Verbal Clauses Research Articles

Syntax in transition

This paper is an investigation of a language contact phenomenon currently taking place in Aanaar (Inari) Saami, an indigenous minority language of Finland. Aanaar Saami people have been in contact with Finnish speakers for centuries, so much so that the language community has become bilingual. This has resulted in the borrowing of both numerous Finnish loanwords and even some syntactic constructions into Aanaar Saami and seems to herald a larger change in the language. The present study focuses on a type of syntactic change called differential argument marking, which is examined in three Aanaar Saami clause types: transitive clauses, existential clauses, and passive verb clauses. Finnish exhibits complex argument marking, characterized by a total–partial distinction, whereas traditional Aanaar Saami does not have differential argument marking in subjects or objects. However, new Aanaar Saami shows multiple emergent types of differential argument marking that vary between individual speakers and, while clearly influenced by Finnish, do not always mirror their Finnish equivalents one-to-one. This, and the observation that differential argument marking is non-existent in older language materials, suggests that the phenomenon is recentFinnish influence.

Presentation of Racial Discrimination: A Transitivity Analysis of Meghan Markle’s Interview at The Oprah Winfrey Show

The transitivity analysis of Meghan Markle’s interview at “The Oprah Winfrey Show” has been carried out to see how the experience of racial discrimination has been presented in language. It is descriptive-qualitative research where Hallidayan Transitivity Model, from SFG, has been employed to explore the meanings construed in utterances. SFG looks at the functions of language and transitivity deals with experiences narrated and conveyed through language. The analysis of the data reveals that the utterances construe an experience of racism as Meghan had a Black American identity. Her unborn child was mocked for his/her complexion, and was denied security, title, and an equal status in the Royal family. She also experienced bullying at the international level through international media and had to leave the UK. The most dominant processes found through the analysis are mental and verbal processes. The mental processes show that she understood, perceived, and therefore got affected by racism. The verbal clauses show that she was bullied, verbally, and questioned by the family. While the material and behavioural processes show her effective response towards racism and discrimination based on that racism, while the relational clauses identify it. The language is highly objective since circumstances are used thereby bringing validity and detail to her experiences.

Comparative Analysis of Stylistic, Lexical and Grammatical Features of English and Russian Technical Texts

Translation of scientific and technical literature has always been recognized as a highly challenging job. On the one hand, for making a competent translation, a person who is going to do it should have knowledge in the relevant field, and on the other hand, he or she should be familiar with the features of the scientific style and the lexical and grammatical components, which are different in different languages. The aim of this study was to generalize the stylistic, lexical and grammatical features of a scientific and technical text taking the English and Russian languages as an example. The generally adopted structure of technical texts is analyzed, and a collection of the most frequently encountered phrases and expressions for particular sections of the text both in Russian and English is given. Scientific texts are considered from the syntactic, grammatical and lexical points of view. It has been concluded that from the syntax point of view, the sentences are mostly complex in nature and contain subordinate constructions and verbal clauses. Signs of compression are often encountered, which are expressed by impersonal sentences in Russian and elliptical constructions in English. The predominance of passive constructions in both languages is noted. The lexical component is governed by commonly used, general scientific vocabulary and terms. In the texts there are metaphors and imagery that help more lively convey the essence of the term on the one hand, and on the other hand they add difficulty to translating the information. An important linguistic feature of terms in technical and scientific languages is the use of complex word combinations that allow information to be set out in brief and compact form. For brevity, some of them are transformed into abbreviations. In modern scientific literature, there is a tendency toward outlining information in the maximally compact form by using certain and grammatical tools.

Kategori dan Peran Tematis Argumen Klausa Verbal pada Bahasa Batak Toba

This paper describes the types of thematic role categories of verbal clause arguments in the Toba Batak language (BBT). This syntactic study is conducted through a qualitative approach with a listening technique in collecting oral and written data. Then the data is processed through commensurate and 'agih' methods, which are described through distributional and informal methods. The results show that the category of verbal clauses in BBT is divided into two parts: verbal and non-verbal. Verbal clauses consist of (1) transitive clauses, which are divided into medial active clauses, passive clauses, and reciprocal clauses; (2) intransitive clauses; and (3) semi-transitive clauses. Transitive clauses have the structure of P+O+S and S+P+O. Intransitive clauses are structured P+S and P+S+Ket. Furthermore, semi transitive clauses have S+P and S+P+Ket as their structures. The category of non-verbal clauses in BBT, namely clauses with non-verbal predicates, have nominal, numeral, adjectival, and adverbial (prepositional phrases) as categories in their predicates. The thematic role of BBT verbal clause arguments consists of two macro roles as actor and undergoer, while the special thematic role consists of agent, stimulus, experiencer, theme, locative and patient. This research is further expected to positively impact the development of BBT.

