Vehicle Communication Research Articles

A Hybrid Machine Learning‐Based Data‐Centric Cybersecurity Detection in the 5G‐Enabled IoT

ABSTRACTBy increasing smart objects as high‐potential computing devices and 5G technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerging technology to provide a data‐centric infrastructure for detecting safe device‐to‐device communications by supporting security and privacy issues. As a 5G‐enabled communication technology, vehicle‐to‐vehicle (V2V) communication provides a wireless exchange information connection between smart vehicles, intelligent devices, and a cloud‐edge computing environment. This connection should be established with a safe and secured run‐time protection system to avoid many critical anomalies and misbehavior problems. Detecting run‐time malicious transformations with data‐centric misbehaving reactions is a main challenge for autonomous vehicle communications with 5G‐enabled communication technology. This paper provides a hybrid genetic algorithm‐based ensemble bagged trees (GA‐EBT) algorithm for a data‐centric misbehavior detection approach to support the V2V communications against malicious and misbehavior transactions. In this hybrid algorithm, GA provides a beneficial performance on the training accuracy factor based on a single‐objective fitness function and EBT supports a high‐degree prediction and training process using multiple decision tree models with bootstrapped samples of the training data. For the evaluation of the proposed algorithm, four real test cases are applied for messaging injection attacks in the V2V environments in comparison to the state‐of‐the‐art machine learning algorithms. The experimental results show that the proposed hybrid approach can achieve an optimal high rate accuracy factor of 99.999, precision and recall factors of 100%, and an F1‐Score factor of 100% to detect unexpected cyber‐attacks for the V2V communications in the IoT environment.

Enhancing constructive communication in the digital age through “textual healing,” a mindfulness app

Texting has become a primary mode of communication across relationship types, particularly amongst women, despite its vulnerability to miscommunication and associated social consequences. Whereas there is a robust literature on the mechanics and the importance of constructive communication, little is known about how these findings generalize to text-based forms of communication. Using a sample of 71 Black women between the ages of 18–29, the present study examined how the content of text messages changed in response to a short mindfulness-based intervention delivered via a smartphone application. Findings revealed that these women used the intervention to modify maladaptive communication to be more constructive, as well as to enhance neutral communication. They were also less likely to send maladaptive messages after composing them and going through the intervention. In addition to emphasizing the relevance of existing communication theories to text-based communication, this study highlights the potential for the phone to be used as a vehicle for mindful communication amongst a variety of relationship types despite its potential for misuse.

A CONSTRUÇÃO DA IDENTIDADE CULTURAL NA ERA DIGITAL

The construction of cultural identity in the digital era is a dynamic and multifaceted phenomenon, driven by technological advancement and globalization. The internet and social networks, as the main contemporary communication vehicles, play a central role in the formation of cultural identities, promoting interaction between people of different cultures and values. In this scenario, cultural identity is no longer static or limited to a geographic space, but becomes fluid, shaped by diverse experiences, including online and offline interactions. The digital age offers unlimited possibilities for cultural expression and recognition, allowing individuals and groups to share their traditions, beliefs and customs with a global audience. At the same time, this constant exposure to different cultures can generate tension between the preservation of local identities and the influence of a dominant global culture. Furthermore, cultural identity in the digital age is often negotiated, where individuals and communities choose which aspects of their culture they want to emphasize or adapt. However, this transformation can also generate challenges, such as cultural homogenization or the risk of cultural appropriation. Therefore, the construction of cultural identity in the digital age is a complex process that involves both the strengthening and transformation of cultural traditions. New digital platforms allow for greater democratization of cultural discourse, but they also pose challenges that need to be recognized and discussed, especially in relation to the preservation of cultural diversity.

