Venous Flow Patterns Research Articles

Additional value of venous flow pattern for ultrasound-guided venous closure with suture-mediated vascular closure device

Additional value of venous flow pattern for ultrasound-guided venous closure with suture-mediated vascular closure device

Associations of different definitions of iron deficiency with cardiac structure and function, congestion, exercise capacity and prognosis in heart failure

Abstract Background It is uncertain how best to diagnose iron deficiency (ID) in patients with heart failure (HF) as different ID definitions have been proposed with discordant results. Objectives To assess the relationship of different ID definitions with cardiac structure and function, congestion, exercise capacity, and prognosis in outpatients with HF. Methods ID was defined according to guidelines (G-ID: ferritin <100 ng/mL or ferritin 100-299 ng/mL with transferrin saturation [TSAT] <20%) or as TSAT <20%. Alternative definitions (iron <13 ¼mol/L, ferritin <100 and <300 ng/mL) were explored. Relationship with rest and exercise ultrasound findings, cardiopulmonary exercise testing and a composite endpoint of cardiovascular hospitalisations or all-cause mortality were assessed. Results Of 1502 patients (72% with left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] ≥50%), 471 (31%) had TSAT <20%, while 728 (48%) had G-ID. Compared to those without ID, patients with TSAT <20% or G-ID showed impaired cardiac structure and function at rest and peak exercise and lower peak oxygen consumption; they were also more likely to display a discontinuous renal venous flow pattern and more lung B-lines. Only TSAT <20% was associated with significant inferior vena cava dilatation. Lower TSAT, iron and haemoglobin were associated with more severe effort intolerance and ultrasound signs of congestion, while ferritin and LVEF were not (Picture 1). During a median follow-up of 16 months, 62 (4%) patients died, and 244 (16%) were hospitalised for cardiovascular reasons. No patients were hospitalised immediately after the enrolment visit because of clinical findings. At Kaplan-Meier analyses, TSAT <20% was associated with a greater risk of adverse events, as were iron ≤13 ¼mol/L, ferritin ≥300 ng/mL and <100 ng/mL (p <0.01 vs ferritin 100-299 ng/mL) and G-ID (Picture 2). After adjusting for age, sex, diabetes, haemoglobin, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), NT-proBNP, rest LVEF and peak VO2 <16 mL/kg/min, TSAT <20% and iron ≤13 ¼mol/L were associated with worse outcomes (hazard ratio 2.41, 95% confidence interval 1.85-3.14 and 1.90, 1.46-2.47), while G-ID or ferritin <100 or <300 ng/mL were not (Picture 1). Conclusions In outpatients with HF, TSAT <20% is more consistently associated with echocardiographic signs of poorer functional capacity and multi-organ congestion than other ID definitions. TSAT <20% and iron ≤13 ¼mol/L, but not G-ID or ferritin-based ID, seem to predict a worse prognosis.Picture 1Picture 2

Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on parameters of renal venous congestion in intrarenal Doppler ultrasonography.

Cardiorenal syndrome is a common condition in clinical practice in which renal venous congestion (VC) plays an important role. Intrarenal Doppler ultrasound (IRD) is a non-invasive method to assess and quantify renal VC. The current study aims to investigate the effects of SGLT2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) therapy on IRD parameters of renal VC. This prospective observational study included patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or heart failure (HF) with reduced and preserved ejection fraction who had an indication for standard of care SGLT2i therapy. IRD, assessing venous impedance index (VII), and intrarenal venous flow pattern (IRVF) analysis were performed within the interlobar vessels of the right kidney before and 6 months after initiation of SGLT2i therapy. A number of 64 patients with CKD and a cardiorenal risk profile were included (mean eGFR 42.9ml/min/1.73m2; 56% with HF, and 38% with type 2 diabetes mellitus). 17 patients exhibited signs of VC in the IRD. VII was significantly correlated with levels of NT-proBNP, female gender, NYHA class, and was significantly negative correlated with body mass index. After 6 months, a notable decrease in the mean VII of the right interlobar veins by 0.13 (P<.01) was observed. Stratification according to IRVF pattern showed a significant shift towards reduced renal VC pattern after 6 months (P=.03). In this study, SGLT2i therapy resulted in a reduction in renal VC as assessed by IRD. These findings underscore the potential haemodynamic benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in cardiorenal syndrome and warrant further investigation into their clinical implications.

