Verb Forms Research Articles

Linguistic choices in mindfulness training: A corpus-cognitive stylistic analysis of guided meditation on the Headspace app

Abstract The concept of ‘mindfulness’ is widely discussed in relation to wellbeing and mental health. While extensive research in psychology has explored the benefits of mindfulness in treating various psychological conditions, little research has examined the language used to teach it. This article analyses linguistic choices in an introductory course on mindfulness meditation on the Headspace app. Twenty recorded sessions of guided mindfulness meditation are analysed using corpus methods in Wmatrix5. Keyword analysis reveals distinctive features of the tutors’ language on this course, including lexical choices identified as ‘Mindfulness Language’ in previous studies. Applying Cognitive Grammar as a framework for qualitative analysis, I identify a distinctive ‘construal’ and ‘grounding’ of experience through recurrent grammatical choices, including profiling of mental and physical processes using the ‘ing’ verb form, modification of processes using the adverb ‘just’, reference to parts of the listener using ‘the’, and the instantiation of specific conceptual metaphors. I argue that principles of mindfulness are ‘embodied’ by tutors through these linguistic choices, which may cumulatively train listeners to attend to their experiences in similar ways.

Whole-Body Listening

Listening is a skill that serves as the foundation for all good communication. One of the most common scenarios encountered in child and adolescent psychiatry is one where a child verbalizes that their parent doesn’t listen, while the parent insists that they do. Whole-body listening is a framework that can be implemented by parents to engage in effective communication with their kids. Listening with the ears and eyes involves the utilization of verbal and nonverbal forms of communication. Listening with the heart involves showing compassion, while listening with the brain requires reading between the lines and understanding implied messages. Listening with the mouth involves reflective listening through speech to acknowledge a child’s point and provide validation and empathy. Finally, listening with the hands and feet involves following up words with actions. Each component of whole-body listening builds a tangible framework for children to identify elements of listening that parents might not execute well, and for parents to use to reflect and improve their listening with an end goal of prioritizing empathy over compliance and agreement.

Reduplication; Noun Formation Pattern in Ternate Language a Morphophonemic Study

The Ternate language is one of the non-Austronesian languages which has several unique characteristics, including the form of prefixes and possessive verbs that can only be differentiated based on the context of speech and the absence of inflexion. It will produce or find a pattern of rules from the formation of nouns in the Ternate language. Data were analyzed morphophonemically using structural theory to find out the forms of nouns in Ternate and the process of their formation The main aim of this research is to find rules for noun formation, and patterns in the Ternate language. The method in this research is descriptive qualitative with observation and interview data collection techniques as well as literature study as data sources. Meanwhile, data analysis was carried out through the identification and classification stages as well as analysis of the formation process as nouns. In conclusion that nouns are formed from verb and adjective classes by repeating and adding phonemes; these nouns have the meanings of actor, tool, place/locative, possession, rather, and abstract.

The Genius of the Classical Irish Grammarian: The Case of the Unique Finite Verbal Form Beith 'May Be' and the History of the Conjunction Cía 'Though, If, That' From Old to Early Modern Irish

This paper shows that the finite verbal form beith is unique for a variety of different reasons in Early and Early Modern Irish. It also argues that the history of the conjunction cía ‘although’ from Old to Modern Irish has been misunderstood, and that a correct understanding of it is at the core of statements in the grammatical and syntactical tracts.

Emerging Roots: Investigating Early Access to Meaning in Maltese Auditory Word Recognition.

In Semitic languages, the consonantal root is central to morphology, linking form and meaning. While psycholinguistic studies highlight its importance in language processing, the role of meaning in early lexical access and its representation remain unclear. This study investigates when meaning becomes accessible during the processing of Maltese verb forms, using a computational model based on the Discriminative Lexicon framework. Our model effectively comprehends and produces Maltese verbs, while also predicting response times in a masked auditory priming experiment. Results show that meaning is accessible early in lexical access and becomes more prominent after the target word is fully processed. This suggests that semantic information plays a critical role from the initial stages of lexical access, refining our understanding of real-time language comprehension. Our findings contribute to theories of lexical access and offer valuable insights for designing priming studies in psycholinguistics. Additionally, this study demonstrates the potential of computational models in investigating the relationship between form and meaning in languageprocessing.

