verbal group. Finally, the multiple linear regression models suggested that baseline MSEL visual reception and expressive language scores were predictive of changes in the ESDM receptive and expressive communication scores. Understanding a child's baseline skill levels may provide valuable clues regarding what interventions would work best, or which interventions may be less suitable for individual preschool-aged children with ASD.

The acquisition of infinitive and gerund as complements in ESL by Mexican undergraduates

Metalinguistic awareness has been assessed primarily throughout metalinguistic knowledge and grammaticality judgment tests. Then, very limited research has been conducted on the attempt to understand how metalinguistic awareness may be developed among adolescents or young adults in verbal group reflection tasks. The present study aims to explore the performance of university students when they reflect on gerund and infinitive complements in English as L2 while they complete consciousness-raising grammar tasks with the intention to develop their metalinguistic awareness. The study links a sociocultural framework with semi-structured stimulated recall interviews on the development of metalinguistic awareness, as both help participants reflect on usage patterns and generalizations of underlying linguistic structures through verbal interaction. The evaluated data consisted of the scores of each task and the speech analysis of the participants. The results reveal that having students identify the underlying rules of gerund and infinitive complements will indirectly contribute to their acquisition. The conclusions pointed to students paying attention to specific features of the language to be fully aware of the form of the linguistic patterns.

The Comparison of Anxiety Tactile Using the RMS Tactile Scan in Visually Impaired Children After Performing Oral Prophylaxis by Explaining to Them the Procedure by Verbal Tactile Method.

Dental anxiety assessment for blind children is important. Appropriate knowledge of the patient's anxiety will help to review management options specific to every child. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anxiety level using the Raghavendra, Madhuri, Sujata (RMS) tactile scale (RMS-TS) of visually impaired children after explaining the oral prophylaxis procedure verbally and by the verbal-tactile method followed by performing the oral prophylaxis procedure. A total of 30 children aged between 6 and 13 years were included in this study from a residential school for visually impaired children. These children were divided into two equal groups. One group was explained oral prophylaxis by verbal method and another was explained in a verbal-tactile method, preintervention and postintervention anxiety of the children was checked on the RMS-TS. A comparison of mean values between the two groups was done using a t-test. Comparison of mean values in each group for before and after values were done using paired t-test and was found that anxiety had reduced in the verbal-tactile group more significantly than that of the verbal group. The study shows that the combination of verbal and tactile models for explaining the dental procedure is an effective way to reduce anxiety in blind children. Kumbar S, Rathod SA, Patil AT, et al. The Comparison of Anxiety Tactile Using the RMS Tactile Scan in Visually Impaired Children After Performing Oral Prophylaxis by Explaining to Them the Procedure by Verbal Tactile Method. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(4):551-554.

Sesotho ideophones as personal names: A systemic functional linguistics approach

This article explores Sesotho ideophones as personal names. These ideophones are described with a systemic functional linguistics (SFL) theory framework as they were awarded as enacted messages that explicate social functions. The study is a further alleviation of the problem of complacency of taking personal names for granted, a problem facing Sesotho speakers, unaware that these names arise from their daily discourse and have social functions. It is a qualitative study and data was collected from academic institutions – their enrolment, pass and graduation lists – and from radio and TV broadcasts, telephone directories, neighbours and many other sources. The aim is to establish that Sesotho ideophones deployed as onomastics reflect as the context of reference, the semiotic view that Basotho functionally capture their socio-cultural context to portray their experiences and views. The names employ various linguistic qualities to display the interpersonal ‘social fabric’ among speakers. Their application displays the name givers skill to realise an ideophone as a permanent onomastic inscription that reveals the name givers’ modality or evaluation of a birth context. It is concluded that these ideophones significantly illuminate the aspired form-meaning description of functional Sesotho normally overlooked by Sesotho grammarians. The study finds that a ideophone-onomastic feature supersedes the verb quality of ideophones and makes the verbal group and the nominal group interrelate. Further, it magnifies SFL in the description of Sesotho grammar and strengthens that Sesotho names are context-based texts. Further research could establish the real contexts that describe these ideophone choices as personal names. This study has implications for linguistics, language education, media and advertising and applied linguistics.

Comparing physical activity prescription with verbal advice for general practice patients with cardiovascular risk factors: results from the PEPPER randomised controlled trial