Variation in Negation in the Jordanian Arabic Dialect of Ma’an

The study investigates variation in negation in the Jordanian Arabic dialect spoken in Ma’an (Ma’an Jordanian Arabic, MJA hereafter). Both verbal and non-verbal clauses in MJA use different negative variants. The study shows that negation of verbal clauses in MJA is categorical with a strong preference for the old preverbal negative proclitic maa- over the new negative markers that include the discontinuous negative variant maa … ʃ and the enclitic -ʃ. Negation of non-verbal clauses, on the other hand, manifests significant variation with an indication of a change in progress toward more use of the new non-verbal negative variant muʃ at the expense of the remaining two old variants muu and the negative pronouns. The study reveals that variation in the negation system of non-verbal clauses in MJA is constrained by some social factors such as age, sex, level of education, and place of origin. In particular, the study shows that young, female, educated, rural speakers of MJA are leading the change toward the new non-verbal negative variant muʃ. The observations that are based on the distributional and statistical analyses of the study indicate that level of education and place of origin show the highest statistical significance followed by age and sex factors. Finally, we claim that the new non-verbal negative variant muʃ in MJA has not resulted from the Jespersen’s Cycle; rather, it has been borrowed into MJA from other local Jordanian Arabic vernaculars that have already undergone the Cycle. Keywords: Variationist Sociolinguistics, Negation, Language Change, Language Contact, Ma’an Jordanian Arabic.

Semantic Negation on Verbal Clauses with Verbs of Imminence in Saudi Arabic Varieties

Negation in languages is a phenomenon, which receives researchers' attention for a long period. Negation occurs on different type of clauses by which it shows to have morphological and syntactic changes over the structure of words, phrases and sentences. Verbs of imminenceare used sometimes to denote negation in verbal clauses in Arabic. ka:d is one of those verbs which carries the negation of the clause without using any negative particles. Saudi dialects use the verb baʁa to perform the same function. This paper discusses baʁa in verbal clauses illustrating its syntactic and semantic impact on the structure of the clauses. It requires the imperfective form of the verb to follow. Negating a clause, with the only negative particles ma: and/or la:, does not carry the negative sense because it is delivered through the use of baʁa. Thus, the negation of verbs of imminence does not require the presence of any negative particles. Otherwise, the positive meaning is delivered.

THE SYNTAX OF TAMIANG LANGUAGE ACEH PROVINCE

Syntax is the study of rules for combining words into a sentence. The purpose of this research is to find out how the syntax of Tamiang language especially the sentences that are construction in the Language such as the patterns of phrases, clauses, and sentences. This research used descriptive design. The data in this research were collected through interviewing, noting and translating, recording and transcribing all utterances of Tamiang language. The number of subjects were about 24 persons. This research resulted that Tamiang language has four kinds of phrases. Meanwhile, Tamiang clauses have two forms: complete and incomplete form. The complete form has two patterns: subject-predicate and predicate -subject. Based on the parts of speech, Tamiang clauses have five forms: nominal clause, verbal clause, adjectival clause, numeral clause and prepositional clause. There are four kinds of sentences in Tamiang language: declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative sentence and exclamatory sentence.Key Words: Syntax, Sentences, and Tamiang Language

Semogenic variation in the construal of sayerhood in Arabic

Abstract This article studies projection and examines alternative modes of construing processes of saying/ speech events and the variation across three registers where projection is particularly important. It is one of many articles that describe and discuss projection as a semantic fractal manifested in a variety of lexicogrammatical environments. The first paper in this series, which was published in 2018 by Arús-Hita et al. in Word was an investigation of quoting and reporting strategies of speech and thought across six genetically unrelated languages (Arabic, Dagaare, English, Hindi, Japanese and Spanish). This paper, however, has a much narrower scope. It first looks at all participants in the verbal clause in Arabic, then it focuses on the main one – the Sayer. Since verbal projection is quite pervasive in different areas of the lexicogrammar, it only makes sense to look into these fractal motifs to have an idea about the different guises under which the Sayer appears. News reports, academic discourse and fictional narratives have been analysed to properly account for the registerial variety in construing the role of the Sayer in verbal clauses across metafunctions.

