Vehicular Communication Systems Research Articles

Vehicular Messaging In IOT Using Epidemic Routing

Now a days there are lots of inventions done in vehicles and some may in progress, these inventions help to resolve the challenges caused by the increasing transportation issues. These modern vehicles equipped with a large amount of sensors, actuators and communication devices e.g. GPS. New vehicles have possessed powerful sensing, networking, communication and data processing capabilities and can communicate with other vehicles or exchange information with the external environments over various protocols. This can be done with the help of Vehicular communication systems; these are the networks in which vehicle and roadside units are the communicating node, with each other provide the information, such as safety warnings and traffic information. They can be effective in avoiding accidents and traffic congestion. To solve these issue sending and receiving messages is an important factor. All this things are good when the number of vehicles are less, system must be able to handle traffic spike or sudden demands caused by special events or situations such as sport games or emergencies. This is nothing but a scalability challenge which is going to overcome in this paper using routing protocol called Epidemic routing protocol.

Simulation analysis on co-site interference of vehicular digital communication system based on IM prediction method by BER

The co-site interference exists in kinds of communication systems, especially in digital communication systems, also is one of the biggest threats in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) designation of the systems. Analyzing the co-site interference is an important process in achieving EMC performance of the system. Under the situation, the co-site interference simulation analysis of a vehicular digital communication system based on interference margin (IM) prediction method by bit error ratio (BER) was proposed in the paper. In the simulation analysis, some physical models of the vehicular communication system were established on SIMULINK environment, the upper limit of BER level for audio signals was defined as the IM, three different types of co-site interference was analyzed respectively, and the simulation results were obtained in the form of system interference bandwidth. From these results, the EMC performance evaluation of the vehicular communication system was predicted based on the IM prediction method. By comparing with the actual test results, the correctness of the simulation results was validated and the simulation analysis method can be used for reference by other communication systems was indicated.

SECMACE: Scalable and Robust Identity and Credential Management Infrastructure in Vehicular Communication Systems

Several years of academic and industrial research efforts have converged to a common understanding on fundamental security building blocks for the upcoming vehicular communication (VC) systems. There is a growing consensus toward deploying a special-purpose identity and credential management infrastructure, i.e., a vehicular public-key infrastructure (VPKI), enabling pseudonymous authentication, with standardization efforts toward that direction. In spite of the progress made by standardization bodies (IEEE 1609.2 and ETSI) and harmonization efforts [Car2Car Communication Consortium (C2C-CC)], significant questions remain unanswered toward deploying a VPKI. Deep understanding of the VPKI, a central building block of secure and privacy-preserving VC systems, is still lacking. This paper contributes to the closing of this gap. We present SECMACE, a VPKI system, which is compatible with the IEEE 1609.2 and ETSI standards specifications. We provide a detailed description of our state-of-the-art VPKI that improves upon existing proposals in terms of security and privacy protection, and efficiency. SECMACE facilitates multi-domain operations in the VC systems and enhances user privacy, notably preventing linking pseudonyms based on timing information and offering increased protection even against honest-but-curious VPKI entities. We propose multiple policies for the vehicle–VPKI interactions and two large-scale mobility trace data sets, based on which we evaluate the full-blown implementation of SECMACE. With very little attention on the VPKI performance thus far, our results reveal that modest computing resources can support a large area of vehicles with very few delays and the most promising policy in terms of privacy protection can be supported with moderate overhead.