Double-finite Serial Verbs in Sanskrit and later Indo-Aryan

Abstract Steever (1988. The serial verb formation in the Dravidian languages. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass) introduced to South Asian linguistics the notion “Serial Verb” – a Dravidian construction in which two morphologically finite verbs agree in person and number features in the same sentence. I show that similar “double-finite” structures are found in Sanskrit/Indo-Aryan, although details differ. One double-finite construction, inherited from Proto-Indo-European, does not seem to have continued in the post-Vedic language, but others do, and similar structures occur in Modern Indo-Aryan languages. While the historical developments are relatively clear for early Indo-Aryan, from Vedic down to Pāli, there are questions about whether the double-finite constructions of Modern Indo-Aryan are inherited , since comparable structures have not been noted in late Middle Indo-Aryan Apabhraṁśa, the near-ancestor of (peninsular) Modern Indo-Aryan. In the conclusion I discuss alternatives to Modern Indo-Aryan inheritance, including areal and typological factors and the proposal by Milizia (2018. Sul presente neoindoarico a doppio verbo finito. Atti del Sodalizio Glottologico Milanese 12(n.s.). 93–111) that the perhaps most widespread Modern Indo-Aryan double-finite construction results from analogical developments. (Unfortunately, the latter proposal does not account for the other Modern Indo-Aryan double-finite constructions.)

The verb ʔadʒa ‘come’ in Jordanian Arabic: three levels of grammaticalization

This paper investigates the grammaticalization of the verb ʔadʒa ‘come’ in Jordanian Arabic. The study argues that the verb has been grammaticalized into three meanings that constitute three levels on the grammaticalization pathway. These three meanings coexist i.e. are not considered three diachronic stages. The first meaning is to introduce a purpose clause; it is the least grammaticalized since the core lexical meaning of the verb is still apparent. The second meaning that the verb ‘come’ is grammaticalized into is intention; it is more advanced since the core lexical meaning is completely absent. The third meaning the verb come is grammaticalized into is prediction. It can be considered the most advanced since the verb come is used as a preposition meaning ‘around’. Finally, the paper provides several tests to differentiate the lexical verb from the grammaticalized forms including: the types of complements the lexical verb and gramaticalized forms require, the logical completions of the sentences, negation, and elliptical answers for yes/no questions. All of these tests show that the lexical verb and the grammaticalized forms do not require the same complements, are negated differently, and are asked about in yes/ no questions in a different manner.

Средства выражения итеративной неоднократности с семантикой «цикличность» в произведении «Темные аллеи» И. А. Бунина

The aim of the research is to identify the specifics of the functioning of iterative repetition with the semantics of cyclicity in the individual style of I. A. Bunin. The article considers iterative repetition as a functional grammatical category that constitutes the functional-semantic field of aspectuality; details the ways of expressing iterative repetition in a literary text at the lexical, morphological and syntactic levels; creates a semantic model of iterative repetition with the meaning of cyclicity in the work ‘Dark Alleys’ by I. A. Bunin. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the category of iteration is considered in I. A. Bunin’s work from the point of view of the functional approach. The iterative meaning is studied taking into account not only the paradigmatics, but also the syntagmatics of verb forms. As a result, it has been found that the category of iterative repetition in the work of I. A. Bunin is presented as a complex and branched system of multi-level linguistic means. It has been revealed that the category of iterative repetition as an expressive means is actively used in Bunin’s texts when describing everyday habits, lifestyle and activities of characters. It has also been determined that the semantic meaning of iterativity is combined with other components of the functional-semantic field of aspectuality: duration, phase and statality.

Written Narrative in Patients with Different Mental Disorders

Language disorders are criteria of psychopathology diagnostics listed both in the 10th revision of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) and the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). However, structure and grammar remain understudied in this aspect, which makes structural analysis a relevant research topic. A structural analysis of written narrative may objectivize particular language disorders, thus facilitating psychodiagnostics of different mental disorders. The research objective was to describe the structural features of written narratives obtained from 127 patients with schizophrenic, bipolar, and personality disorders. The narratives were subjected to structural and statistical analyses. Schizophrenic narratives demonstrated a poor vocabulary, a low volume, and a high degree of formality with a passive narrator. Bipolar texts tended to be long, detailed, egocentric, and active, with multiple participles. Patients with personality disorders emotionally relived their memories, producing reflective written narratives with a lot of actors. The final list of written speech indicators to be used to distinguish between schizophrenic, bipolar, and personality disorders included such variables as text volume, verb tense, non-finite verb forms, first-person singular pronoun, number of actors, passive / active narrator, and laconic / detailed narration.

Comparative analysis of English and American humor in literary discourse

The article studies humor as a type of comic in the literary discourse. The composition of the traditional comic variety paradigm is determined, including humor, irony, satire, and sarcasm. The leading techniques and linguistic/speech means of representing and enhancing the comic effect in the literary discourse are described. The essentials of their complex description are considered. The concept of humor is analyzed as a linguistic and sociocultural phenomenon in the literary discourse. Attention is focused on investigating the peculiarities of British and American humor. The authors trace the differences between English and American humor in domestic and foreign linguistic and literary sources. The peculiarities of the linguistic criterion itself are revealed, which is essential in linguists' identification and study of humor as a kind of comic. The leading classifications of verbal means, forms, and techniques of humorous wit in the literary discourse are highlighted. Humor among the English tends to manifest itself mainly in times of personal hardship and to be largely self-directed. The most crucial feature of American humor is slang, which is peculiar only to Americans.