Basic Structure of the Riau Malay Clauses

This study aims to explain the basic structure of Riau Malay clauses using a linguistic typology approach. Data obtained from oral and written data. The method used is Sudaryanto (2005). The discussion is based on the opinion of Jufrizal (2012). The results showed that the basic clauses of BMR were in the form of (1) non-verbal basic clauses whose predicates are nouns (pronouns), adjectives, numerals, and prepositions which are located one argument before the predicate (2) verbal clauses in the form of transitive and intransitive forms. Verbs that occupy the predicate position in the two clauses are marked morphologically with affixes and some can stand alone without affixes. The BMR intransitive clause has one argument that comes before the predicate (verb). There are transitive clauses that have two or three arguments.

TRANSLATION ANALYSIS ON ENGLISH COPULAR CLAUSES INTO INDONESIAN IN MARY SHELLEY’S NOVEL: “FRANKENSTEIN”

This is a research on how English copular clauses in a science fiction novel are translated into Indonesian. The first problem of this research is what kinds of English copular clauses are used, and the second is what kinds of Indonesian clauses are employed in translating them. The researcher chooses the topic since there is no formal correspondence of English copular clauses in Indonesian.
 The purposes of this research are to classify the English copular clauses in composing this novel and to identify the kinds of Indonesian clauses employed by the translator. The data are taken from a science fiction novel entitled Frankenstein and its translation in Indonesian entitled Frankenstein as well.
 The findings of this research are that dominantly the predicational clause is used by the author to write this novel; the percentage of predicational clauses is 66%. The next finding is that the translator used two categories of Indonesian clauses. They are verb clauses and noun clauses; the percentage of verb clauses is 90%; on the other hand, and the percentage of noun clauses is 10%.
 Keywords: translation, clauses, English copular clauses

Manifestations of syntactic extension in using nominal sentences in the media language of Twitter "General WAS account on Corona virus"

The present study addressed a number of concepts in the introduction including extension, journalistic language, Twitter, and Corona virus. The first part of the paper dealt with syntactic extension exemplified by the use of indefinite nouns in the initial position in a sentence and omitting the sentence subject (theme) based on criteria approved by syntacticians. The second part addressed the different forms of syntactic extension manifested in using verbal clauses and quasi-proposition as sentence rheme, relating these forms to the syntactic rules approved by early syntacticians. By examining these phenomena, and adopting Aljorjani’s Theory of Construction, the paper sought to investigate the relationship between using this kind of language and the intended meanings, and to highlight the rhetorical purposes the WAS account seeks to achieve. The study was applied to a sample of 606 tweets based on syntactic and organizational criteria approved by the account. The study confirmed that syntactic extension in the study sample produced a number of linguistic constructions because languages are subject of changes over time. These constructions need to be examined so as to accept or reject them based on the approved grammatical rules.

Me toofragments in English and French: a direct interpretation approach

AbstractAdditive fragments, comprising a nominal remnant and an additive adverb (e.g.,too,either), are a particular type of stripping. On the basis of new corpus data in English and French, we show that such fragments do not always have a verbal clause as their antecedent, and that when they do, different kinds of mismatch are possible between a verbal equivalent and the actual fragment. This challenges most approaches based on syntactic reconstruction. We also show that their interpretation is more flexible than previously thought, since they can be used for interrogative, exclamatory, or ordering purposes. We distinguish between their contrastive (non-coreferent) use (A: John left. B: Me too.) and emphatic (coreferent) use (A:John left. B: HIM too!).We propose a direct interpretation analysis that resorts to no syntactic reconstruction of a verbal clause. The proposed analysis, developed within the framework of construction-based HPSG, allows us to capture not only their properties sharing with other fragments (short answers and negative stripping) but also their unique constructional properties.

