Car Vehicle Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF THE REGULATORY AND METHODOLOGICAL APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT TESTS OF ARMORED TANK AND VEHICLE EQUIPMENT TO THE INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL MECHANICAL AND CLIMATE FACTORS

In the work is carried out an analytical study of normative and methodical support of the processes of testing armored and automobile vehicles to the influence of climatic and mechanical factors. Unsolved aspects of the testing are highlighted. The advantages and disadvantages of conducting tests of military equipment and its components on the influence of external mechanical and climatic factors have been identified for national standards of Ukraine and national standards harmonized with international standards in order to form the direction of further improvement of the regulatory and methodical apparatus to increase the accuracy and reliability of equipment evaluation in operating conditions. The need to improve test methods based on increasing the accuracy and reliability of equipment evaluation during laboratory tests is substantiated. The provisions of foreign military standards, which are used in Ukraine and the world as basic – STANAG 4370, MIL-STD-810 were analyzed. Based on the analysis of these standards, which include requirements for conducting tests, methods, procedures and acceptance criteria for equipment in operational conditions, the direction and method of improving test methods is determined. Prospective directions for ensuring standardization in the process of testing are outlined, in which there is a high need to maintain a high level of reliability and efficiency of armored and automobile vehicles in operational conditions. The need to adapt standards to modern challenges and threats has been established by optimizing test methods in conditions that are as close as possible to real ones, as well as using the latest technologies to improve the processes of monitoring the state of equipment.

Towards Net-Zero Emissions from Urban Transport: Ex Post Policy Evaluation in Canberra, the Australian Capital Territory

The achievement of net-zero emissions is a major governmental challenge to ameliorate the adverse impacts of climate change, and to reduce the health risks associated with poor air quality. In Australia, the transport sector is a major contributor to particulate matter and greenhouse gas emissions, especially in urban areas. The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Government recognises that one of the greatest sustainability challenges to achieving a carbon-neutral society with net-zero emissions is the transport sector because it contributes 60 percent of all emissions under its jurisdiction. The ACT is a suitable case study on climate change, energy policy, and transport emissions because its electricity is powered by renewable energy; its governance has included a continuous planning philosophy of integrating transport with land use. The methodology is based on identifying and summarising the international literature on net-zero emissions policy (n = 50), the relevant policy documents and reports by the Australian Government (n = 8) and by the ACT Government (n = 32). An appraisal of policy outcomes in the ACT is based on an analysis of quantitative and qualitative data. In a car-dependent city (77% of trips by private transport), the most realistic policies for achieving net-zero emissions are to encourage, through fiscal incentives and regulations, the adoption of electric vehicles for buses and private cars, electric or hydrogen vehicles for the commercial fleet, and regulations to phase out petrol- and diesel-powered vehicles.

Estimation of Traffic Emissions by Integrating COPERT and CUBE

Air pollution caused by motor vehicles is harmful to public health. Managing the cause of this type of pollution is very difficult. Effective prediction and management of pollution can be attained only by computing air pollution. It is difficult to measure emissions directly, so it is estimated using a variety of models developed worldwide. The current study made an attempt to integrate the emission model COPERT with the traffic assignment model in CUBE software for predicting the traffic-related emissions of pollutants SO2, NO2 & PM2.5 in mixed traffic conditions by considering passenger car and light duty vehicles (LDVS), two-wheeler, auto and bus. The study also aimed to include fuel variables and meteorological variable humidity along with fleet composition, average speed and average monthly temperature as inputs. This would enable us to control the rising vehicular emission, by assessing current and future air quality and thereby implementing policy decisions.

