Vehicle Manufacturers Research Articles

Stability assessment of railway vehicles considering undefined nonlinearity in static force–velocity characteristics of hydraulic yaw dampers

Yaw dampers are usually tuned according to the nominal static force–velocity (F–V) characteristics specified by the vehicle manufacturer. However, in the low-speed region, the static F–V curve often varies significantly among damper suppliers due to a lack of standardised specifications. This variability underscores the necessity of accounting for nonlinearities in the analysis and understanding their relationship with the dynamic behaviour of yaw dampers and their impact on overall vehicle stability. To address these issues, we developed and validated a simplified physical damper model that incorporates these undefined nonlinearities through rig testing. Using this model, simulations were performed to investigate how these nonlinearities affect dynamic damper characteristics and vehicle stability. Our findings indicate that undefined nonlinearities in the low-speed region of the static F–V curve significantly influence the dynamic stiffness and damping of yaw dampers, particularly at small amplitudes and low frequencies. These effects have a pronounced impact on carbody stability in conditions with low wheel-rail conicity and significantly affect passenger’s comfort. The insights gained from this study offer valuable implications for the design, optimisation and standardisation of yaw dampers in high-speed trains.

The development of Iran's industry during the period of sanctions

Subject. This article discusses the impact of international sanctions on Iran's economic policy. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the development of manufacturing industries in Iran in the context of sanctions in general, and the automotive and aviation industries in particular. Methods. For the study, we used the mathematical research methods. Results. Based on the analysis, the article shows that Iran's manufacturing industries have developed and keep on developing under sanctions due to cooperation with other countries, primarily with China, the import of the necessary components through third countries, and the creation of own models of machinery and equipment. Despite all the restrictions, the Iranian automotive industry has been able to achieve a high level of localization of components, and particular attention is paid to the production of unmanned aerial vehicles. Conclusions. Iran has been able to get adapted to the sanctions imposed on it for its product diversifying markets, expanding cooperation with third countries and striving for self-sufficiency in production. It should be noted that the sanctions were introduced gradually. The experience of developing manufacturing industries in Iran during the period of sanctions can be used by other countries.

Solving the combined flexible job shop scheduling and vehicle routing problem with stochastic features

ABSTRACT Today’s competitive market conditions forces companies to implement strategies for the integration of production and transportation activities, but this is studied little in the literature. This paper considers the combined production and transportation problem in which the production system is defined as a flexible jobshop (FJS) and the transportation stage is modelled as a vehicle routing problem (VRP). Stochastic production processing times and vehicle travel times are considered. A simheuristic solution procedure is proposed, as a class of simulation-optimisation approach, based on Ant Colony Optimisation (production stage) and an iterative local search (transportation stage). Randomised data sets are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed solution procedure, with metrics such as total production time and delivery time demonstrating its effectiveness. Experimental outputs show the impact of considering stochasticity of these two parameters for better decision-making. Compared to existing methods, our approach offers significant improvements in efficiency and reliability.

Features of Indonesia’s Low-Carbon Development Strategy

The purpose of the article is to identify trends and features of the development of a low-carbon economy and climate control tools in Indonesia using methods of content analysis, quantitative and comparative assessment. Climate goals declared for the period up to 2030 and 2050 are analyzed and there has been a rise in climate ambitions, based largely on measures to decarbonise the land and forestry sector. The peculiarity of Indonesia's climate goals is that they are defined relative to a business-as-usual scenario, which assumes the current rate of growth in greenhouse gas emissions and are calculated subject to the provision of international financial assistance. The long-term strategy for low-carbon development until 2050 is considered and government priorities in the field of climate regulation are identified. While forced to maintain coal generation as its long-term energy backbone, Indonesia is seeking to pursue other avenues: introducing carbon pricing, incentivizing renewable energy, increasing production of electric vehicles, and developing and deploying carbon capture technology. By providing state support to priority areas, Indonesia actively takes advantage of the opportunities provided by international financial organizations to finance climate projects. It is concluded that the long-term low-carbon development strategy and associated climate goals in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and the time frame for achieving carbon neutrality are quite moderate, since they are based on a comparison with the business-as-usual scenario. With this approach to strategic planning, it will be possible to achieve the set goals by implementing measures only in the land and forestry sector, while the volume of greenhouse gas emissions in other sectors may not decrease, but increase in absolute terms. This approach is explained by national interests and the desire to preserve coal generation in the energy sector.