Weniger ist mehr: Zur Pragmatik verbloser (Nicht-)Sätze

In spite of the existence of a variety of syntactic approaches, it is generally acknowledged that the verbal clauses are a central topic of the syntax. In contrast, verbless clauses which contain no verb element, and often also no subject, are not included in the prominent theoretical approaches to the syntax. Although there are many similarities between both these categories of clauses, there are also many differences, especially with respect to the way they are usually treated. Verbless clauses are mostly described as a reduction of finite clauses or an exception to the syntactic structures.
 This paper is offered as a contribution to the long-standing discussion related to the grammatical status and usage of the constructions without a finite verb. A corpus-based analysis of these constructions shows that the verbless clauses tend to occur in various forms and contexts. Moreover, the results of this study suggest that in many cases verbless clauses are able to fulfill specific communicative functions, which cannot be expressed by any other syntactic units, including finite clauses.

Impersonal Verbal Constructions in Biblical Hebrew: Active, Stative, and Passive

In this paper I focus on the syntactic properties of subjects in impersonal verbal constructions in Biblical Hebrew. It is claimed that four types of subjectless verbal clauses—active finite and participial plural, active finite singular, passive, and stative—feature three types of impersonal subject: covert indefinite pronoun, inflectional morpheme, and zero-subject. It will be demonstrated that these subjects have different, only partly overlapping syntactic properties: The covert indefinite pronoun implies an animate subject that does not necessitate “collective interpretation” and can have generic scope; the subject can be topicalised, negated, and relativised, the verbal predicate is temporally vague. The 3rd masculine plural inflectional morpheme implies an animate collective subject; it can be controlled from the matrix clause and be used for participant tracking and anaphora; the verbal predicate is quite precisely anchored in time. The dummy zero-subject has no explicit subject properties; it can be theorised that the syntactic slot of a subject is taken by an overt cognate argument (Cause or Theme) of stative or passive verbs, but practically such a subject leaves no syntactic traces.

KONSTRUKSI KALIMAT TRANSITIF BAHASA MELAYU KUPANG ( KAJIAN TATABAHASA LEKSIKAL FUNGSIONAL)

Abstract. Kupang Malay is a language that belongs to Malay language family. Typologically, the morphology of Kupang Malay is classified as agglutinating language, which is a language that has a morpholexical process. This study aims to examine the construction of Kupang Malay transitive sentences using functional lexical grammar studies. The research method used is descriptive-qualitative method, because it is considered capable of providing a systematic, accurate, and factual explanation of the data, properties and relationships of the phenomena studied and ultimately produces a scientific picture of the data (Djajasudarma, 1993:8) . The types of data collected and analyzed in this study were all oral data sourced from informants who were Kupang Malay native speakers. This study used the equivalent analysis method and the agih method. The results of the research concluded that the transitive sentence construction of Kupang Malay consists of an intransitive verb clause and a ditransitive verb clause. For example, in transitive verbs the number 'angka' there is the only OBJ in the grammatical relation, which is present as the main argument needed by a verb other than SUBJ in each verb. Kupang Malay's transitive clause structure with numeric verbs as the core of the clause occupies the predicate position, so that the verb must be present unmarked or is a verb without affixes. Furthermore, the second type of transitive verb is contained in a ditransitive clause. The ditransitive verb has three main arguments in grammatical functions as SUBJ, OBJ, and OBJɵ.

Identifying the Characters of Lion and Fox in the Aesop’s Fables using Transitivity System

This research investigates the Aesop Fables characters, the Lion and Fox, characterization analysis using transitivity system. This research aims to identify the characterization of Lion and Fox based on transitivity system using types of processes. This research using descriptive qualitative methods to describe the prominent clause that represents the Lion and Fox characterization. The non-participant observation methods were used to collect data and referential identity methods to analyze the data. The results show that material and verbal processes are discovered as the prominent process to represent the Lion and Fox's characterization. Through material and verbal processes, the Lion and Fox appeared in different characterizations. The Lion is discovered in manipulative, wise, powerful, and foolish characterizations. Meanwhile, the Fox found in cunning and talkative characterization. The finding also shows that the author constructed material and verbal processes because they are suitable for the children's limited knowledge. After all, material and verbal clause can be understood by the children easily.Keywords: transitivity system, characterization, narrative-stylistics, Aesop’s fables

Serial verb ʔaw ‘take’ with instrumental meaning in Isaan: A distinct construction?