Intrarenal venous flow patterns - Guiding fluid management in sepsis with AKI: A case report.

Sepsis often leads to acute kidney injury (AKI), presenting significant challenges in fluid management. This study explores the potential of analyzing intrarenal venous flow (IRVF) patterns to guide tailored fluid therapy, aiming to improve patient outcomes. A patient was admitted to the intensive care unit with symptoms of septic shock, including fever, severe hypotension, and altered mental status, secondary to a perforated ascending colon adenocarcinoma. The patient was diagnosed with perforated ascending colon adenocarcinoma, septic shock, and AKI. Clinical findings included elevated inflammatory markers and impaired renal function. The primary therapeutic interventions included surgical resection of the perforated colon, administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and fluid resuscitation. Fluid management was guided by continuous monitoring of IRVF, which facilitated precise adjustments to optimize fluid balance and renal perfusion. By utilizing IRVF patterns to guide fluid therapy, the patient's circulatory status and renal function significantly improved. The individualized fluid management approach contributed to better stabilization of the patient's condition. This case underscores the potential utility of IRVF patterns in guiding fluid management strategies for patients with sepsis and AKI. The main is the benefit of IRVF-guided fluid therapy in improving patient outcomes. Further research is warranted to validate the efficacy and safety of this approach, with the aim of enhancing clinical outcomes in critically ill patients.

Mechanoresponsive ETS1 causes endothelial dysfunction and arterialization in varicose veins via NOTCH4/DLL4 signaling

Varicose veins are the most common venous disorder in humans and are characterized by hemodynamic instability due to valvular insufficiency and orthostatic lifestyle factors. It is unclear how changes in biomechanical signals cause aberrant remodeling of the vein wall. Our previous studies suggest that Notch signaling is implicated in varicose vein arterialization. In the arterial system, mechanoresponsive ETS1 is a transcriptional activator of the endothelial Notch, but its involvement in sensing disrupted venous flow and varicose vein formation has not been investigated. Here, we use human varicose veins and cultured human venous endothelial cells to show that disturbed venous shear stress activates ETS1-NOTCH4/DLL4 signaling. Notch components were highly expressed in the neointima, whereas ETS1 was upregulated in all histological layers of varicose veins. In vitro microfluidic flow-based studies demonstrate that even minute changes in venous flow patterns enhance ETS1-NOTCH4/DLL4 signaling. Uniform venous shear stress, albeit an inherently low-flow system, does not induce ETS1 and Notch proteins. ETS1 activation under altered flow was mediated primarily by MEK1/2 and, to a lesser extent, by MEK5 but was independent of p38 MAP kinase. Endothelial cell-specific ETS1 knockdown prevented disturbed flow-induced NOTCH4/DLL4 expression. TK216, an inhibitor of ETS-family, prevented the acquisition of arterial molecular identity and loss of endothelial integrity in cells exposed to the ensuing altered shear stress. We conclude that ETS1 senses blood flow disturbances and may promote venous remodeling by inducing endothelial dysfunction. Targeting ETS1 rather than downstream Notch proteins could be an effective and safe strategy to develop varicose vein therapies.

Pulmonary venous flow patterns associated with long-term mitral transcatheter edge-to-edge outcomes

ObjectiveTranscatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) is a prominent therapeutic option for mitral regurgitation (MR) patients. However, it lacks objective parameters to assess procedural efficacy. This study aims to investigate pulmonary venous (PV) flow as a surrogate for valvular hemodynamics and its associations to clinical outcomes. MethodsConsecutive MR patients who underwent TEER in our center from January 2020 to October 2021 were retrospectively investigated. PV flow parameters were measured before and after TEER, including velocity (cm/s), velocity time integral (VTI) (cm), and systolic/diastolic ratios. Primary outcomes were 1, 6, and 12 months heart failure hospitalizations (HFH) and 1 year all-cause mortality. ResultsThe cohort consisted of 80 patients. The mean age was 74.76 ± 10.13 years, 26 with primary and 54 with secondary MR. Systolic wave parameters improved significantly after TEER: mean peak velocity increased from 9.94 ± 31.95 to 35.74 ± 15.03 cm/s, and VTI from 3.62 ± 5.99 to 8.33 ± 4.72 cm. Furthermore, systolic to diastolic VTI and peak-velocities ratios showed significant improvement of 0.39 ± 0.63 to 0.81 ± 0.47 and 0.23 ± 0.66 to 0.91 ± 0.43, respectively. Using multivariable analysis, higher post-procedural SVTI was associated with less HFH: 1-month (OR = 0.72, CI [0.52,0.98]), 6-months (OR = 0.8, CI [0.66,0.97]), 1-year (OR = 0.85, CI [0.73,0.99]), as well as reduced 1-year mortality (OR = 0.64 95% CI [0.45,0.91]). Furthermore, compared to patients with SVTI ≥ 3, patients with SVTI < 3 had a higher risk for HFH at: 1-month (OR = 16.59, CI [1.48,186.02]), 6-months (OR = 12.2, CI [1.69,88.07]), and 1-year (OR = 8.61, CI [1.27,58.27]), as well as elevated 1-year mortality (OR = 8.07, 95% CI [1.04,62.28]). ConclusionPV flow was significantly improved following TEER, and several hemodynamic parameters were associated with HFH and mortality. These results may offer a basis for establishing future procedural goals to ensure better clinical outcomes.

Jugular venous flow dynamics during acute weightlessness.

During spaceflight, fluids shift headward, causing internal jugular vein (IJV) distension and altered hemodynamics, including stasis and retrograde flow, that may increase the risk of thrombosis. This study's purpose was to determine the effects of acute exposure to weightlessness (0-G) on IJV dimensions and flow dynamics. We used two-dimensional (2-D) ultrasound to measure IJV cross-sectional area (CSA) and Doppler ultrasound to characterize venous blood flow patterns in the right and left IJV in 13 healthy participants (6 females) while 1) seated and supine on the ground, 2) supine during 0-G parabolic flight, and 3) supine during level flight (at 1-G). On Earth, in 1-G, moving from seated to supine posture increased CSA in both left (+62 [95% CI: +42 to 81] mm2, P < 0.0001) and right (+86 [95% CI: +58 to 113] mm2, P < 0.00012) IJV. Entry into 0-G further increased IJV CSA in both left (+27 [95% CI: +5 to 48] mm2, P = 0.02) and right (+30 [95% CI: +0.3 to 61] mm2, P = 0.02) relative to supine in 1-G. We observed stagnant flow in the left IJV of one participant during 0-G parabolic flight that remained during level flight but was not present during any imaging during preflight measures in the seated or supine postures; normal venous flow patterns were observed in the right IJV during all conditions in all participants. Alterations to cerebral outflow dynamics in the left IJV can occur during acute exposure to weightlessness and thus, may increase the risk of venous thrombosis during any duration of spaceflight.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The absence of hydrostatic pressure gradients in the vascular system and loss of tissue weight during weightlessness results in altered flow dynamics in the left internal jugular vein in some astronauts that may contribute to an increased risk of thromboembolism during spaceflight. Here, we report that the internal jugular veins distend bilaterally in healthy participants and that flow stasis can occur in the left internal jugular vein during acute weightlessness produced by parabolic flight.

The sonographic features of lymph node venous networks and flow patterns in patients with primary chronic venous disease.

Our study aims to enhance the understanding of lymph node venous networks (LNVNs) by summarising their anatomical, sonographic features, and reflux patterns. We examined 241 legs from 141 patients with primary chronic venous disease (CVD) using duplex ultrasound. The findings indicated variations in the shape, size, vascularity, and echogenicity of LNVN. The superficial inguinal lymph node with reflux appeared slightly larger, exhibiting higher velocities in the hilar artery. Regarding connections, venous flow within LNVN was predominantly drained through the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ), anterior accessory great saphenous vein (AAGSV), and great saphenous vein (GSV). A significant number of LNVNs were observed to be associated with anterolateral thigh tributaries. The study also identified valve cusps within LNVN. This study revealed a 12% prevalence of primary LNVN. Understanding the anatomical and haemodynamic features of LNVN informs treatment strategies and potentially helps prevent the recurrence of varicose veins.