Low-complexity OSIC equalization for OFDM-based Vehicular Communications

Vehicular communication systems are usually equipped with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transceivers that operate on rapidly changing radio propagation environments, which results in high Doppler and delay spreads. More specifically, in these environments, the experienced channels are doubly selective and introduce severe intercarrier interference (ICI) at the receiver. An effective ICI mitigation technique is desired as a constituent part of an ordered successive interference cancellation (OSIC) architecture, which turns out to be computationally efficient, since it may require the solution of linear systems with multiple right-hand sides. To decrease the complexity, several techniques suggest mitigating the ICI by considering only a small number of adjacent subcarriers. However, this approximation introduces an error floor, which may result in unacceptable bit error rates (BER) at high signal-to-noise ratio regimes. In this paper, we propose a new OSIC equalization technique based on an iterative Galerkin projection-based algorithm that reduces the computational cost without sacrificing the performance gains of the OSIC architecture. Furthermore, we suggest a new serial/parallel cancellation architecture that extends the OSIC and has the potential to completely cancel the experienced ICI introduced in high-mobility scenarios. Extensive Monte Carlo experiments have been carried out to validate the accuracy of our framework, revealing intriguing tradeoffs between achieved BER and complexity, and highlighting the importance of designing low-complexity OSIC schemes for OFDM systems operating over double selective channels.

5-GHz V2V Channel Characteristics for Parking Garages

Aiming for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure applications, we provide radio propagation channel characterization results for parking garage channels in the 5 GHz, based on experimental data collected in four typical above-ground parking garages. As a common scenario in urban or suburban settings, such garages provide an indoor propagation environment for vehicular communication systems. Multiple measurements were conducted to characterize the parking garage channel, including same floor and different floor measurements, with and without line of sight, with full and empty garages, and in both motionless and mobile conditions. Path loss, small-scale fading Ricean K -factor, and root-mean-square delay spread (RMS-DS) are quantified. Statistical tapped delay line models with Markov chains that describe the birth/death of multipath components are also provided. Our results provide channel impulse responses for in-garage driving tests, allowing the performance of V2V communication systems in parking garages to be evaluated or simulated based upon the channel models provided in this paper.

The Key to Intelligent Transportation: Identity and Credential Management in Vehicular Communication Systems

Vehicular communication (VC) systems will greatly enhance intelligent transportation systems. But their security and the protection of their users' privacy are a prerequisite for deployment. Efforts in industry and academia brought forth a multitude of diverse proposals. These have now converged to a common view, notably on the design of a security infrastructure, a vehicular public-key infrastructure (VPKI) that shall enable secure conditionally anonymous VC. Standardization efforts and industry readiness to adopt this approach hint at its maturity. However, there are several open questions remaining, and it is paramount to have conclusive answers before deployment. In this article, we distill and critically survey the state of the art for identity and credential management in VC systems, and we sketch a road map for addressing a set of critical remaining security and privacy challenges.

Performance analysis of dedicated short range communications technology and overview of the practicability for developing countries

Vehicular communication is a widely researched field and aims at developing technologies that may complement systems such as the advanced driver assistance systems. It is therefore important to analyse and infer on the performance of vehicular technologies for different driving and on-road criteria. This study considers the dedicated short range communications technology and more precisely the IEEE 802.11p standard for a performance and practicability analysis. There is also the proposal of a new classification scheme for typical driving conditions, which includes the main categories of Emergency and Safety scenarios while sub-classifications of Critical and Preventive Safety also exist. The scheme is used to build up scenarios as well as related equations relevant to developing countries for practical network simulation. The results obtained indicate that the relative speed of nodes is a determining factor in the overall performance and effectiveness of wireless vehicular communication systems. Moreover, delay values of low order were observed while an effective communication range of about 800 m was calculated for highway scenarios. The research thus indicates suitability of the system for an active use in collision avoidance even though independent factors such as climatic conditions and driver behaviour may affect its effectiveness in critical situations.

Proposal and Verification of Function-based Security Protocol for Vehicular Communication System

Not only M2M (Machine-to-Machine) communication but also IoT (Internet of Things) technology has emerged against the backdrop of evolving ICT industry, drawing much attention in all fields including auto industry. Being first adopted in such fields as factories, logistics, meteorology, environment, defense and agriculture and stockbreeding, M2M systems enable devices to communicate automatically with one another and to operate in response to varying conditions. As for vehicles, M2M technology is applied to interactions between internal and external vehicular devices, between vehicles, between vehicles and traffic systems and between vehicles and peripheral devices. Yet, wireless communication systems are prone to hacking attacks in transmission sections. Thus, any attacks on vehicles’ brakes, multiple control systems and engine control parts will put passengers and safety at risk. In this context, many researchers explore the security measures for inter-device communication. This paper designed a protocol for safe communication between vehicular devices using hash function and complex mathematical formulae, and tested it with Casper/FDR, a formal verification tool for protocols. The proposed protocol proved to guard against diverse attacks and to be effectively applicable in practice.

A Full-Duplex Relay Based Hybrid Transmission Mechanism for the MIMO-Capable Cooperative Intelligent Transport System

The goal of the cooperative intelligent transport system (C-ITS) is to provide a vehicular communication system that can enable quick, cost-effective means to distribute data in order to ensure safety, traffic efficiency, driver comfort, and so forth. The vehicular communication for C-ITS is composed of vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications. In V2I, signals from roadside units (RSUs) often have to propagate through large buildings in urban areas, which can cause signal loss due to shadowing effects. V2V can provide video streaming capabilities to enable enhanced C-ITS services, but communication among vehicles may suffer from network congestion. Therefore, we propose a hybrid transmission mechanism in this paper based on full-duplex relay vehicles for MIMO-capable C-ITS. We adopt the use of full-duplex relay vehicles to enhance the reliability of seamless video stream transmission in V2I. For congestion resolution in V2V communications, the MIMO transmission mode is adapted according to the traffic situation and an extra detour path is used to satisfy various QoS requirements of multipriority video data. Simulations are also carried out to show that our mechanism improves the network throughput of MIMO-capable C-ITS with video streaming capability.

Function-based connection protocol development and verification for secure communication in vehicle environment

The latest advancement of information communication technology has facilitated the development of multifunctional high-performance vehicular communication system and the great strides in user convenience. Still, due to the nature of inter-vehicle communication and that of the communication system between internal and external devices, problems of intruders' attacks arise in transmission sections. Any successful attack on vehicular operating, steering, controlling and imaging systems by intruders would end up in grave safety and privacy issues. In this regard, the need for safe and secure vehicular communication is considered important. In the same vein, the importance of research on hardware security and secure communication protocols is emphasized. This Paper designed a secure vehicular communication protocol using hash locks, random numbers and time-stamps. The proposed protocol was experimentally tested with the formal verification tool Casper/FDR and proved to be secure against diverse attacks from intruders. In brief, the proposed protocol turned out to be safe against deadlock and livelock and to finish without trouble.

Performance Evaluation of a Real Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Network Testbed

Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks (VDTNs) are a breakthrough based DTN solution used to provide vehicular communications under challenging scenarios, characterized by long delays and sporadic connections. Using the store-carry-and-forward paradigm, this technology allows in-transit bundles to asynchronously reach the destination hop by hop over traveling vehicles equipped with short-range wireless devices. The VDTN architecture assumes out-of-band signaling with control and data planes separation and follows an IP over VDTN approach. This paper presents a real-world VDTN prototype evaluated through a safety application and a Traffic Jam Information Service. It also demonstrates the real deployment of this new vehicular communication approach. The real testbed is an important contribution since some complex issues presented in vehicular communication systems can be studied more accurately in real-world environments than in a laboratory approach. The results confirm that real deployment of VDTNs is doable and can be seen as a very promising technology for vehicular communications, although it requires appropriated technologies for outline interferences and quality of service support.

Editorial for Special Issue on “Advances on Vehicular Communication Systems”

