Velocity Of Water Movement Research Articles

Influence of Reservoir Properties on the Velocity of Water Movement from Injection to Production Well

To maintain reservoir pressure, water is injected into oil reservoirs. In carbonate rock, water quickly breaks through fractures and highly permeable formations to production wells. This study analyzes the effect of the permeability, oil viscosity, pressure drop, and distance on the water velocity from an injection well to a production well. In the Tempest MORE hydrodynamic simulator (Roxar), a three-layer model of an oil reservoir was created, and water flow from an injection well to a production well was simulated with various values of the permeability, oil viscosity, and bottom hole pressure. The water velocity in the reservoir was estimated based on the mobility factor (k/µo). The results showed that at a mobility factor of less than 2 μm2/Pa s at a distance of 100 m in the reservoirs, the time of water migration from the injection well to the production well increased sharply, and at a mobility factor of more than 2 μm2/Pa s, it became shorter. An analysis of the time of water migration in fields with high-viscosity oil was conducted. The watering time turned out to be shorter than that predicted by the simulation. The permeability of the reservoir and the viscosity of the oil had the greatest influence on the water velocity. To a lesser extent, the time of water migration was affected by the distance between the wells and the difference in the bottomhole pressures. The average migration time for water with a mobility factor of more than 2 µm2/(Pa s) was 6.3 years. Based on the regression analysis of the field data, a linear equation for the time of water migration was obtained. The resulting equation makes it possible to predict the water cuts of wells and optimize oil production.

Замочування насіння сільськогосподарських культур у магнітоактивованій воді

It is possible to increase crop yields, reduce plant incidence, improve agricultural quality without the use of chemical fertilizers when treating seeds before sowing in a magnetic field and soaking them in magnetically activated water. At present, the theory of magnetic treatment of water systems is at the stage of proposing and justifying hypotheses, although it has been experimentally found that magnetic treatment of water alters its physical and chemical properties. Therefore, it is necessary to disclose the mechanisms and patterns of action of the magnetic field on water. The purpose of the work was to determine the regime parameters of water treatment in a magnetic field for soaking seeds of crops. Based on the studies, it was found that the rate of chemical reactions in the aqueous medium, the solubility of the salts, the specific conductivity of the water, the pH and the oxygen concentration increase with the treatment of water in the magnetic field, and the redox potential decreases. This causes an improvement in the sowing quality of the seeds when soaked in magnetically activated water. The effect of magnetic treatment depends on the square of the magnetic induction, the number of magnetizations and the velocity of water movement in the magnetic field. It is established that the most effective mode of treatment of water and seeds in the magnetic field is a magnetic induction of 0.065 T with a fourfold magnetization and a velocity of movement of 0.4 m/s. Under this treatment, when soaking seeds in magnetically activated water, the germination energy of oat seeds increased by 25 % compared to the control, and germination by 19 %. Key words: water, oats, magnetic induction, velocity of movement, germination energy, germination

Inter and intra annual variation in body condition of the Black Sea anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus ponticus—Potential causes and consequences

Variations in the relative condition (Kn) of the Black Sea anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus ponticus) have been evaluated over eleven overwintering seasons (2005–2016). During the study period, a linear decrease was observed in the condition each year. Difference in condition from the onset to end of winter varied between 10% and 20%. Overall however, condition displayed an increasing trend within the time frame studied. Considering the worsening state of the stock during the same period, this increasing trend indicates that condition may be dependent on the fish density. The negative relationship observed between body condition of anchovies and the spawning stock biomass supports the same view and points out that particularly in winter when food supply is limited, interspecies competition could be a considerable factor determining condition. The strong correlation between condition and eddy kinetic energy underlines that velocity of water movement might be an effective factor conserving energy use and consequently supporting maintenance of body condition. Finally, the positive correlation observed between condition loss during winter and number of recruits the following year indicates that how fish overwinter plays an important role in recruitment success rates.

Definition of hydraulic stability of KVGM-100 hot-water boiler and minimum water flow rate

In domestic power engineering, the methods of quantitative and qualitative-quantitative adjusting the load of the heat supply systems are widely distributed; furthermore, during the greater part of the heating period, the actual discharge of network water is less than estimated values when changing to quantitative adjustment. Hence, the hydraulic circuits of hot-water boilers should ensure the water velocities, minimizing the scale formation and excluding the formation of stagnant zones. The results of the calculations of hot-water KVGM-100 boiler and minimum water flow rate for the basic and peak modes at the fulfillment of condition of the lack of surface boil are presented in the article. The minimal flow rates of water at its underheating to the saturation state and the thermal flows in the furnace chamber were defined. The boiler hydraulic calculation was performed using the “Hydraulic” program, and the analysis of permissible and actual velocities of the water movement in the pipes of the heating surfaces was carried out. Based on the thermal calculations of furnace chamber and thermal- hydraulic calculations of heating surfaces, the following conclusions were drawn: the minimum velocity of water movement (by condition of boiling surface) at lifting movement of environment increases from 0.64 to 0.79 m/s; it increases from 1.14 to 1.38 m/s at down movement of environmental; the minimum water flow rate by the boiler in the basic mode (by condition of the surface boiling) increased from 887 t/h at the load of 20% up to 1074 t/h at the load of 100%. The minimum flow rate is 1074 t/h at nominal load and is achieved at the pressure at the boiler outlet equal to 1.1 MPa; the minimum water flow rate by the boiler in the peak mode by condition of surface boiling increases from 1669 t/h at the load of 20% up to 2021 t/h at the load of 100%.