Diameters of the optic sheath and superior ophthalmic vein can expand and contract at positional changes: a magnetic resonance imaging study.

This study aimed to explore the diameters of the optic sheath (OSD) and superior ophthalmic vein (SOVD) in response to positional changes using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fifty adult outpatients who presented to the hospital underwent thin-slice coronal T2-weighted MRI in the supine position followed by the prone position. The OS and SOV were well delineated in all the patients. The OSD in the anterior orbit was measured in the supine and prone positions on both sides. In addition, the SOVD in the anterior and posterior orbits was measured in the supine and prone positions on both sides. The OSD demonstrated an increase on both sides in 100% of the cases. The SOVD demonstrated an increase on both sides in 94% of the cases, whereas the remaining 6% demonstrated a decrease. The OSD measured at the anterior orbit and the SOVD at the anterior and posterior orbits significantly increased on both sides with positional changes from the supine to the prone position. OSD and SOVD may expand and contract in response to alterations in the intracranial pressure and venous flow patterns. MRI examination in the supine position combined with positional changes can help to better understand the OS and SOV as dynamic structures.

Hemodynamic evaluation of right-sided congestion with doppler ultrasonography in pulmonary hypertension: portal vs intra-renal venous flow patterns

Abstract Introduction Renal congestion is a key pathophysiological mechanism mediating adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure. Novel approaches to evaluate renal congestion like renal Doppler ultrasonography show promise as a noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring tool. Portal Doppler ultrasound is a less challenging exam and could potentially provide similar information than intra-renal Doppler. Methods and Results We enrolled 95 patients with suspected or diagnosed pulmonary hypertension (PH) presenting to the emergency department or to a scheduled ambulatory clinic. Patients underwent renal and portal Doppler ultrasonography. Renal congestion was graded using the validated renal venous stasis index (RVSI) or renal venous patterns. The portal vein pulsatility fraction (PVPF) was used to quantify portal congestion. We found high degree of correlation (R = 0.93) between portal and renal congestion, with excellent agreement (κ = 0.92 [0.86-0.98]). Both RVSI and PVPF showed excellent interclass correlation and agreement amongst operators (ICC 0.93). 90-day mortality or need for renal replacement therapy was significantly more frequent in patients with high PVPF (p=0.001) HR: 5.3 (1.9-17.0). Conclusions Altered portal venous flow accurately predicts the presence of renal congestion and is technically easier to obtain. Portal vein Doppler may identify patients with pulmonary hypertension at risk for renal deterioration secondary to venous congestion.Portal-renal patterns and their outcomes

Comparison of various surrogate markers for venous congestion in predicting acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery: A cohort study

BackgroundVenous congestion has been demonstrated to increase the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery. Although many surrogate markers for venous congestion are currently used in clinical settings, there is no consensus on which marker is most effective in predicting AKI. MethodsWe evaluated various markers of venous congestion, including central venous pressure (CVP), inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter, portal pulsatility fraction (PPF), hepatic vein flow pattern (HVF), intra-renal venous flow pattern (IRVF), and venous excess ultrasound grading score (VExUS) in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery to compare their ability in predicting AKI. ResultsAmong the 230 patients enrolled in our study, 53 (23.0%) developed AKI, and 11 (4.8%) required continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Our multivariate logistic analysis revealed that IRVF, PPF, HVF, and CVP were significantly associated with AKI, with IRVF being the strongest predictor (odds ratio [OR] 2.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38–3.73). However, we did not observe any association between these markers and CRRT. ConclusionVenous congestion is associated with AKI after cardiac surgery, but not necessarily with CRRT. Among the markers tested, IRVF exhibits the strongest correlation with AKI.

Phenotyping congestion in acute heart failure by renal flow and right heart to pulmonary circulation coupling.