CD81-guided heterologous EVs present heterogeneous interactions with breast cancer cells

BackgroundExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-secreted particles conceived as natural vehicles for intercellular communication. The capacity to entrap heterogeneous molecular cargoes and target specific cell populations through EV functionalization promises advancements in biomedical applications. However, the efficiency of the obtained EVs, the contribution of cell-exposed receptors to EV interactions, and the predictability of functional cargo release with potential sharing of high molecular weight recombinant mRNAs are crucial for advancing heterologous EVs in targeted therapy applications.MethodsIn this work, we selected the popular EV marker CD81 as a transmembrane guide for fusion proteins with a C-terminal GFP reporter encompassing or not Trastuzumab light chains targeting the HER2 receptor. We performed high-content imaging analyses to track EV-cell interactions, including isogenic breast cancer cells with manipulated HER2 expression. We validated the functional cargo delivery of recombinant EVs carrying doxorubicin upon EV-donor cell treatment. Then, we performed an in vivo study using JIMT-1 cells commonly used as HER2-refractory, trastuzumab-resistant model to detect a more than 2000 nt length recombinant mRNA in engrafted tumors.ResultsFusion proteins participated in vesicular trafficking dynamics and accumulated on secreted EVs according to their expression levels in HEK293T cells. Despite the presence of GFP, secreted EV populations retained a HER2 receptor-binding capacity and were used to track EV-cell interactions. In time-frames where the global EV distribution did not change between HER2-positive (SK-BR-3) or -negative (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cell lines, the HER2 exposure in isogenic cells remarkably affected the tropism of heterologous EVs, demonstrating the specificity of antiHER2 EVs representing about 20% of secreted bulk vesicles. The specific interaction strongly correlated with improved cell-killing activity of doxorubicin-EVs in MDA-MB-231 ectopically expressing HER2 and reduced toxicity in SK-BR-3 with a knocked-out HER2 receptor, overcoming the effects of the free drug. Interestingly, the fusion protein-corresponding transcripts present as full-length mRNAs in recombinant EVs could reach orthotopic breast tumors in JIMT-1-xenografted mice, improving our sensitivity in detecting penetrant cargoes in tissue biopsies.ConclusionsThis study highlights the quantitative aspects underlying the creation of a platform for secreted heterologous EVs and shows the limits of single receptor-ligand interactions behind EV-cell engagement mechanisms, which now become the pivotal step to predict functional tropism and design new generations of EV-based nanovehicles.

Secure Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Communication in Dual-Function Radar Communication System by Exploiting Constructive Interference

In contrast from traditional unmanned aerial vehicle communication via unlicensed spectrum, connecting unmanned aerial vehicles with cellular networks can extend their communication coverage and improve the quality of their service. In addition, the emerging dual-functional radar communication paradigm in cellular systems can better meet the requirements of location-sensitive tasks such as reconnaissance and cargo delivery. Based on the above considerations, in this paper, we study the simultaneous communication and target sensing issue in cellular-connected unmanned aerial vehicle systems. Specifically, we consider a two-cell coordinated system with two base stations, cellular unmanned aerial vehicles, and potential aerial targets. In such systems, the communication security issue of cellular unmanned aerial vehicles regarding eavesdropping on their target is inevitable since the main beam of the transmit waveform needs to point to the direction of the target for achieving a sufficient detection performance. Aiming at protecting the privacy of cellular transmission as well as performing target sensing, we exploit the physical layer security technique with the aid of constructive interference-based precoding. A transmit power minimization problem is formulated with constraints on secure and reliable cellular transmission and a sufficient radar signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio. By specially designing the transmit beamforming vectors at the base stations, the received signals at the cellular users are located in the decision regions of the transmitted symbols while the targets can only receive wrong symbols. We also compare the performance of the proposed scheme with that of the traditional one without constructive interference. The simulation results show that the proposed constructive interference-based strategy can meet the requirements of simultaneous target sensing and secure communication, and also save transmit power compared with the traditional scheme.

Construction and analysis of the EMC evaluation model for vehicular communication systems

With the development of wireless communication technologies, vehicle-mounted wireless communication systems are changing with each passing day, and their EMC has become the key to constraining vehicles to adapt to complex electromagnetic environments. Aiming at the limitations of existing EMC evaluation methods or models for wireless communication systems and the actual needs of EMC evaluation and analysis for vehicular communication systems, a five-level novel evaluation model including working environment, signal spectrum, receiver sensitivity, antenna isolation and communication performance is constructed considering the completeness and accuracy of EMC evaluation for vehicular communication systems. The performance of the constructed model is validated using the vehicular communication system of an armored vehicle as an example. The model can evaluate whether there is interference between the working environment and the signal spectrum of the vehicle-mounted radio station. error in the reduction of the receiver sensitivity between calculation and measurement is 5.8%. The calculated isolation of the vehicle-mounted antenna is in good agreement with the measurements. The modulation mode and coding mode of the vehicle-mounted digital communication system with better performance are simulated and analyzed. When the receiver sensitivity is reduced by 6 dB, the vehicle communication distance is reduced by 50%. The simulation and measurement results show that the proposed model is suitable for the evaluation of electromagnetic compatibility of vehicular communication systems for armored vehicles.