Potential of an Integrated Platform for EV Charging Station and Ancillary Services

Since the creation the first successful electric car in 1890, the world has seen a rapid increase in the advancement of Electric Vehicle (EV) cars along with increasing demand for such vehicles. However, despite multiple benefits that EV cars offer, such as their sustainable nature, potential car buyers are still hesitant on purchasing an EV car due to concerns about its relatively short travelling range. While the technology powering EV cars has made significant strides, petrol cars can travel much further on a single tank of fuel than EV cars can on a single charge: electric cars can only travel between 100-300 miles on a single charge, whereas gas cars have a range of 300-600 miles. Furthermore, infrastructure is another benefit that gas-powered vehicles have over electric ones. Particularly in rural areas, gas stations are far more common and easily accessible than charging stations. While some owners of electric vehicles might be able to charge their vehicles at home or at the office, they might have trouble finding charging stations when they are out and about. Hence, EV drivers or potential car buyers share a common concern that EV cars will run of gas frequently, leading to inconvenient trips to gas stations. Through our research, by abstaining user experience and feedback, we were able to identify substantial demand for a platform or service that improves the accessibility of EV charging stations for EV car drivers. This paper will include a thorough representation of relevant results and a deep analysis on the potential of a platform that provides easily accessible charging stations as well as other car-related services.

From nickel–metal hydride batteries to advanced engines: A comprehensive review of hydrogen's role in the future energy landscape

Hydrogen has emerged as a disruptive force in the energy landscape, poised to revolutionise the automotive sector with its use in both fuel cell and internal combustion engines. This article covered two topics: application of metal hydrides for hydrogen storage and use of cutting-edge engine technology in hydrogen-powered vehicles. This article begins with discussing the different characteristics of materials that are used to store hydrogen. Metal hydrides, rare earth elements, and carbon-based compounds are among the materials that are carefully studied in this work. Understanding how effectively these materials can store hydrogen was another goal of this research. In order to fully utilize hydrogen's potential, it is imperative to compare them with conventional fossil fuels highlighting their significance. Additionally, this study explains how hydrogen can be used to power existing and newer automobile vehicles. Also discussed are the viability and potential mechanisms of operation for various hydrogen-using engine technologies, such as compression ignition and spark ignition engines. Cutting-edge on vehicles with fuel cell and engine technology powered by hydrogen along with their challenges are explained. They include discussions of several techniques such as homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI), dual-fuel, and reactivity-controlled combustion ignition (RCCI). Additionally, the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing hydrogen in these state-of-the-art engine technologies are discussed. This research offers insights on the future of automobiles in addition to hydrogen storage. This study points the path towards a more creative and sustainable energy environment in which hydrogen plays a major role in the storage and utilization for automobile vehicles.

Combustion characteristics of crude tyre blends fuel in compression ignition engine

With the rise of automobile vehicles, the number of scrap tyres has been increasing rapidly. Proper management of waste tyre is challenging work for any country. Tyre oil possesses a greater potential of using as a substitute for conventional diesel. The investigation was made on the effects of blends of waste tyre fuel on combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure (CP), net heat release rate (NHR), cumulative heat release (CHR), ignition delay (IGD), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), and % heat equivalent to brake power (HBP). It was found that crude tyre fuel has a low cetane index which affects the combustion characteristics. The two sample of test fuel were prepared by adding 5% crude tyre fuel to 95% diesel fuel (5BTF) and 10% crude tyre fuel to 90% diesel fuel (10BTF) by volume and their performance and emission characteristics were studied in a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. For 10BTF, peak CP was reduced by 6.69%, IGD increased by 10.85%, NHR increased by 19.33% and there was a small difference in EGT with diesel. The opacity value of the blends of tyre fuel was found within the emission standard of Nepal. It is concluded that a blend of crude tyre pyrolysis oil up to 5% by volume with diesel shows similar combustion characteristics as that of diesel.