МОДЕЛЬ УПРАВЛІННЯ ЯКІСТЮ ТЕХНІЧНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ ВИГОТОВЛЕННЯ КОРПУСІВ БПЛА

Nowadays, the production of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) outside of serial production is an urgent task. There is a need for the manufacture of such devices of various schemes, sizes and intended purpose. Aircraft-type UAVs (monoplanes and biplanes) are more difficult to manufacture. As a rule, they are single-use devices. Therefore, such devices should have a simple design, be light enough, have minimal radio visibility and a number of other properties that are necessary for conventional flying apparatus. Composites (glass and carbon plastics) are materials that largely meet the specified requirements. But for these materials, it is necessary to use special structural and manufacturing solutions (SMS) during the technical preparation of their production (TPP) (production of aerodynamic surfaces, assembly and joining of parts, aggregates into a structure). Quite a lot of such solutions are known, but their optimal selection and combination of individual SMS in the UAV depends significantly on the purpose of the UAV, the volume of production, production conditions and, in general, on the production goals.The purpose of this work is to develop a mathematical model for quality management of technical preparation for the production of UAVs. It is the quality of the technical preparation of the production that determines the quality of the manufactured products and the effect of the production itself.The work gives a general diagram of UAV manufacturing processes. The inextricable connection between the design and technological parts of technical training was noted. The multi-iteration process of developing optimal production processes, which depend on its various goals, is shown. The systematicity, compactness, and reasonableness of the solutions are determined by taking into account many properties of technical processes and the conditions of their implementation. The consideration of possibilities in computer-aided design is sufficiently substantiated. For its implementation, a complex model of quality management of technical training is required. The qualitative approach to model synthesis meets the conditions of complexity and reasonableness.As an example of multi-variability, the SMS of the manufacture of the wing (bearing surfaces) and their connection with the fuselage is considered.The original feature of the proposed mat model is the use as a control parameter of the weighting factor of one or another property of the SMS, which depends on the set goal.The mechanism of distortion of given aerodynamic shapes of bearing surfaces, which are made of polymer composites, when they are supported by various structural elements (spars, stringer frames, fittings) is described. Such residual deformations lead to deterioration of aerodynamic quality and strength.The scientific novelty of the work consists in the synthesis of a mat model of quality management of technical preparation for the manufacture of UAVs. The practical value of the work is determined by the given number of examples of SMS variants of different levels.

In situ torque transmissibility frequency response function measurements of a centrifugal pendulum vibration absorber in a torque converter clutch damper

This investigation details torsional testing and characterization of torque converter clutch (TCC) damper variants containing centrifugal pendulum absorbers (CPAs) utilized in light duty production vehicles. Data collected on a torque converter dynamometer test stand was used to correlate a nonlinear model of the combination TCC damper and CPA when locked with zero relative slip speed. The range of test torques and speeds are related to when driveline, chassis and body noise and vibration concerns are high and the damper-CPA combination are required to provide maximum isolation. To facilitate model correlation efforts, modified configurations of the same torque converter design were procured, enabling separation of damping effects from the CPA and damper springs. Under load, the locked TCC was torsionally excited to acquire torque transmissibility frequency response functions (TTFRFs). The anti-resonance of the CPA was measured, and the viscous damping coefficient estimated. A manual tuning and modified half-power bandwidth method were used to estimate the equivalent viscous damping of the CPA. Additional test cases included torsional excitation amplitude and oil temperature to ascertain differences in CPA response and tuning order. The objective of the investigation is to demonstrate the influence of damper spring and CPA integration, extraction of CPA damping from actual hardware and the utility of including representative damping in model-based design of future damper-CPA assemblies.