Retraction Note: Adaptive SDN-based network architecture for vehicle to vehicle communication using flexible optical networks for 5G

Retraction Note: Adaptive SDN-based network architecture for vehicle to vehicle communication using flexible optical networks for 5G

A Versatile Shared-Aperture Antenna for Vehicle Communications

This communication introduces a versatile, multi-service, shared-aperture antenna system for multiple vehicle applications. The design comprises three antenna elements: a rotatable microstrip antenna for global positioning system (GPS) communication, a cross-dipole circularly polarized antenna for satellite communication in the S-band, and a pattern reconfigurable antenna for V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle) communication. These antennas collectively support GPS, satellite communication (Satcom), and V2V communication in a single, shared-aperture design. This shared-aperture antenna system offers cost savings and occupies less space compared to using separate antennas for each service. The microstrip antenna covers the 1575 MHz frequency band used for GPS communication. The cross-dipole circularly polarized antenna provides continuous wideband coverage for S-band satellite communication. The pattern reconfigurable antenna, tailored for the specific application scenario, covers the 5.9 GHz V2V working frequency band (5.855–5.925 GHz). Practical testing and simulation results confirm the effectiveness of this antenna system for the intended applications. In summary, the microstrip antenna has a bandwidth of 1.565–1.578 GHz and a realized gain of 7 dBi with radiation efficiency of 81%, the cross-dipole antenna has a bandwidth of 2.2–3.8 GHz (53.3%) and a realized gain of 8.3 dBi with radiation efficiency of 90%, and the pattern reconfigurable antenna has a 5.8–6 GHz bandwidth and a realized gain of 3.7 dBi with radiation efficiency of 85%, and the isolation between antennas with different frequencies is 25 dB, 20 dB, and 30 dB in three frequency bands.

Robust cryptographic scheme for reliable data communication in VANET (RCSRC) using clustering approach

In contemporary times, as accident rates continue to rise, there is a growing interest in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) as a means to reduce accidents and vehicle damage, as well as enhance public safety. VANETs facilitate the transmission of messages within predefined areas to ensure system safety and efficiency. However, ensuring message authenticity in such a dynamic environment presents a significant challenge, with previous research focusing less on security aspects. Some previous protocols send plain message, which leads to the compromise of the message confidentiality. Although few algorithms work on security, they involve the communication to the trusted authority, which lead to increased latency. Thus, in this paper we propose a robust cryptographic scheme for reliable data communication in VANET which minimizes the involvement of trusted authority and uses communication ID of vehicle for communication in place of real entities. Security analysis of the proposed scheme is showing the sturdiness of the proposed protocol again various types of safety spasms. The evaluation of its performance includes assessing communication cost and time, revealing the proposed algorithm's efficiency compared to others.

Drone-based mobile full-duplex optical communication

Wireless optical communication plays a vital role in mobile communication networks, and both drones and vehicles are essential mobile communication nodes. Here, image identification technology, gimbal, and full-duplex optical communication systems are integrated to manage the challenging issues of light alignment and target tracking for mobile full-duplex optical communication under the transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) scheme. Both drones and vehicles are equipped with the proposed setup to realize full-duplex wireless optical data transmission at a communication rate of 2 Mbps in both air-to-ground and air-to-air scenarios. By further integrating wireless-fidelity (Wi-Fi) modules, drone-based mobile optical communication systems (MOCSs) can be interconnected with the network via the TCP/IP scheme, and real-time video transmission can be demonstrated. This work provides a feasible route toward a mobile optical communication network (MOCN) for diverse applications.