This paper describes the syntactic and semantic properties of serial verb clauses with ʔaw ‘take’ in Isaan, a Tai-Kadai language variety spoken in Northeast Thailand that shares linguistic features with both Thai and Lao. Contrary to previous hypotheses about the instrumental meaning of ‘take’ in Thai and Lao, I argue that the instrumental meaning of ʔaw belongs to a distinct serial verb construction (SVC) in Isaan grammar, and the pattern ʔaw NP VP does not qualify as an instance of the “purposive” SVC nor the “handling-dispatch” SVC. The analysis has used a combination of semantic tests, analysis of corpus frequency patterns, and discourse analysis. Analysis of the Spoken Isaan Corpus suggests that serial verb uses of ʔaw with instrumental meaning not only have a syntactic pattern distinguishable from the purposive and the handling-dispatch constructions, but also exhibit different discourse-informational structure; the instrument participant is typically new information or contextually non-recoverable information.

An Analysis of Code-Mixing Used by Boy William on Vlog #Dibalikpintu

The research aims to describe and to analyze the forms of code-mixing used by Boy William on Vlog #Dibalikpintu. This study was a descriptive qualitative method and human research is the main instrument of this study. In collecting the data, this study utilized observation and documentation methods. This study employed content analysis which focused on analyzing the forms of code-mixing which were defined by Suwito (1983). The result of this study: In the word form, there are 19 data found, (15 nouns, 2 verbs, 1 adjective, 1 question word). In the phrase form, there are 19 data found, (17 noun phrases, 2 adjective phrases). In the baster form, there are 5 data found, (1 noun as a form of gerund suffixation, 3 noun suffixation, 1 verb suffixation). In the word reduplication form, there are 2 data found, (1 noun, 1 compound noun). In the idiom form, there are 2 data found, (1 formal idiom, 1 informal idiom). In the clause form, there are 25 data found, (8 noun clauses, 14 verb clauses, 3 adjective clauses).

Case, deficient pronouns and the arbitrary pronoun men in Frisian

ABSTRACT The Frisian arbitrary pronoun men is analysed here as a deficient pronoun, since it does not allow expansion of its projection by means of premodification, coordination or relativisation. Furthermore, men occurs adjacent to the tensed verb in main clauses and to the complementiser in embedded clauses. To explain these data, we suggest that men is case licensed in Phonetic Form under adjacency by means of a head–head relation, being deficient as a maximal projection. The relation between case and deficiency is further reflected in the defective (or suppletive) morphological case paradigm of men. Evidence is presented that the paradigm of men in written Frisian originated in the 16th and 17th centuries by suppletion of forms of the indefinite pronoun ien/jin ‘one’. Out of these arose the reflexive object form of the arbitrary pronoun men: jin, and as its reflexive jin thus truly became part of men’s paradigm.

El tratamiento de la referencia disjunta en las Gramáticas académicas (1771-1973)

El efecto de referencia disjunta es un fenómeno lingüístico que consiste en que, en determinadas oraciones, como Juan quiere que apruebe, el sujeto omitido del verbo subordinado no puede correferir con el sujeto del verbo principal. Ya en sus primeras ediciones, la Gramática de la Real Academia Española describe este fenómeno y hasta lo considera la causa principal de la alternancia entre las oraciones en subjuntivo y en infinitivo, idea que irá corrigiendo a lo largo de las sucesivas ediciones. En el presente trabajo, se pretende examinar, por tanto, cómo ha sido la evolución en el tratamiento del efecto de referencia disjunta en las gramáticas académicas, durante el periodo de 1771 a 1973. The disjoint reference effect is a linguistic phenomenon which consists in the fact that in certain sentences, such as 'Juan quiere que apruebe', the omitted subject of the subordinate verb and the subject of the main verb clause cannot be coreferential. In its first editions, the Grammar of the Real Academia Española describes this phenomenon and even considers it the main cause of the alternation between the subjunctive and infinitive clauses, an idea that will be corrected throughout successive editions. Therefore, in this paper, we intend to examine how the evolution in the treatment of the disjoint reference effect in academic grammar has been from 1771 to 1973.