Risk and return analysis of selected stocks in the Indian automobile industry on the national stock exchange

The Indian automobile industry has experienced substantial growth, driven by rising domestic demand, urbanization, and technological advancements, positioning India as a significant global manufacturing hub. The industry has also embraced the shift towards electric vehicles (EVs), particularly in the two-wheeler and three-wheeler segments, spurred by government initiatives like the Faster Adoption of Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in India (FAME) and the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes. This study explores the risk-return dynamics of selected publicly listed Indian automobile companies, analyzing their equity performance between 2017 and 2023. By evaluating market, financial, operational, and regulatory risks, the research aims to offer insights into the investment potential of these companies. The study investigates how systematic and unsystematic risks influence investment decisions, with a focus on prominent companies such as Maruti Suzuki, Mahindra & Mahindra, Tata Motors, Hindustan Motors, and Ashok Leyland. Using statistical tools like mean, standard deviation, variance, and beta, the analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of the volatility, return potential, and overall risk profile of the companies. Results suggest a direct correlation between higher risk and higher returns, with Ashok Leyland emerging as a top performer, while Maruti Suzuki demonstrated more stable returns. The study also provides recommendations for investors, emphasizing the importance of diversification and long-term analysis. Despite its limitations, the research contributes valuable insights for investors looking to navigate the evolving Indian automobile sector.

Research on complex dynamic behavior of automakers based on complex system theory.

"Prevent minor issues before they become major problems, and prepare for the future." This study utilizes complex system theory to introduce a nonlinear dynamic system for examining the production and emission reduction strategies of new energy vehicle (NEV) and gasoline vehicle (GV) manufacturers under the dual credit (DC) policy over a long-term game process. By considering production delays, we analyze dynamic behaviors within a duopoly automotive system, including stable regions, bifurcation, chaotic attractors, and the Largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE). The results show that: (1) As production and carbon emission adjustment parameters increase, the decision-making system for both automakers can slip into disorder, posing a risk of disruption within the automotive industry. (2) In stable regions, GVs' carbon emission adjustments do not affect the production of either NEVs or GVs, while NEVs demonstrate greater flexibility in production adjustments compared to GVs. (3) The industry system will likely benefit from delay production decisions that could help stabilize the automobile market. The study provides theoretical support for the smooth transformation of old and new driving forces in the automobile industry.

A Study on The Impact of New Energy Vehicle Subsidy Policies on BYD Company's Financial Performance

In recent years, the domestic economy has grown rapidly, people's living standards have been significantly improved, and cars have become a necessary means of travel for almost every family. However, with the sharp increase in automobile consumption, the harm to the environment is becoming more and more significant, and the green of the global ecological environment continues to pose a great threat, so the new energy vehicle product was born, catering to the theme of green and environmental protection, and has received widespread attention from consumers at home and abroad, and China has also put forward a number of subsidy policies since 2009 to encourage the development of the new energy vehicle industry, as an important breakthrough in China's industrial transformation and upgrading. Therefore, according to field research, the impact of new energy vehicle subsidy policies on the financial performance of car companies is of great significance. This paper attempts to explain the impact of the new energy vehicle subsidy policy on the financial performance of new energy vehicle enterprises over the years, and takes BYD, a leader in today's new energy vehicle companies, as the research object, and analyzes the impact of the subsidy policy from 2016 to 2023 on the financial performance of BYD Group in the same period.