Commentary on “Embodiment Consciousness in Music Performance Pedagogy” by Alves and Nogueira

This commentary on Alves and Nogueira (2024) proposes a potential approach to compare expert and non-expert music teachers’ use of embodied teaching strategies in one-to-one lessons with advanced performance students. The approach is hypothesis-driven, and builds on Alves and Nogueira’s theoretical framework of expert competency domains, as well as empirical studies of musical communication and one-to-one teaching strategies. It is argued that a comprehensive definition of embodied teaching strategies should be conceptualized in terms of the quality of teacher–student interactions and the measurable outcomes of those interactions, and that it should account for the wide range of verbal and non-verbal forms of embodied musical communication that arise.

Preferences for Competing Temporal Forms in Subordinate Clauses in Contemporary Bulgarian. An Analysis of Survey Data

This study presents and discusses the results of a non-representative survey conducted with 3166 Вulgarian native speakers, investigating respondents’ preferences for competing temporal forms of verbs in different types of subordinate clauses, when the context expresses temporal features that the verb in the subordinate clause should carry. The hypothesis tested includes the expectation that both when choosing from suggested competing verb forms in the subordinate clause and in independently creating forms, respondents would prefer a less marked verb form, replacing the marked one due to syntagmatic (contextual) neutralization of one or more temporal oppositions. However, when choosing from suggested competing forms, it is possible, though not predominantly, for some respondents to opt for a more marked verb form.

SCl enclisis in North Italian and Rhaeto-Romance varieties: merge and phases

In many Romance varieties the inverted order between subject clitic and verb characterizes interrogation contexts and, in Rhaeto-Romance languages, V2 contexts. This phenomenon gives rise to paradigms whereby in interrogative and V2 contexts the verb is followed by the enclitic form of the SCl, possibly also in combination with the proclitic subject. The enclisis on the verbal form has been dealt with as the result of the movement of the verb, typically in cartographic approaches, whereby the enclitic subject has been seen as the inverted proclitic form. Nevertheless, enclitics usually show a partially different form. Other authors deal with enclitics as inflections, whereby North Italy and Rhaeto-Romance varieties have an inflectional paradigm specialized for modal contexts such as interrogative clauses. V2 varieties with inversion contribute to suggesting a clearer and more complete explanation of this phenomenon. In this article we will motivate the inflectional nature of enclitics based on their distribution and in the light of the hypothesis that it is the result of syntactic Merge. As for inversion, we will propose a hypothesis based on the phasal organization of the clause and the domains of subject-verb agreement.

Translation of English Instructive Images of COVID-19 in Social Media into Arabic: A Semiotic Study

This study investigates the intersemiotic translation process of specific images used to instruct people concerning COVID-19 disease that are posted on different social media. It also attempts to identify translation strategies employed by translators to convey the meaning from one non-verbal form into an Arabic verbal form. This study depends on a multimodal perspective that combines comprehending the connotative meaning of the image and analyzing it into a different verbal expressive form. It is hypothesized that translators are aware of the translation strategy through which the expression of an image is communicated successfully into Arabic verbal expressions. Translators employ Stetting's strategies that are restricted to media translation and journalistic translation, which is used for transferring the meaning of different forms of media. Five translators participated in this study to translate eight images into Arabic. This study concludes that a sign's detonative and connotative meanings are rendered, whether positively or negatively, to transfer the meaning, whether directly or indirectly.

Analysis on the Writing Errors of Grade 6 Students: Basis for Instructional Material Development

The ability of students to express themselves through writing is not just a reflection of their linguistic prowess but also a determinant of their academic and future career success. The purpose of this study is to conduct an analysis on the writing errors of Grade 6 students of Paciencia Elementary School, Loreto, Agusan Del Sur. The findings would be used as the basis for instructional material development and to recommend emphasizing teaching integration of the identified errors. The dominant errors were related to punctuation, capitalization, and incorrect verb forms, indicating a significant need for focused instruction in these areas to improve pupils' writing proficiency. In response to these findings, the study suggests developing targeted instructional materials that include structured lessons and practice exercises focusing on the most common errors. These resources should be integrated into the curriculum. Recommendations from the study emphasize the roles of various stakeholders in improving writing skills among pupils. Teachers should implement targeted instructional materials and attend professional development workshops. The school administration should support the integration of these materials and fund workshops while regularly assessing pupils' grammar skills. Pupils should engage actively in grammar lessons and seek feedback, and parents should encourage and support their children in practicing grammar skills at home. Policymakers and curriculum developers should incorporate the study's findings into national curriculum standards and allocate resources to support these initiatives. Future research should explore additional factors affecting grammar skills and the long-term impact of targeted instruction on overall academic performance.