„Na o–bi–ad!”: słuchanie warszawskiej trąbizupki, czyli kuchni ruchomej (1901–1904), jako sygnału oraz praktyki akustemologicznej ludowej społeczności Warszawy

Trąbizupka – Warsaw’s mobile field kitchen – was a charitable initiative of the early years of the 20th century; a cart going around Warsaw sold nutritious and cheap soup, and its arrival was accompanied by the sound of a trumpet. This peculiar sound phenomenon existed in the city’s phonosphere for a short time – the residents had to learn to interpret it, but after a few years, trąbizupka’s activity was suspended. The functioning of trąbizupka (manifested through its sonicity – literally, in the sound of the trumpet, and figuratively, in the name itself) was coupled with a class discourse on charity – from admiration for the initiative to the feeling of shame of Warsaw’s folk classes, as reported “first-hand” by the positivist “Przegląd Tygodniowy” [Weekly Review], linked to eating a pauper’s meal “on the street.” At the same time, trąbizupka became an element of urban folklore, preserved in popular polkas for piano and as a sound characteristic of Warsaw. Trąbizupka, as a case study analyzed from the position of historical sound studies, allows us to ask questions about the sound signal as a vehicle of communication and about the acoustemology of the city’s residents, especially of the lower social classes, at the turn of the 20th century. Key-words: acoustemology, audiosphere, sound history, sound studies, Warsaw

Handover management in vehicle communication: applications, techniques, issues, and challenges: a review

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication is an emerging technology that facilitates communication among vehicles and numerous environmental entities. However, it encounters certain challenges throughout the handover process. This study analyses the challenges and complexity of managing handover, specifically in maintaining uninterrupted connection and meeting the service criteria outlined in the 3GPP 5G new radio (NR) standard. Various applications of V2X technology that require handover management are explored, such as vehicle safety and traffic management, enhanced driver assistance, and autonomous driving. Furthermore, this paper illuminates the most recent developments in V2X communication, highlighting the significance of efficient handover management, resolving technical issues, based on the full potential of the use of V2X apps that contribute to the establishment of a transportation ecosystem that is characterized by enhanced safety, increased intelligence, and improved connectivity. This paper can be used as a starting point for thinking about how to improve C-V2X communication.

Characteristics Analysis and Modeling of Integrated Sensing and Communication Channel for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Communications

As an important part of 6th generation (6G) communication, integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication has attracted more and more attention. The UAV ISAC channel model considering the space-time evolution of joint and shared clusters is the basis of UAV ISAC system design and network evaluation. This paper introduces the UAV ISAC channel characteristics analysis and modeling method. In the UAV ISAC network, the channel consists of a communication channel and a sensing channel. A joint channel parameter is a combination of all (communication and sensing) multiple path component (MPC) parameter sets, while a shared path is the intersection of the communication path and sensing path that have some of the same MPC parameters. Based on the data collected from a ray-tracing (RT) UAV-to-ground scenario, the joint paths and shared paths of ISAC channels are clustered. Then, by introducing the occurrence and disappearance of clusters based on the birth–death (B–D) process, the space-time evolution of different clusters is described, and the influence of the addition of sensing clusters and the change in flight altitude on the B–D process is explored. Finally, the effects of the sensing cluster and flight altitude on the UAV ISAC channel characteristics, including the angle, time–varying characteristics, and sharing degree (SD), are analyzed. The related UAV ISAC channel characteristics analysis can provide reference for the future development of UAV ISAC systems.

Virtual Reality Study on Pedestrians’ Perceived Trust in Interactions with Automated Vehicles