Editorial: The joint efforts of academia and industry in the past years have led to the introduction of new on board applications and services. In addition, governments and standardization organizations have agreed upon a common set of standards (DSRC) specific to vehicle-tovehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. Combined with the cellular network infrastructure, they pave the way for a plethora of solutions empowered by vehicular communications. Among these solutions, we have emergency alerts, autonomous vehicles, infotainment, comfort services, cooperative road sensing and collaborative applications. Also, the integration between smartphones and vehicles has been addressed by many researchers, and a wide range of applications are already available, many more being expected. In terms of communication systems, mobility effects and channel conditions heavily affect the signal quality, introducing path-loss, fading, and received power fluctuations. Under such conditions, several issues remain open including message dissemination in congested environments, Quality of Service (QoS), efficient and adaptive routing, MAC layer enhancements, mobility prediction, efficient handovers, etc. For this special issue we have selected 6 high-quality papers among a total of 26 submissions. The first article, entitled “Implementation and Performance Evaluation of Distributed Autonomous Multi-Hop Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications over TV White Space” by K. Tsukamoto et al., presents a two-layer control channel model able to establish the multi-hop network. In their proposal, the vehicles construct a swarm using location and direction information, while sharing route and channel information. The vehicles use GPS-driven oscillators for coarse synchronization, introducing a time margin to accommodate for the remaining drift. Simulation results show that the proposed idea is suitable for vehicular environments, providing efficient and stable V2V communication. The second article, entitled “Safety enhancement and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) reduction in VANETs” by A.F. Santamaria et al., discusses new approaches for road safety. In particular, the authors illustrate a novel cooperative architecture supporting both V2V and V2I connectivity. The idea, called SeAWave, takes advantage of the IEEE802.11p standard, enhancing it by adding useful messages to improve the vehicles’ active and passive safety systems based on information about the environment and road conditions. Simulations show good results for the proposed smart traffic management system. The third article, entitled “Target RSU Selection with Low Scanning Latency in WiMAX-enabled VANETs” by S.H. Ahmed et al., addresses the problem of handover management in VANETs, exploiting the potentialities of WiMAX services when users switch between C. T. Calafate (*) : P. Fazio Technical University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain e-mail: calafate@disca.upv.es

A moving context-aware and location-based paratransit system

In recent years, paratransit services have been a crucial development for serving people with disabilities. However, the operators face difficulties in efficiently monitoring a paratransit vehicle and passengers are difficult to know the arrival status of the vehicle. This study proposes a moving context-aware and location-based paratransit system. With the support of WAVE/DSRC vehicular communication systems and internet access, our system can integrate the paratransit operator centre, paratransit vehicle and passenger to provide real-time services. Moving context analysis is performed to evaluate the impact of gender, device size and the ways to hold the device and the results are integrated into the development of our prototype system. Visual and audio notification services can be provided adaptively to a passenger based on the behaviour state of the passenger and the location of the paratransit.

On KLJN-based Secure Key Distribution in Vehicular Communication Networks

In a former paper [Fluct. Noise Lett. 13 (2014) 1450020] we introduced a vehicular communication system with unconditionally secure key exchange based on the Kirchhoff-Law–Johnson-Noise (KLJN) key distribution scheme. In this paper, we address the secure KLJN key donation to vehicles. This KLJN key donation solution is performed lane-by-lane by using roadside key provider equipment embedded in the pavement. A method to compute the lifetime of the KLJN key is also given. This key lifetime depends on the car density and gives an upper limit of the lifetime of the KLJN key for vehicular communication networks.

Limits of Predictability for Large-Scale Urban Vehicular Mobility

Key challenges in vehicular transportation and communication systems are understanding vehicular mobility and utilizing mobility prediction, which are vital for both solving the congestion problem and helping to build efficient vehicular communication networking. Most of the existing works mainly focus on designing algorithms for mobility prediction and exploring utilization of these algorithms. However, the crucial questions of how much the mobility is predictable and how the mobility predictability can be used to enhance the system performance are still the open and unsolved problems. In this paper, we consider the fundamental problem of the predictability limits of vehicular mobility. By using two large-scale urban city vehicular traces, we propose an intuitive but effective model of areas transition to describe the vehicular mobility among the areas divided by the city intersections. Based on this model, we examine the predictability limits of large-scale urban vehicular networks and obtain the maximal predictability based on the methodology of entropy theory. Our study finds that about 78%-99% of the location and above 70% of the staying time, respectively, are predicable. Our findings thus reveal that there is strong regularity in the daily vehicular mobility, which can be exploited in practical prediction algorithm design.

An ID/Locator Separation-Based Mobility Management Architecture for WSNs

In this paper, we focus on a scheme that supports mobility for groups of sensor networks. Mobility in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is one of the most important WSN technologies for applications such as healthcare, vehicular communication systems, intelligent transport systems, and logistics applications. This paper proposes a new mobility management architecture for WSNs that is based on the ID/LOC separation concept for ID-based communications with location-based routing. The proposed architecture supports energy-efficient lightweight mobility control for a large number of WSNs by distributed management manner. Furthermore, the discover-before-forward concept is proposed for route optimization. Performance results show that the proposed ID/LOC separation-based mobility architecture for supporting 6LoWPAN is more efficient and lighter than the existing HIP scheme in terms of energy consumption, total signaling cost and packet delivery cost ratio.