In acute heart failure (AHF), kidney congestion is basic to treatment and prognosis. Its aetiology is manifold and quite unexplored in details mainly regarding the right heart to pulmonary circulation (Pc) coupling. We investigated the right heart to kidney interrelationship by Doppler renal flow pattern, right atrial dynamics, and right ventricular (RV) function to Pc coupling in AHF. In 119 AHF patients, echocardiographic and renal Doppler data were analysed. Univariate and multivariate regression models were performed to define the determinants of a quantitative parameter of renal congestion, the renal venous stasis index (RVSI). When grouped according to different intra-renal venous flow patterns, no differences were observed in haemodynamics and baseline renal function. Nonetheless, patients with renal Doppler evidence of congestion showed a reduced RV function [tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), S'-wave velocity, and fractional area change], impaired RV to Pc coupling [TAPSE/pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) ratio], and right atrial peak longitudinal strain (RAPLS), along with signs of volume overload [increased inferior vena cava (IVC) diameters and estimated right atrial pressure]. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses confirmed TAPSE/PASP, RAPLS, and IVC diameter as independent determinants of the RVSI. RVSI was the only variable predicting the composite outcome (cardiac death, heart failure hospitalization, and haemodialysis). An easy-to-use echo-derived right heart score of four variables provided good accuracy in identifying kidney congestion. In AHF, the renal venous flow pattern combined with a right heart study phenotypes congestion and clinical evolution. Keys to renal flow disruption are an impaired right atrial dynamics and RV-Pc uncoupling. Integration of four right heart echocardiographic variables may be an effective tool for scoring the renal congestive phenotype in AHF.

Bio-Humoral and Non-Invasive Haemodynamic Correlates of Renal Venous Flow Patterns across the Heart Failure Spectrum.

Background: We evaluated the bio-humoral and non-invasive haemodynamic correlates of renal congestion evaluated by Doppler renal venous flow (RVF) across the heart failure (HF) spectrum, from asymptomatic subjects with cardiovascular risk factors (Stage A) and structural heart disease (Stage B) to patients with clinically overt HF (Stage C). Methods: Ultrasound evaluation, including echocardiography, lung ultrasound and RVF, along with blood and urine sampling, was performed in 304 patients. Results: Continuous RVF was observed in 230 patients (76%), while discontinuous RVF (dRVF) was observed in 74 (24%): 39 patients had pulsatile RVF, 18 had biphasic RVF and 17 had monophasic RVF. Stage C HF was significantly more common among patients with dRVF. Monophasic RVF was associated with worse renal function and a higher urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR). After adjusting for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, the presence of Stage C HF and serum creatinine levels, worsening RVF patterns were associated with higher NT-proBNP levels, worse right ventricular-arterial coupling, larger inferior vena cava and higher echo-derived pulmonary artery wedge pressure. This trend was confirmed when only patients with HF Stage C were analysed after adjusting for the left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF). Conclusion: Abnormal RVF is common across the HF spectrum. Worsening RVF patterns are independently associated with increased congestion, worse non-invasive haemodynamics and impaired RV-arterial coupling. RVF evaluation could refine prognostic stratification across the HF spectrum, irrespective of LVEF.

Intrarenal Venous Flow Pattern Changes Do Relate With Renal Function Alterations in Acute Heart Failure

BackgroundThere is scarce evidence supporting the clinical utility of congestive intrarenal venous flow (IRVF) patterns in patients with acute heart failure. ObjectivesThis study aims to: 1) investigate the association between IRVF patterns and the odds of worsening renal function (WRF); 2) track the longitudinal changes of serum creatinine (sCr) across IRVF at predetermined points and its association with decongestion; and 3) explore the relationship between IRVF/WRF categories and patient outcomes. MethodsIRVF was assessed at baseline (pre–decongestive therapy), 72 hours, and 30 and 90 days postdischarge. Changes in sCr trajectories across dynamic IRVF variations and parameters of decongestion were assessed using linear mixed effect models. The association between IRVF/WRF categories and outcomes was evaluated using univariable/multivariable models. ResultsIn this prospective, multicenter study with 188 participants, discontinuous IRVF patterns indicated higher odds of WRF (OR: 3.90 [95% CI: 1.24-12.20]; P = 0.020 at 72 hours; and OR: 5.76 [95% CI: 1.67-19.86]; P = 0.006 at 30 days) and an increase in sCr (Δ-72 hours 0.14 mg/dL [95% CI: 0.06-0.22]; P = 0.001; Δ-discharge 0.13 mg/dL [95% CI: 0.03-0.23]; P = 0.007). However, the diuretic response and decongestion significantly influenced the magnitude of these changes. Patients exhibiting both WRF and discontinuous IRVF at 30 days experienced an increased hazard of adverse events (HR: 5.96 [95% CI: 2.63-13.52]; P < 0.001). ConclusionsDiscontinuous IRVF identifies patients with higher odds of WRF during admission and postdischarge periods. Nonetheless, adequate diuretic response and decongestion could modify this association. Patients showing both WRF and discontinuous IRVF at 30 days had increased rates of adverse events.