The Impact of Exhaust Louvres and Emission Rates on The Effectiveness of Parking Lot Ventilation

Abstract This research investigated a couple of aspects of CO emissions from car vehicles. Firstly, it explored the influence of varying the number of vehicles in operation. Secondly, it analysed the significance of exhaust vents affecting the concentration of CO through parking space lots. The conducted analysis relied on simulation data obtained using ANSYS-Software, as opposed to experimental data. The accuracy of the natural ventilation model was validated. The impact of various running vehicles was examined, including those with half, partially, and fully-loaded. The objective was to determine the correlation between the number of running vehicles and the increase in CO concentration. In addition, several configurations of exhaust vents were examined for the fully loaded scenario. As a result, it was shown that the architectural layout has an impact on the natural ventilation system, which may not be suitable for human health, especially when dealing with greater car emission rates.

Simulation study on the road system of port collection and distribution in the harbor area

Abstract This paper comprehensively considers the impact of both internal and external traffic environments on the collection and distribution road system in the harbor area. Utilizing Anylogic simulation software, we construct a test environment using Yulong Port’s collection and distribution scenario as a case study. The analysis examines the influence of changes in road construction and the growth of external traffic on the operational efficiency of the port’s road collection and distribution system. The results indicate that with the addition of new roads, the efficiency of car and freight vehicle operations improves, leading to a respective decrease in the average travel time within the system by 3.6% and 4.4%. However, under conditions where social traffic flow increases to 1.2 times, the average travel time of the traffic flow within the system significantly rises, and congestion occurs in the external traffic around the port. The findings of this research provide valuable decision-making insights for the construction of collection and distribution channels in port areas and the approval of governmental projects.

Frontal bumper beam of automobile vehicle analysis by using different materials

Abstract An automotive bumper is a key component designed to protect passengers from front and rear collisions. Bumpers serve a crucial function in absorbing collision forces to protect both the vehicle and its occupants. The ABAQUS/Explicit code is used to investigate the influence of the bumper beam parameters on their impact resistance. Eight materials (4 metallic and 4 composite) were compared to see how material modifications would improve outcomes and determine the optimal bumper beam material. Four bumper designs (profile-A, profile-B, profile-C, and profile-D) were compared to see how design adjustments would improve outcomes and discover the optimum bumper beam configuration.

An Inventory Control of Wuling Car Spare Parts Using a Risk Analysis Appoarch

PT XWZ is a service company engaged in the automotive sector, which serves the stages of unit sales to service car vehicles (after sales service) for the Wuling car brand. In improving the vehicle service or maintenance process, it is necessary to have an optimal availability of spare parts. From the inventory data in the warehouse, the majority of spare parts stored in the warehouse are classified as slow moving parts. By conducting an ABC and FMEA approach, it is expected to be able to increase the reliability of maintenance needs so as to increase inventory according to the criticality value of spare parts. In this research, 19 spare parts items were found to be classified as critical or high risk items.

Tanggung Jawab Pengguna dan Pemilik Kendaraan dalam Sewa-Menyewa Kendaraan Mobil B354 Rent Car di Kecamatan Kelapa Lima Kota Kupang

This study aims to analyze the responsibilities of users and vehicle owners in the lease of B354 Rent Car vehicles in Kelapa Lima District, Kupang City. This type of research is empirical juridical research, primary data obtained by interview with 8 respondents and supported by secondary data, qualitative descriptive data analysis. The results of this study indicate that in its implementation the responsibilities that occur at B354 Rent Car are still not in accordance with what the rights and obligations of each party are contained in a mutual agreement in an agreement made orally or in writing, there is still negligence from the renter which results in non-achievement of achievements in the agreement that has been made together. Factors inhibiting the implementation of the rental agreement from the rental party do not carry out the agreement in writing with all parties who rent properly because the procedure for implementing the agreement is too complicated and takes a long time and the ignorance of the tenants with the agreement and the importance of the agreement is made and the weakness of the existing rules. Tenants and business actors must be educated about rental procedures, especially car leases and there must be special attention from the government to business actors and the public regarding the rules and procedures for implementing agreements in leases and the importance of written agreements.