Electric Vehicle Traction Battery Recycling Decision-Making Considering Blockchain Technology in the Context of Capacitance Level Differential Demand

In recent years, the rapid growth in electric vehicle ownership has resulted in a significant number of decommissioned traction batteries that will require recycling in the future. As consumer expectations for electric vehicle range continue to rise, the turnover of traction batteries has accelerated substantially. Consequently, there is an urgent need for electric vehicle manufacturers to establish an efficient, recyclable supply chain for the return of end-of-life (EOL) electric vehicle (EV) traction batteries. In this paper, we investigate the closed-loop recycling supply chain for retired power batteries in electric vehicle manufacturers, taking into account blockchain technology and the high range preferences in the electric vehicle market, which are influenced by varying demand for different levels of electric vehicle capacitance. Blockchain, as a distributed and decentralized technology, offers features such as consensus mechanisms, traceability, and security, which have been effectively applied across various fields. In this study, we construct four models involving EV battery manufacturers, EV retailers, and battery comprehensive utilization (BCU) enterprises participating in the recycling process. Through the analysis of a Stackelberg response model, we find that (1) single-channel recycling is less efficient than dual-channel recycling models, a difference driven by the diversity of recycling channels and the variability in recycling markets; (2) Recycling models incorporating blockchain technology demonstrate superior performance compared to those that do not utilize blockchain technology, particularly when the intensity of recycling competition is below 0.76; (3) Traction batteries integrated with blockchain technology exhibit higher recycling rates when the optimization index is below 0.96. Electric vehicle battery manufacturers must evaluate the benefits and costs of adopting blockchain technology; (4) With lower recycling incentive levels and EV range preferences, the single-channel recycling model yields better returns than the other three recycling models. EV manufacturers can enhance overall battery supply chain revenues by establishing varying incentive levels based on market demand for different capacitance levels.

Information‐Sharing Strategies Based on Trust Risks Under a Governmental Incentive Mechanism

ABSTRACTDue to swift shifts in market demand and variable production capacities within the chip industry, trust risks between upstream and downstream entities can readily develop, leading to challenges in information sharing. To tackle this challenge, this paper develops a two‐level evolutionary game model between vehicle manufacturers and chip suppliers. It examines the effects of government rewards and penalties, trust risks, and spillover benefits from information sharing on the strategic decisions of both parties. Furthermore, the paper investigates system evolution strategies under three distinct government policies: forced, fair, and favored. The findings show that as trust risks escalate, both entities in the supply chain tend to withhold information due to concerns over losing their unique competitive advantages. However, enhancing spillover benefits through information sharing positively impacts the mitigation of trust risks. Numerical simulations demonstrate that while a government‐forced policy with increased penalties may boost information sharing in the short term, it proves less effective over the long term. Conversely, preferred rewards and subsidies under equitable policies can significantly boost one party's readiness to share information, thus enhancing cooperation between the two parties. The paper also offers countermeasures and recommendations. For instance, it suggests that upstream and downstream enterprises should not only foster mutual trust but also vigilantly track government policy directions to develop effective information‐sharing strategies. Furthermore, government industrial policies should fully consider the actual market conditions to alleviate trust risks between upstream and downstream entities and promote information sharing among enterprises.

Vehicle-as-a-Conveyor and Its Control During Vehicle Production

Vehicle-as-a-Conveyor and Its Control During Vehicle Production

A Comparative Study on India’s Green Tax Policies Vis-a-Vis China with Reference to Environmental Justice in the Automobile Industry

As part of green economics, taxes are imposed on emissions of pollutants that adversely impact the environment and public health to reward more innovative, environmentally sustainable, and low-carbon resource use. There are still many nation-states testing the concept of green taxation. Many environmental performance indicators place India low on the list of countries with the worst pollution. One of the main sources of pollution is vehicle exhaust. Green taxes will be imposed on older motor vehicles under guidelines released by the Indian government in 2021. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change received the Indian Nationally Determined Contribution Report in 2022. Taxonomies and low-carbon transport systems were prioritized in India, and incentives and tax breaks were offered to encourage the manufacture and use of vehicles that consume more ethanol. Academic discussions and literature on the subject are still lacking among the masses. Researchers intend to analyze the legal and economic measures taken by the Indian Government to curb vehicular pollution against this background. Due to its significant contribution to air and water pollution, as well as greenhouse gas emissions, the automobile industry has come under increasing scrutiny in recent years. India and China, for instance, have implemented green tax policies to reduce the automotive sector’s environmental footprint and promote environmental sustainability. These policies are effective, but not all of them address the disproportionate impact of environmental injustice on vulnerable populations. Specifically, this study examines the impact of Indian green tax policies on environmental justice in the automobile industry as compared to those in China. A key aim of this study is to provide insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the green taxation policies adopted by each country in the automotive sector, as well as their implications for achieving environmental justice, by analyzing the scope, enforcement, impact on vulnerable communities, industry implications, and alignment with international commitments.