This paper investigates the impact of different automated vehicle (AV) communication concepts on pedestrians' perceived trust when interacting with the AV in an urban intersection setting. For this, two virtual reality (VR) studies were conducted. The first examined the influence of vehicle automation on how pedestrians interpret driving behavior, while the second analyzed the effects of explicit communication concepts on pedestrians' perceived trust. The results show that AV driving behavior evokes similar associations as manually driven vehicles, with overall perceived trust scores not differing considerably (with driver: 4.7, without driver: 4.6). However, qualitative interviews revealed that pedestrians ultimately interpret AV behavior differently, yielding insights into the applicability of driving behavior of manually driven vehicles as a model for AV driving behavior. The second study showed an increase in pedestrians' perceived trust when vehicle-based explicit communication was present (mean: 4.9). In contrast, infrastructure-based communication showed no difference compared to implicit communication (mean: 4.6). The investigation of the influence of the traffic infrastructure (presence of traffic lights) has shown different results for implicit and explicit communication of AVs. For implicit communication, pedestrians' perceived trust increased with traffic lights (mean: 4.8) compared to scenarios without them (mean: 4.4). However, for explicit communication, the perceived trust decreased with traffic lights (vehicle-based: 4.7, infrastructure-based: 4.6) compared to scenarios without traffic lights (mean: 5.1). One reason for this is possible cognitive overload caused by the perception of multiple visual aids that are not always in the same field of view.

Feasibility of LoRa‐based Infrastructure‐to‐Vehicle (I2V) communication for road weather information systems

SummaryA road‐weather information system (RWIS) is an attractive application in the context of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), which is used where climatic conditions and meteorological events worsen traffic safety. The primary goal is to significantly reduce potential accidents by sending early warning messages to prompt immediate action. For this purpose, road weather information stations are placed at critical points on the highways. In addition to responsible transportation agencies, enabling direct warning message transfer from roadside infrastructure to vehicles can significantly improve the effectiveness of a typical RWIS application. Dedicated short range communication (DSRC) and cellular vehicle to everything (C‐V2X) technologies are extensively used for data exchange between vehicles (V2V) and between vehicles and road infrastructure (V2I or I2V) under the umbrella term of vehicle‐to‐everything (V2X) communications. Latency and coverage are key performance indicators of the vehicular network that determine how drivers react to risks in adverse road and weather conditions. V2X‐based connectivity mainly aims to offer low latency in message delivery, but it is not possible to obtain a wide‐range coverage due to significant propagation loss in the dedicated 5.9 GHz ITS frequency band. In this study, we presented a long range (LoRa)‐based RWIS application that uses I2 V communication at sub‐GHz bands. Our main contribution is proposing a novel method for RWIS implementations, where the LoRa gateways run in a half‐duplex way to collect information from road weather information stations in the uplink channel and then broadcast warning messages to vehicles in the downlink channel. To validate the applicability of the proposed method, we presented a feasibility study that includes transmission range and latency analysis. Our theoretical calculations' results validate the more extended transmission range and applicability of LoRa connectivity on RWIS applications, especially for common scenarios like black ice where the climate risks do not occur suddenly. We also showed that our methodology would be beneficial due to the ability to offer wide coverage, especially in the areas where cellular base stations have not yet existed or V2X road infrastructure has not yet been established.

Interconnections within the tumor microenvironment: extracellular vesicles as critical players of metabolic reprogramming in tumor cells

Metabolic reprogramming is an intrinsic characteristic of cancer, contributing to its establishment and progression, survival, high proliferation rates, and increased migratory and invasive potential; tumor cells establish an intimate relationship with the surrounding microenvironment, where sustained communication allows the stromal fraction of the tumor microenvironment (TME) to supply energetic substrates and facilitate the biosynthesis of macromolecules, thereby promoting tumor progression. In this context, extracellular vesicles (EVs) emerge as potential communication vehicles, carrying inside content reflecting the cellular environment of origin and thus modulating the phenotype of recipient cells. The potential of EVs as modulators in the TME has been highlighted and is now consensual; however, most available articles have focused on revealing the effect of EVs in modulating tumor phenotypes and signaling pathways in tumor cells. Regarding the metabolic modulation sustained by EVs, studies have demonstrated the role of cancer cells’ EVs as modulators of surrounding cells, like immune cells, fibroblasts, and adipocytes. Therefore, this review aims to: i. highlight the most recent studies evaluating the role of cellular vesicles released by those cells within the microenvironment in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells; ii. compile scientific evidence proposing how EVs could modulate the metabolic profile of tumor stem cells and lymphocytes, particularly given the lack of studies focused on such approaches; and iii. highlight possible effects of vesicles, as the metabolic modulation induced by these vesicles could have anticancer potential.