Added value of the pulmonary vein pulsatility index and its correlation to neonatal umbilical artery pH in fetal growth restrictions: a Vietnamese matched cohort study

BackgroundIn clinical obstetrics, many guidelines recommended the use of Doppler fetal ductus venosus blood flow to monitor and to manage fetal growth restriction (FGR). The ductus venosus and the pulmonary venous flow pattern of fetuses are similar. Umbilical artery pH (UA pH) is essential in identifying adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly in fetal growth restriction cases. Nevertheless, the literature indicates that the relationship between pulmonary vein pulsatility index (PVPI) and UA pH in FGR cases has not been well investigated. This study aimed to identify the alteration in PVPI in FGR cases and evaluate the correlation between PVPI and UA pH in FGR newborns.MethodsThis matched cohort study of singleton pregnancies from 28+ 0 to 40+ 0 weeks of gestation without congenital abnormalities included 135 cases of FGR (disease group) and 135 cases of normal growth (control group). The PVPI was measured at the proximal segment of the right or left pulmonary vein, approximately 5 mm from the left atrium wall. The umbilical artery pulsatility index (UAPI) was measured on the free umbilical cord. An elective cesarean section or labor induction are both options for ending the pregnancy, depending on the condition of the mother or fetus. Umbilical artery blood samples were collected within 5 min of delivery for UA pH measurement. SPSS version 20 and Medcalc version 20.1 were used for data analysis.ResultsFGR cases had a significantly higher mean fetal PVPI than the control group (1.16 ± 0.26 vs. 0.84 ± 0.16; p < 0.01), and PVPI and UAPI were positively correlated (r = 0.63; p < 0.001). PVPI and UA pH were negatively correlated in FGR patients, with r = -0.68; p < 0.001. The PVPI value on the 95th percentile had a prognostic value of UA pH < 7.20 with a sensitivity of 88.2%, specificity of 66.3%, positive predictive value of 46.9%, and negative predictive value of 94.3%.ConclusionsThere was a statistically significant difference in PVPI values in FGR cases compared to the normal growth group, a positive correlation between PVPI and UAPI, and a negative correlation between PVPI and UA pH. PVPI might have a prognostic meaning in predicting UA pH at birth.

Impaired Renal Vein Flow in Atrial Fibrillation: A Potential Risk for Renal Dysfunction.

BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common heart rhythm disorders. Identification and early treatment of AF risk factors can improve mortality and morbidity rates. This study aimed to compare the renal venous stasis index (RVSI) and intra-renal venous flow (IRVF) patterns evaluated by intra-renal Doppler ultrasonography in patients with AF and sinus rhythm (SR). MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 68 patients, 34 with AF (lasting >12 months AF) and 34 with SR (no previous diagnosis of AF and no AF attack in 24-h Holter monitoring) were included in the study. The RVSI was calculated, and the IRVF patterns were determined using intra-renal Doppler ultrasonography. High RVSI was defined as >0.12 RVSI. In addition, echocardiography and a 6-min walk test were performed. A model including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, creatine, Pro-BNP, left ventricular ejection fraction, presence of AF, and systolic pulmonary artery pressure was created to evaluate the effects of variables on high RVSI. RESULTS The RVSI value was significantly higher in patients with AF than in those with SR (P=0.004). The SR group exhibited a higher prevalence of the continuous flow pattern, which is one of the IRVF patterns (P=0.015). In contrast, the biphasic flow pattern was observed more frequently in patients with AF (P=0.003). The presence of AF was found to predict the high RVSI (P=0.002, OR=14.134, 95% CI 2.083-71.277). CONCLUSIONS The presence of AF may affect the IRVF and cause an increase in RVSI.