Cooperative Recycling Strategy for Electric Vehicle Batteries Considering Blockchain Technology

The rapid growth of new energy vehicle has led to an urgent need for efficiently recycling used power batteries. In addition, battery suppliers can adopt blockchain technology to enhance efficiency in recycling. This article constructs a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) consisting of a power battery supplier, a new energy vehicle manufacturer, and a third-party recycler, and studies the optimal collaborative recycling mode considering blockchain adoption and recycling competition. Firstly, we identify five alliance recycling models and derive the equilibrium results for each model. Secondly, we use the Shapley value mechanism in cooperative game to allocate alliance profits reasonably. Some interesting conclusions are obtained. (1) The supplier-manufacturer alliance is the optimal recycling strategy under moderate recycling competition, which challenges the common assumption that the major-alliance dominates others in CLSC. (2) Alliances, especially manufacturer-3rd party alliance, are not always beneficial to the CLSC, but are beneficial under low recycling competition and blockchain cost. (3) The proposed four stable profit allocation cases can coordinate the CLSC, where all alliance members achieve higher profits than the decentralized model, with the supplier gaining the largest profit share and the manufacturer obtaining the most profit increment.

Investigating the Influence of Heat-Insulated Wheelhouses on Truck Tyre Temperature and Rolling Resistance

Due to legislations introduced to prevent global warming, vehicle manufacturers must find new ways to reduce CO2 emissions. This paper explores a way to reduce rolling resistance by heat-insulating and covering a truck’s wheelhouse. Truck tyre rolling resistance was measured at +5 °C ambient temperature for consecutive speed steps in a climate wind chamber with and without heat insulation. The study showed that by encapsulating and insulating the wheelhouse, already generated strain-induced heat could be kept in the tyre, consequently leading to reduced rolling resistance. The tyre shoulder temperature was monitored during the experiments along with the tyre pressure. When the wheelhouses were encapsulated, a significant reduction in rolling resistance and an increase in tyre pressure and temperature were measured at all evaluated speed levels.

Lightweight metals and alloys in electric vehicle manufacturing: enhancing performance and efficiency

Lightweight materials have become a key focus in the manufacturing of electric vehicles (EVs) due to their numerous advantages, including corrosion resistance, excellent formability, and high specific strength. In addition to enhancing performance, these materials contribute to a reduced environmental impact, as they are highly recyclable. This article offers a comprehensive overview of the properties, fabrication methods, and applications of lightweight metals and their alloys in the automotive industry. It also provides a comparative analysis of various lightweight materials, highlighting their relative benefits and limitations. By consolidating scientific knowledge and industry insights, this review aims to guide both the automotive industry and the scientific community in advancing the use of lightweight alloys in EVs, contributing to the development of more sustainable and efficient vehicles.

A Study on the Antecedent Grouping Pattern of ESG Decoupling in New Energy Vehicle Manufacturing Companies

This study explores the decoupling phenomenon of listed companies in the new energy vehicle manufacturing category in terms of ESG (environmental, social, and corporate governance) by using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) and necessity condition analysis (NCA) methods, and identifies four different groupings. These groupings reveal the complexity and diversity of firms' ESG performance and disclosure, including high gearing and low environmental commitment, high management compensation and low social responsibility, high media attention and selective disclosure, and high market competition and inadequate governance. The results of the study show that financial pressure, management incentives, media attention and market competition all significantly affect firms' ESG behavior. Based on this, policy and management recommendations are proposed, such as strengthening the regulation of ESG disclosure, incorporating ESG performance assessment in executive incentives, and balancing short-term financial goals with long-term sustainable development. Although this study reveals the complexity of ESG decoupling in new energy automobile manufacturing firms, the limitations of data source, sample scope and methodology still exist. Future research should expand the sample scope, conduct dynamic analysis, and synthesize multiple methods to deepen the understanding of corporate ESG decoupling behavior and provide scientific guidance for management and policy making.