Survey on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Communications for 6G

Although the application of the fifth-Generation (5G) mobile communication has brought tremendous innovations to the daily life of human beings, e.g., autonomous vehicles and internet of everything, the upcoming huger data requirement leads to the emergence of the sixth-Generation (6G) mobile communication. Compared to 5G, the transmission rate, time delay, and wireless coverage need to be improved significantly. Thus, in this paper the applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to the ubiquitous, intelligent and coupling 6G network are surveyed. First, the utilization of UAVs in the framework of space-air-ground-sea integrated network is demonstrated, and the roles and functions of UAVs in different scenarios are emphasized, e.g., the swarm base stations, the deployment for holographic projection, the long-distance relaying and the data collection. Then, the potential 6G key techniques of terahertz, ultra-massive multiple-input and multiple-output, endogenous artificial intelligence, Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS), intelligent edge computing, blockchain and integrated sensing and communication for UAV communications are investigated. Finally, the future challenges of UAV communications for 6G, including the limited duration, integration of networks, compatibility of IRS, development of THz communications, and user security are discussed.

An in-depth exploration of the multifaceted roles of EVs in the context of pathogenic single-cell microorganisms.

SUMMARYExtracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized throughout scientific communities as potential vehicles of intercellular communication in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, thereby influencing various physiological and pathological functions of both parent and recipient cells. This review provides an in-depth exploration of the multifaceted roles of EVs in the context of bacteria and protozoan parasite EVs, shedding light on their contributions to physiological processes and disease pathogenesis. These studies highlight EVs as a conserved mechanism of cellular communication, which may lead us to important breakthroughs in our understanding of infection, mechanisms of pathogenesis, and as indicators of disease. Furthermore, EVs are involved in host-microbe interactions, offering insights into the strategies employed by bacteria and protozoan parasites to modulate host responses, evade the immune system, and establish infections.

Optimizing underwater connectivity through multi-attribute decision-making for underwater IoT deployments using remote sensing technologies

The underwater Internet of Things (UIoT) and remote sensing are significant for biodiversity preservation, environmental protection, national security, disaster assistance, and technological innovation. Assigning tasks to autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) is a fundamental challenge in underwater technology and exploration. Remote sensing and AUVs are vital for pollution detection, disaster prevention, marine observation, and ocean monitoring. This work presents an optimized network connectivity using a multi-attribute decision-making approach for underwater IoT deployment. A feature engineering approach highlights the significant characteristics of underwater things, incorporating remote sensing data, and a multi-objective optimization method is used to select optimal UIoT for effective task allocation in deep-sea environments. A balance between data transmission, energy economy, and operational performance is necessary for efficient task distribution. Effective communication algorithms and protocols are needed to maintain environmental sustainability, protect marine ecosystems, and improve underwater monitoring enhanced by remote sensing technologies. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) is beneficial for addressing various challenges in underwater technology, considering factors such as mission objectives, energy efficiency, environmental conditions, vehicle performance, safety, and much more. The proposed criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) methodology will assess technical competencies like communication, resilience, navigation, and safety in an underwater environment, leveraging remote sensing and aiding decision-makers in selecting appropriate undersea devices and vehicles for enhancing communication and transportation. This method prioritizes characteristics and aligns them with specific objectives, improving decision-making quality in the marine environment.

IRS-assisted UAV wireless powered communication network for sustainable federated learning

Intelligent reflective surface (IRS) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication are indispensable potential technologies in the future sixth-generation mobile communication technology (6 G). Utilizing the high beamforming gain of IRS and the high mobility of UAV can achieve ubiquitous network coverage and ensure a high-quality communication environment. Wireless Powered Communication Network (WPCN) is an emerging green communication technology network that converts received radio frequency (RF) signals into electrical energy to power Federated Learning (FL) users. FL users perform local computing and model transmission through the collected energy, ensuring the sustainability of FL. In order to solve the problems of complex communication environment, privacy protection, and energy constraints on terminal devices, we design an FL system based on an IRS-assisted UAV wireless power communication network, which minimizes the UAV transmission energy by jointly optimizing UAV location, IRS phase shift, and resource allocation strategies. We use a low-complexity iterative algorithm to solve this complex non-convex problem. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is obviously better than that of other benchmark schemes, indicating that joint optimization plays an essential role in improving the performance of the system.