Microstructure and wear-resistant behaviors of Al2O3-TiO2 reinforced Ni-based composite coating plasma-sprayed on 6061 aluminum alloy

Aluminium alloy is a widely used lightweight alloy in automobile and rail vehicle components, especially in parts such as brake pads and wheels, which require high wear resistance. Herein, to improve the wear resistance of aluminium alloys, Al2O3–13%TiO2 (AT13) reinforced Ni-based composite coatings were prepared by plasma spraying on 6061 aluminium alloy. The impact of AT13 content and heat treatment on the microstructure and wear resistance of Ni-based alloy coatings was systematically investigated. From our analysis, it was demonstrated that, in comparison to the substrate, the average micro-hardness of the composite coating with 10 %AT13 increased by more than 11 times, with a high value of 1250.81 HV0.2. Moreover, the average friction coefficient and wear rate reduced by 66 % and four orders of magnitude, with low values of 0.17 and 8.99 × 10−7 mm3(N−1∙m−1), respectively, which indicated a significant enhancement in wear resistance. In addition, after heat treatment at 450 °C for 2 h, the micro-hardness of the composite coatings was improved, and the wear rate further decreased. This effect could be attributed to the encapsulation of the hard ceramic particles in the nickel-based alloy, which may suppress the dislocation motion in the composite coating. This study provides valuable insights into enhancing the wear resistance of metal-based alloy coatings with ceramic composite coatings.

Income and fuel price elasticities of car use on micro panel data

We estimate the income and fuel price elasticities of private car vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT) using fixed effects on registry micro panel data covering all Swedish households from 1999 to 2018. Such registry data, covering all individuals and cars in the country, are unique to Nordic countries and are comprehensive enough to allow fine segmentation of the population by both income groups and several municipality types. To address potential endogeneity arising if employees receive a wage compensation for long commutes, we apply the temporal changes in earned income tax credits as an instrumental variable. We find lower income and price elasticities (in absolute value) in the large cities, and larger elasticities in suburbs, other cities and in rural areas. We also find that the elasticities decrease with income, excluding the lowest income quartile, having the lowest elasticities. Specifically, we show theoretically and empirically that because the income elasticity varies considerably along the income distribution, the resulting income elasticity depends heavily on how the estimator assigns weight to different income groups, unless the specification explicitly allows for variation in the impact of income on VKT. Moreover, the impact of an income increase depends on to whom the income increase accrues to. For a uniform income increase, 0.2 is the preferred income elasticity. Our preferred long-run fuel price elasticity is −0.53. The short-run elasticities are lower. These elasticities apply to the full population and not only to car owners or drivers.

Enhancing Road Safety Vehicle Black Box with Advanced Accident Detection and Alert System

Autonomous vehicles want reliable and strong sensor suites and alert systems. This paper discusses the composition and performance of a sophisticated monitoring and alert system for automobile vehicle parameters. The number of automobiles has also grown quickly to meet the enormous population. Additionally, this resulted in an increase in accidents. The accident prevention strategies now in use are all static and dated. Additionally, there is no reliable accident detection system. Automobile vehicle parameters are continuously monitored by a microcontroller which stores the data logs containing vehicle parameter data into a sheltered digital memory card and in the cloud storage. The system doesn't solely record the vehicle parameters data of the automobile periodically, but also actively monitors for any sudden vehicle accident detection. The sensor may facilitate folks to analyze the accident quickly and lawfully when a collision happens to alert the emergency services to that location. The system will update the information whenever an abnormal system event happens. A black box in a vehicle gather driving information about the vehicle before, during and after a crash

Impact of Heavy Metal Pollution on Oxidized Low-density Lipoprotein Levels among Car Maintenance Workshop Workers