도심 차량통신환경에서의 전파특성 측정과 구현 이슈

Vehicular communications can be applied for transmission of various safety messages or Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS) applications by combining vehicle/road technology with Information and Communication Technology(ICT). In this paper, we represent measurement results of radio characteristics of vehicular communications using IEEE 802.11p based system in urban environments. Radio characteristics are based on the packet error rate (PER) and received spectrum mask. Using measurement results, we discuss implementation issues of vehicular communication systems for supporting reliable services.

자동차 보안시스템에서 통신 인증프로토콜의 보안성 검증

자동차산업의 발전과 함께 차량전자통신시스템이 고성능화 되어가고 있으며 사용자 편의 면에서도 상당히 많은 발전을 거듭해가고 있다. 그러나 통신시스템의 특성상 전송구간에서 공격자의 공격에 대한 문제가 제기되고 있으며 안전한 통신에 대한 필요성이 중요시 되고 있다. 자동차의 운행, 제어계통 및 영상장비 등에 공격자의 공격이 성공하게 되면 안전 및 프라이버시에 심각한 문제가 발생하게 된다. 따라서 하드웨어적인 보안 및 보안통신프로토콜에 대한 연구가 중요한 부분으로 이루어지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 안전한 차량 통신프로토콜을 제안하며 공격자의 각종 공격에 안전한 프로토콜을 정형검증도구인 Casper/FDR 도구를 이용하여 실험하였으며 제안 프로토콜이 안전하며 문제없이 종료됨을 확인하였다. Vehicular electronic communication system has continued to develop in favor of high performance and user convenience with the evolution of auto industry. Yet, due to the nature of communication system, concerns over intruder attacks in transmission sections have been raised with a need for safe and secure communication being valued. Any successful intruder attacks on vehicular operation and control systems as well as on visual equipment could result in serious safety and privacy problems. Thus, research has focused on hardware-based security and secure communication protocols. This paper proposed a safe and secure vehicular communication protocol, used the formal verification tool, Casper/FDR to test the security of the proposed protocol against different types of intruder attacks, and verified that the proposed protocol was secure and ended without problems.

Realistic Vehicular Mobility Impact of FTM, IDM, IDM-IM and IDM-LC on VANETs

ABSTRACT VANETs are composed of a number of vehicles moving on city roads, able to interconnect with one another without a fixed infrastructure. Improvisation of a new vehicular communication system should entitle a node to travel safely with high speed mobility while maintaining seamless interconnectivity. To evaluate the impact of mobility models such as FTM, IDM, IDM-IM and IDM-LC on VANETs routing protocol, VanetMobiSim is introduced to design a realistic vehicular mobility model for an urban scenario of Dhaka city. The experimental results suggest several issues e.g. lower packet drop rate, delay, jitter and route cost, etc are required to be considered before preparing a realistic application of VANET. The simulation results have been measured by different performance metrics such as drop, delay, jitter, round-trip time, throughput, route cost and mean hop etc. Keywords VANET; AODV; AOMDV; DYMO; OLSR; FTM; IDM-IM; IDM-LC; IDM; IEEE 802.11p;

Evaluation of IEEE 802. 11p in Vehicular Communication via Simulation

IEEE 802. 11p, which is a fundamental protocol of dedicated short—range communication in intelligent transportation systems, is evaluated in this work. The relationship of IEEE 802. 11p with other protocols in the layered architecture for DSRC, as well as the standard framing process for wireless transmission, is studied. The common problems of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing vehicular communication system and their solutions, such as channel estimation, carrier frequency offset, and symbol time offset, are analyzed by simulation. Analysis results indicate the acceptable reliability and performance of IEEE 802. 11p. Simulation results confirm the viability of the design of related applications.