Electric Vehicle Battery Supply Strategy Considering Brand Spillover Effect

Electric vehicle manufacturers ensure power battery supply through either direct sourcing or technology cooperation. This paper examines the battery supply strategy of an entrant manufacturer(m2), in a two-tier supply chain that includes a battery supplier (s), an incumbent manufacturer (m1), and the aforementioned entrant. It investigates these strategies under the influence of the brand spillover effect. It reveals that when m1 opts for direct battery procurement, if m2 boasts higher after-sales service standards, adopting a technology cooperation strategy becomes more advantageous. A sweet spot exists wherein, given m2's brand power and after-sales service level fall within a certain range, all supply chain participants can achieve mutual benefits. In scenarios where m1 depends on technology cooperation for its battery supply, it is advisable for m2 to mirror this approach by also engaging in technology cooperation.

Shifting manufacturing: Electric vehicle supply strategy using the model for international EV trade

The global surge in electric vehicle (EV) demand presents challenges and opportunities for vehicle manufacturers, especially in scaling production to meet demand amid evolving trade policies and international EV adoption targets. This study utilizes the Model for International EV Trade (MONET), a tool designed to support automotive trade policy and industrial planning by linking global light-duty vehicle (LDV) demand with production. By using MONET to analyze North American LDV trade flows, with a focus on Mexico's role as a key supplier, this study reveals critical insights into how its automotive industry might respond to rising EV demand and regional nearshoring policies. Findings indicate that while Mexico currently supplies 15% of the US LDV market, its EV output accounts for only 6%. To maintain its market share, Mexico will need to shift up to 50% of its production towards EVs by 2035. While further integration with North America could boost demand for Mexican-produced EVs, expansion into Latin America could drive additional vehicle sales growth while reducing relative battery size per vehicle. These insights highlight the broader impacts of the EV transition for economies with a strong dependance on their automotive industry and demonstrate the value of MONET in developing strategies that strengthen regional supply chains, support efficient EV deployment, and reduce material intensity. Although focused on North America, this study provides insights relevant to policymakers and industry leaders worldwide.

Techno-economic analysis of green hydrogen production and electric vehicle charging using redundant energy on a solar photovoltaic mini-grid

The trajectory of the world's energy use has moved towards the use of renewable energy to increase energy access. Solar energy's pace of growth as a result of its low cost has resulted in it being used to generate electricity for areas that do not have access to grid electricity. Thus, solar photovoltaic mini-grid systems have been deployed in several areas. Over time, it has been found that these systems generate a significant amount of redundant energy, which translates to low profitability for the mini-grid operators, as only a fraction of the system's capacity is used. This study seeks to investigate the economic feasibility of using this redundant energy for green hydrogen production and electric vehicle charging. The results revealed that both the green hydrogen production and electric vehicle charging are economically viable. Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return and Simple Payback Period obtained for green hydrogen production are $20,000, 24.6 %, 9 years, while those of the electric vehicle charging are $109,625, 28.41 %, 4 years respectively. Over the projects’ lifetime, levelised cost of hydrogen and levelised cost of energy for charging are $6.88/kg and $0.23/kWh respectively. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis revealed that the levelised costs for both projects are most sensitive to the plant capacity factor and capital expenditure. The study also shows that the wasted energy of the PV mini-grid could be reduced from as high as 69.95 % to nearly 0 %. This research underscores the potential of other clean energy technologies to reduce the wasted energy on existing PV systems, whiles improving the economic state of mini-grid communities.