Verb Form Recognition and Error Detection in English Articles Using Long Short-Term Memory and Grammar Checks

Error checking of verb forms in English articles is beneficial for learning English and improving the fluency of English texts. In this study, long shortterm memory (LSTM) was used to recognize the types of errors in verb forms. To maximize the utilization of textual context information, a bidirectional LSTM algorithm was employed. Simulation experiments were then conducted, and the algorithm was evaluated against the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm and the grammar rules-based algorithm. The bidirectional LSTM method demonstrated higher accuracy in recognizing the parts of speech of words and the types of verb form errors in the text. Additionally, the accuracy was more stable when faced with different types of verb form errors.

Creativity, paradigms and morphological constructions: evidence from Dutch pseudoparticiples

Abstract Pseudoparticiples follow phonotactic, morphological, and syntactic rules for regular participles, but they are special in that they lack corresponding verbal forms. This article offers a constructionist account of two types of pseudoparticiples in Dutch, i.e., those with a nominal base and the prefix ont- or be-, e.g., ontkoeid ‘de-cowed’ or bedauwd ‘bedewed’. Their properties raise interesting questions regarding the nature of morphological creativity, back-formation, and the establishment of new schemas or paradigms. Using data from the nlTenTen14 corpus, we consider constraints on the formation of verbal paradigms from such pseudoparticiples, and what this tells us about the nature of morphological creativity. Our corpus data suggest substantial differences between be- and ont-pseudoparticiples in terms of frequency distributions, productivity, and syntactic behavior. Drawing on concepts from cognitive linguistics generally and Construction Morphology in particular, this article addresses the usefulness of the distinction between full and partial sanction as a means to explain the variation (i) within the pseudoparticiple sets and (ii) between regular and pseudoparticiples. We also suggest some revisions to the notions of E- and F-creativity to account for differences between the be- and ont- sets.

Structural forms of denominative verbs and deverbalization tendencies in the southern sub-dialects

Structural forms of denominative verbs and deverbalization tendencies in the southern sub-dialects

Kur’an’da İzzet Kavramının Anlam Derinlikleri ve Bağlamsal Kullanımları

The concept of izzet in the Qur'an is addressed in both positive and negative contexts, encompassing two main meanings. The first refers to the exalted and true izzet attributed to Allah, His Messenger, and the believers; the second refers to the condemned false izzet associated with disbelievers, hypocrites, and polytheists. The term izzet appears in eleven instances in the Qur'an and, including its related verbal and nominal forms, occurs in a total of 110 verses. Among these, the attribute "Aziz" is mentioned in 99 verses, denoting Allah’s majesty and His supremacy over all things. In a few verses, izzet is also used in the sense of condemned arrogance and pride associated with disbelievers. This article aims to analyze the different meanings of the concept of izzet as it appears in the Qur'an, exploring both its linguistic and terminological definitions. It examines izzet’s etymological roots, its usage in classical Arabic dictionaries, and how it conveys different meanings depending on the context of the Qur'anic verses. Additionally, the study highlights the distinction between the positive izzet attributed to Allah, His Messenger, and the believers, and the negative izzetassociated with the arrogance and stubbornness of disbelievers and hypocrites. For believers, izzet is seen as a high moral quality, symbolizing loyalty and submission to Allah. Conversely, when izzet is combined with arrogance and pride, it becomes a condemned trait in the Qur'an. This study aims to elucidate the depth and breadth of the concept of izzet within the Qur'anic context, providing insight into how believers should properly understand and embody this concept. Key Words: Tafsir, Quran, Quranic Concepts, Praised Honor, Blamed Honor

Voice, impersonal construction, and zero lexeme: formalization of crucial notions

Abstract The paper considers a relatively rare verbal syntactic construction found in East Sakhalin Ainu and in Lingala: an active form of a transitive verb governs simultaneously a direct object and an agentive complement, has no overt syntactic subject and is in the 3rd person plural. In order to characterize this verb form, three sets of formal linguistic notions are introduced and described: voice (with a calculus of logically possible voice grammemes), impersonal construction, and zero lexeme; many illustrations come from Lingala and Kinyarwanda, as well as several other languages. The verb forms under analysis are shown to be the partial demotional passive.