Association between intrarenal venous flow from Doppler ultrasonography and acute kidney injury in patients with sepsis in critical care: a prospective, exploratory observational study

BackgroundIntrarenal venous flow (IRVF) patterns assessed using Doppler renal ultrasonography are real-time bedside visualizations of renal vein hemodynamics. Although this technique has the potential to detect renal congestion during sepsis resuscitation, there have been few studies on this method. We aimed to examine the relationship between IRVF patterns, clinical parameters, and outcomes in critically ill adult patients with sepsis. We hypothesized that discontinuous IRVF was associated with elevated central venous pressure (CVP) and subsequent acute kidney injury (AKI) or death.MethodsWe conducted a prospective observational study in two tertiary-care hospitals, enrolling adult patients with sepsis who stayed in the intensive care unit for at least 24 h, had central venous catheters placed, and received invasive mechanical ventilation. Renal ultrasonography was performed at a single time point at the bedside after sepsis resuscitation, and IRVF patterns (discontinuous vs. continuous) were confirmed by a blinded assessor. The primary outcome was CVP obtained at the time of renal ultrasonography. We also repeatedly assessed a composite of Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes of Stage 3 AKI or death over the course of a week as a secondary outcome. The association of IRVF patterns with CVP was examined using Student's t-test (primary analysis) and that with composite outcomes was assessed using a generalized estimating equation analysis, to account for intra-individual correlations. A sample size of 32 was set in order to detect a 5-mmHg difference in CVP between IRVF patterns.ResultsOf the 38 patients who met the eligibility criteria, 22 (57.9%) showed discontinuous IRVF patterns that suggested blunted renal venous flow. IRVF patterns were not associated with CVP (discontinuous flow group: mean 9.24 cm H2O [standard deviation: 3.19], continuous flow group: 10.65 cm H2O [standard deviation: 2.53], p = 0.154). By contrast, the composite outcome incidence was significantly higher in the discontinuous IRVF pattern group (odds ratio: 9.67; 95% confidence interval: 2.13–44.03, p = 0.003).ConclusionsIRVF patterns were not associated with CVP but were associated with subsequent AKI in critically ill adult patients with sepsis. IRVF may be useful for capturing renal congestion at the bedside that is related to clinical patient outcomes.Graphical abstract

Intrarenal Doppler ultrasonography in patients with HFrEF and acute decompensated heart failure undergoing recompensation

ObjectivesRenal venous congestion due to backward heart failure leads to disturbance of renal function in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Whether decongestion strategies have an impact on renal venous congestion is unknown. Objective was to evaluate changes in intrarenal hemodynamics using intrarenal Doppler ultrasonography (IRD) in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and ADHF undergoing recompensation.MethodsProspective observational study in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LV-EF) ≤ 35% hospitalized due to ADHF. IRD measurement was performed within the first 48 h of hospitalisation and before discharge. Decongestion strategies were based on clinical judgement according to heart failure guidelines. IRD was used to assess intrarenal venous flow (IRVF) pattern, venous impedance index (VII) and resistance index (RI). Laboratory analyses included plasma creatinine, eGFR and albuminuria.ResultsA number of 35 patients with ADHF and LV-EF ≤ 35% were included into the study. IRD could be performed in 30 patients at inclusion and discharge. At discharge, there was a significant reduction of VII from a median of 1.0 (0.86–1.0) to 0.59 (0.26–1.0) (p < 0.01) as well as improvement of IRVF pattern categories (p < 0.05) compared to inclusion. Albuminuria was significantly reduced from a median of 78 mg/g creatinine (39–238) to 29 mg/g creatinine (16–127) (p = 0.02) and proportion of patients with normoalbuminuria increased (p = 0.01). Plasma creatinine and RI remained unchanged (p = 0.73; p = 0.43).DiscussionThis is the first study showing an effect of standard ADHF therapy on parameters of renal venous congestion in patients with HFrEF and ADHF. Doppler sonographic evaluation of renal venous congestion might provide additional information to guide decongestion strategies in patients with ADHF.Graphical abstract

Prognostic value of mitral valve haemodynamic parameters obtained by intraprocedural echocardiography in transcatheter edge-to-edge repair.