The response of semi‐arid ephemeral wetland plants to flooding: linking water use to hydrological processes

ABSTRACTEvergreen plants inhabiting ephemeral wetlands endure long dry spells interspersed with periods of flooding (or inundation). Inundation events are likely to be important for plant water use and growth, but few studies have linked the physiology of plants to hydrological processes during flood. We investigated the link between changes in the soil physical environment and plant water use traits in a stand of Casuarina obesa Miq and Melaleuca strobophylla Barlow trees during a controlled inundation event at Toolibin Lake. Toolibin Lake is an internationally recognized ephemeral wetland, which is under threat from altered hydrology and salinization. During flood, the velocity of water movement through the clay‐dominated soil profile suggested that macropores and plant root preferential flow paths aided water distribution. C. obesa was more capable than M. strobophylla to capitalize on the inundation event, suggesting preferential use of macropore water and a concentration of roots near the soil surface. Sap flux (QS) and tree diameter (ϕ) were interdependent and there was a correlation between increasing ϕ and increasing pre‐dawn leaf water potential (Ψpd). These observations link the movement of water through the soil profile with changes in tree water use and tree girth in C. obesa and M. strobophylla. Changes in the soil physical environment observed in this study also highlight the risks associated with hydrological management in salinity‐affected ecosystems. Although floods provide fresh water to the root zone of trees, the resulting recharge may also elevate saline groundwater into the region of plant water uptake. Copyright © 2012 Commonwealth of Australia

Soil Water Distribution and Movement in Layered Soils of a Dam Farmland

In soil profiles, special emphasis has been placed on the migration of agri- cultural chemicals spread intentionally or accidentally into deep soils or groundwater body. To prevent soil water pollution and estimate the magnitude of the hazard caused by these chemicals, it is necessary to know the processes controlling their movement from the soil surface, through the root zone and eventually to the water table. This paper deals with two-dimensional soil water distribution and movement in sloping layered soils of a dam farmland on the Loess Plateau of China. In the dam farmland, soil water content showed horizontal distribution corresponding to spatial patterns of the particle sizes. The soil water content of deeper soil was relatively stable compared with topsoil. Generally, rainfall infiltration was limited to 0.8 m in the study period. Funnel flows were found in the layered soils of the dam farmland after rainfall proving the existence of this phenomenon which was observed in simulation experiments and field observation by previous researches. In the study area, the wetting front was unstable due to the layered soils. The spatial correlation analysis of the soil water content showed water movement along the layers in the wetting process with 7 m day −1 only on the first day after rainfall. On the vertical direction, the velocity of water movement was 0.3 m day −1 on the first day after

Environmental, physical, and chemical changes of lake Nubia‐Aswan high dam lake water

Abstract During the period from 23 November to 18 December 1992 water samples were collected from the surface and at 25,50,65 and 80% depth between Daal Cataract in Sudan and the High Dam wall in the most southern part of Egypt. The study concerned with measuring the velocity of water movement, temperature, electrical conductivity and pH, and with the determination of dissolved oxygen. CO2 3 ‐,HCO‐ 3, SO2‐ 4, NO‐ 2, PO3‐ 4, Cl‐, SiO2, Na, Ca, Mg, total hardness (TH) and total dissolved solids (TDS) , in the entire body of water, in order to follow up the distribution of physical components between surface and bottom water of the High Dam Lake and their effects on the water quality and on the life of biota (growth of the microorganisms communities, fish, turtles, birds, ..etc.) The study showed temperature ranges from 16.5–21.8°C , conductivity; 17.1–25.3 mSm‐1, dissolved oxygen; 7.2–10.8 mg/L, pH; 7.20–8.25, CO2‐ 3; 0.0–12.0 mg/L, HCO‐ 3; 103.7–146.4 mg/L, PO3‐ 4; 0.0–0.18mg/L, Cl‐; 1.77‐ 6.21 mg/L, Na; 1...

Poliovirus Movement During High Rate Land Filtration of Sewage Water

AbstractResearch with soil columns that are good models of a field ground water recharge system showed that most polioviruses are held near the soil surface. Secondary sewage effluent seeded with poliovirus type 1 (LSc) was filtered through 250‐cm columns packed with calcareous sand from an area in the Salt River bed that is used for ground water recharging of secondary sewage effluent. When the concentration of poliovirus added to the sewage water was increased from 0.9 × 102 to 2.6 × 104 PFU/ml, the number of viruses detected at each soil depth increased with the increasing virus concentration in the sewage water. However, the percentage of added viruses that remained at each depth was about the same for each concentration. The differences in the strength of the negative charge among members of a given viral population could account for the adsorption of some viruses near the soil surface while others move farther through the profile.Increasing the flow rate from 0.6 to 1.2 m/day caused a virus breakthrough of <1% of the added virus. However, 99% of the viruses still were removed from the infiltrating water at flow rates as high as 12 m/day. The velocity of water movement through the soil may be the single most important factor affecting the depth of virus penetration.