BackgroundRegular physical activity improves health and quality of life for people with cardiovascular risk factors. However, few studies have demonstrated the applicability of strategies in health care to promote physical activity.ObjectiveTo evaluate if a written physical activity prescription combined with pedometer increases physical activity over one year compared with verbal advice in patients with cardiovascular disease risk in primary care.MethodsThe randomised-controlled, interventional, 12-month PEPPER study recruited patients aged 35 to 74 years, having quarterly followed-ups for hypertension, dyslipidaemia, or diabetes, and judged insufficiently active. Seventeen practices randomised patients into either the experimental group, who received a written, personalised prescription for daily step numbers, pedometer and logbook, or control group, who received verbal advice to do at least 15 min of rapid walking or equivalent daily. The primary outcome was the change in total weekly energy expenditure measured using an accelerometer at 3 months. The secondary outcomes were changes in step count, physical activity levels, quality of life, perceived obstacles to physical activity, and biomedical indicators at 3 and 12 months.ResultsOne hundred and twenty-one participants were randomised. Although, weekly energy expenditure did not differ between the prescription and verbal instruction group, the estimated time spent doing moderate-intensity activity was significantly higher in the prescription group than the verbal group by an average of four minutes/week (p = 0.018)(95% CI [0.7 – 7.4]) reaching 48 min after 12 months (95% CI: 8 – 89). Similarly, this was associated with a clinically, higher average step number of 5256 steps/week increase over a year (95% CI: 660 – 9852). Among the most sedentary subgroup, walking less than 5000 steps/day at baseline, an 8868 steps/week (95% CI [2988 – 14700]) increase was observed in the prescription group.ConclusionPrescribing physical activity did not significantly modify total weekly energy expenditure, but slightly increased moderate-intensity activity duration and step counts, particularly among the most sedentary participants. Prescribing personalised physical activity goals encourages sedentary patients to engage in physical activity.Trial registrationThe PEPPER trial is registered in the US National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Registry under number NCT02317003 (15/12/2014).

Verbs psicològics transitius amb subjecte experimentador

The article describes the behaviour of emotional psychological verbs in Catalan such as lamentar ‘to regret’ or odiar ‘to hate’, which participate in transitive sentences with an experiencer subject (SubjExp verbs). Like other sentences with emotional verbs, they have two characteristics: constraint of postverbal bare noun phrases and construction with a subordinate clause in subjunctive. These are features that differentiate them from other non-emotive psychological predicates and that determine which meanings of the verb behave as SubjExp. Within the verbal group, there are specific behaviours of predicates that admit an accusative object of personal reference (SubjExp(+pers) verbs such as odiar ‘to hate’) and those that do not admit them (SubjExp(–pers) verbs such as lamentar ‘to regret’). Some verbs, such as admirar ‘to admire’ or menysprear ‘to despise’, may have another lexical meaning that allows them to express a change of state in the experiencer, such as a patient, and to be part of a group of emotional psychological verbs other than SubjExp.

Language and Democracy in Nigeria: A Stylistic Study of Late President Umar Musa Yar’adua’s Inaugural Speech of May 29, 2007

Language is central to the activities of politics as it is employed by politicians throughout the world to gain, use, delegate and retain power. In the inauguration of a new president, a requisite component of the rites is the delivery of address marking the formal beginning of a new government. Traditionally, it is a speech marked by its persuasive and commission orientations besides its request for solidarity. This paper attempts a stylistic analysis of President Musa Yar’adua’s inaugural speech of May 29, 2007 for its peculiar appeal at the time of delivery and the trust it gained though the speaker died during his tenure of office. The analysis covers the various levels of stylistic description to establish the choices that account for the effectiveness of the address. It finds that the speech is typical in its promise of good leadership and appeal for support. It identifies the devices of style in the speech to include purposeful capitalization, sustained rhythmic flow, complex verbal group, flexible sentence types, apt lexical and syntactic choices, dislocation and vocative. The paper concludes that the unity of purpose which characterizes the address is a product of the apt choices made and its overall quality is marked by tactfulness. It thus recommends that the kind of felicitous oratorical techniques used in the speech translates to administrative ingenuity needed for salvaging Nigeria from poverty, political cabals, disease and underdevelopment by Nigerian presidents henceforth.

Comparison of the effect of audiovisual and verbal instructions on patient performance while performing automated Humphrey visual field testing.

To compare the effect of audiovisual and verbal instructions on patient performance while performing automated Humphrey visual field testing. This was a prospective study. A total 120 patients divided into groups of 40 each were recruited from the glaucoma outpatient department (OPD). All patients were aged 35-75 years with no previous experience of performing HFA. Patients with hearing impairment, any other cognitive impairment, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≤6/36 on Snellen's visual acuity were excluded. The first two groups were given strict (conservative) and lenient (liberal) verbal instructions. The instructions were adapted from those listed in the manufacturer's instruction. and the third group was shown a standard video depicting in detail how perimetry was to be performed. A questionnaire was given to each patient before and after the test to assess the patient's performance. Patients diagnosed with glaucoma during testing in each group were 29 (72.50%), 30 (75.0%), and 33 (82.5%) in the video instructed, strictly verbal, and leniently verbal groups, respectively. The overall mean deviation (MD) in the right eye (RE) was of - 3.38 (-4.9 to 1.9) and in the left eye (LE) was - 3.96 (-6.4 to - 1.9). Reliable field was slightly higher for the video instructed group (47.5%) and lowest for the strictly verbal group (22.5%) (P = 0.033). A higher number of patients were very motivated in the video instructed group (27%) (P = 0.041). Post-test questionnaires showed that 40% of patients felt they have performed the test with 100% accuracy in video group with less guessing. A higher number of patients in the video instructed group (85%) felt instruction was helpful in performing the test (P = 0.001). The video groups were more motivated and had better confidence to perform the test with less anxiety and stress and with probably better understanding of the procedure due to visual effects enhancing their understanding.