To assess whether intraprocedural transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE)-derived haemodynamic parameters predict outcomes in patients undergoing transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) for mitral regurgitation (MR). This is a single-centre, retrospective analysis encompassing 458 (IQR, 104-1035) days of follow-up after 926 consecutive patients [481 (52%) with functional MR] referred to an isolated mitral TEER between 2013 and 2020. Cases without actual clip deployment, or in whom prior mitral procedures had taken place, were excluded. The primary outcome was the combined rate of all-cause mortality or heart failure (HF) hospitalizations. Secondary endpoints included single components of the primary outcome, as well as MR severity at one month and one year following the procedure. A multivariable analysis identified two intraprocedural echocardiographic observations made after clip deployment as independent predictors of the primary outcome: an above mild MR (HR for whole study period 1.49, 95% CI 1.05-2.13, P = 0.026) and a 100% or more increase from baseline in the transmitral mean pressure gradient (TMPG) (HR for whole study period 1.32, 95% CI 1.01-1.72, P = 0.039). Also, MR grade of above mild and the absence of a normal pulmonary venous flow pattern (PVFP) bilaterally were associated with an increased risk for HF hospitalizations and greater-than-mild 1-month MR. No prognostic role was demonstrated for the change in MR severity, the absolute TMPG, or the mere improvement in PVFP. Immediate post-TEER MR severity and the relative change in TMPG are predictive of clinical and echocardiographic outcomes following the procedure.

Association between Hepatic Venous Congestion and Adverse Outcomes after Cardiac Surgery.

Hepatic venous flow patterns reflect pressure changes in the right ventricle and are also markers of systemic venous congestion. Fluid management is crucial in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Our goal was to determine which factors are associated with the increased congestion of the liver as measured by Doppler ultrasound in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. This prospective, observational study included 41 patients without preexisting liver disease who underwent cardiac surgery between 1 January 2021 and 30 September 2021 at a tertiary heart center. In addition to routine echocardiographic examination, we recorded the maximal velocity and velocity time integral (VTI) of the standard four waves seen in the common hepatic vein (flow profile) using Doppler ultrasound preoperatively and at the 20-24th hour of the postoperative period. The ratios of the retrograde and anterograde hepatic venous waves were calculated, and the waveforms were compared to the baseline value and expressed as a delta ratio. Demographic data, pre- and postoperative echocardiographic parameters, intraoperative variables (procedure, cardiopulmonary bypass time), postoperative factors (fluid balance, vasoactive medication requirement, ventilation time and parameters) and perioperative laboratory parameters (liver and kidney function tests, albumin) were used in the analysis. Of the 41 patients, 20 (48.7%) were males, and the median age of the patients was 65.9 years (IQR: 59.8-69.9 years). Retrograde VTI growth showed a correlation with positive fluid balance (0.89 (95% CI 0.785-0.995) c-index. After comparing the postoperative echocardiographic parameters of the two subgroups, right ventricular and atrial diameters were significantly greater in the "retrograde VTI growth" group. The ejection fraction and decrement in ejection fraction to preoperative parameters were significantly different between the two groups. (p = 0.001 and 0.003). Ventilation times were longer in the retrograde VTI group. The postoperative vs. baseline delta VTI ratio of the hepatic vein correlated with positive fluid balance, maximum central venous pressure, and ejection fraction. (B = -0.099, 95% CI = -0.022-0.002, p = 0.022, B = 0.011, 95% CI = 0.001-0.021, p = 0.022, B = 0.091, 95% CI = 0.052-0.213, p = 0.002, respectively.) Conclusion: The increase of the retrograde hepatic flow during the first 24 h following cardiac surgery was associated with positive fluid balance and the decrease of the right ventricular function. Measurement of venous congestion or venous abdominal insufficiency seems to be a useful tool in guiding fluid therapy and hemodynamic management.