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between heavy metal pollution and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) among workers in car maintenance workshops in Baghdad, Iraq. Blood samples were collected from 70 male workers, including car maintenance and vehicle painting workers, along with a control group of healthy males. The levels of heavy metals, specifically cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), as well as OxLDL and the marker of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA), were measured. The results revealed a significant increase in the level of Pb in the blood of workers compared to the control group, whereas Cd levels did not exhibit a significant difference. Furthermore, both groups of workers exhibited significantly elevated levels of OxLDL compared to the control group. Additionally, the MDA level was significantly increased across all the study groups. Correlation analysis demonstrated positive associations between OxLDL levels and the extent of Pb and Cd pollution in the car maintenance worker group. These findings indicate an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) among workers in car maintenance workshops due to exposure to heavy metals. The observed elevation in the levels of OxLDL and lipid peroxidation markers underscores the potential health issues associated with occupational exposure to these polluted environments.

Evolution of work conditions for employees driving for work in France based on data from the 2003, 2010 and 2017 SUMER surveys (Surveillance Médicale des expositions aux risques Professionnels)

Introduction: The occupational road-accident risk on public roads and the work conditions for professional driving is still an important issue in occupational health despite lower road-accident rates. This study presents the evolution over time of the work-related constraints for these employees based on the Sumer surveys carried out in 2003, 2010 and 2017. Method: Data from the 2010 and 2017 surveys were restricted to match the scope of the 2003 survey in order to enable prevalence data to be compared in equivalent populations. The main variable of interest was “driving (car, truck, bus, and other vehicles) on public thoroughfares” for work (during the last week of work: yes/no). Work time characteristics, work rhythm, autonomy and scope for initiative, collective work group, standards and evaluations variables were completed by the occupational health physicians. A self-administered questionnaire was also provided to employees and contained the Job Content Questionnaire, which assesses decision latitude, social support and psychological demands, the reward scale of Siegrist questionnaire, the hostile behaviour with inspired questions for Leymann, sick leave and work accidents during the past 12 months and job satisfaction. Finally, prevention in the workplace was also completed by the occupational health physicians. Results: About 25% of employees in France were exposed to work-related driving in 2017, which was stable in comparison with 2003 and 2010. However, the population was older and there were more females, more often from the clerical staff/middle manager category and working in companies with fewer than 10 employees. Employees exposed to work-related driving were also more frequently exposed to sustained work schedules and physical constraints, but less exposed to psychosocial risks. Conclusions: The percentage of employees exposed to occupational road accident risk, i.e., exposure to work-related driving, remained stable at about 25% in 2017 compared with previous surveys. These employees were also more frequently exposed to sustained work schedules and physical constraints, but less exposed to psychosocial risks. Practical Applications: Prevention campaigns on work-related road accident risk should be provided to all employees in all companies since all jobs can be concerned.

Fire Risk Mitigation Strategies for Electric and Hydrogen Vehicle Car Parks

As the use of eco-friendly vehicles, such as electric and hydrogen vehicles, is rapidly increasing, the related infrastructure is also expanding, and they have become common in parking areas. The fire safety design of a car park is based on the existing data of internal combustion engine vehicles; therefore, the characteristics of eco-friendly vehicles must be reflected. This study investigated the heat release rate of internal combustion engine vehicles, electric vehicles, and hydrogen vehicles using real-scale fire test data and analyzed the effects of curb weight and battery capacity. The fire growth rate and maximum heat release rate of electric and hydrogen vehicles were similar to those of internal combustion engine vehicles, except for the batteries and hydrogen gas, which are the energy sources of electric and hydrogen vehicles, respectively. When ignited from the battery of an electric vehicle, the fire grew rapidly. When the thermally activated pressure relief device was activated in the storage vessel of a hydrogen vehicle, the heat release rate instantaneously increased to 14.5 MW. To improve fire safety in car parks, the curb weight and fire resistance structure must be designed to reflect the increase in plastic interior materials and battery capacity of vehicles, and firefighting facilities must be installed based on vehicles with greater fire severity.

Applications of Ni and Ag metallizations at the solder/Cu interfaces in advanced high-power automobile interconnects: An electromigration study

An advanced Pb-free solder interconnect, Cu line/Cu pillar/Ni/Sn1.8Ag/Ag/Cu lead frame/Sn3Ag0.5Cu/Au/Ni(P)/Cu trace, using the flip-chip quad flat no‑lead (FCQFN) packaging technology was designed for high-power automobile applications. An electromigration study revealing the Ni and Ag metallization effects on the interfacial reaction was investigated. Current stressing was conducted at a 2 A direct current at 160 °C until the defined 200 %-electrical-resistance-rise failure occurrence. Electromigration induced a two-stage electrical resistance increase mode in the advanced automobile test vehicle with a mechanism transition time of 585 h, as evidenced by the in situ resistance monitoring. Phase transformation from the constituent phases into the predominant (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 and Cu3Sn intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at the interfaces was proposed to explain the rapid resistance rise in the early-stage electromigration. Void formation and coalescence due to the Kirkendall effect and volume shrinkage during the phase transformation were proposed to explain the following steady resistance increase after the critical current stressing time. Furthermore, the phase transformation and growth of the IMCs behaved divergently at different interfaces and electron flow directions. The rapid phase transformation occurred in the downstream Sn1.8Ag solder interconnect due to the accelerated Ni metallization dissolution and formed a complete IMC joint. The anisotropic diffusion driven by the competitive or synergetic effect between the electron wind force and chemical potential gradient was proposed to explain the asymmetric microstructures after the electromigration experiment. The application of Ag metallization benefited the flip-chip soldering process, and the layer-type Ag3Sn IMC served as a diffusion barrier against Sn/Cu interdiffusion at the solder/Cu lead frame interface during the solid-state electromigration. In contrast, the Ni metallization was designed as a diffusion barrier to hinder interdiffusion and the undesirable Cu3Sn growth at the solder/Cu interface. The findings presented in this study could benefit the solder interconnect design with an appropriate metallization combination against undesirable electromigration failure.

Design of automobile vehicle suspension with combined damping

A new approach to the design of automobile vehicle suspensions is presented by simultaneous use of several damping devices of different types that make up a combined damping system (CDS). A rational combination of the components of the CDS and optimization of their parameters ensure an increase in the smooth running of the vehicle. Calculation and analysis of the damping properties of pneumatic suspension with different combined damping systems made it possible to determine the most effective systems. Keywords:automobile vehicle, pneumatic suspension, combined damping system, dynamic damper, inertial-friction shock absorber, air damper, hydraulic shock absorber nvv_60@mail.ru

Sybil Attacks Detection and Traceability Mechanism Based on Beacon Packets in Connected Automobile Vehicles.

Connected Automobile Vehicles (CAVs) enable cooperative driving and traffic management by sharing traffic information between them and other vehicles and infrastructures. However, malicious vehicles create Sybil vehicles by forging multiple identities and sharing false location information with CAVs, misleading their decisions and behaviors. The existing work on defending against Sybil attacks has almost exclusively focused on detecting Sybil vehicles, ignoring the traceability of malicious vehicles. As a result, they cannot fundamentally alleviate Sybil attacks. In this work, we focus on tracking the attack source of malicious vehicles by using a novel detection mechanism that relies on vehicle broadcast beacon packets. Firstly, the roadside units (RSUs) randomly instruct vehicles to perform customized key broadcasting and listening within communication range. This allows the vehicle to prove its physical presence by broadcasting. Then, RSU analyzes the beacon packets listened to by the vehicle and constructs a neighbor graph between the vehicles based on the customized particular fields in the beacon packets. Finally, the vehicle's credibility is determined by calculating the edge success probability of vehicles in the neighbor graph, ultimately achieving the detection of Sybil vehicles and tracing malicious vehicles. The experimental results demonstrate that our scheme achieves the real-time detection and tracking of Sybil vehicles, with precision and recall rates of 98.53% and 95.93%, respectively, solving the challenge of existing detection schemes failing to combat Sybil attacks from the root.