Vehicle Overload Research Articles

Robust control for hypersonic flight vehicle overload tracking under dynamics uncertainties

Robust control for hypersonic flight vehicle overload tracking under dynamics uncertainties

Smart Vehicle Load Management with Arduino Sensors

In the context of road safety, vehicle overloading remains a persistent concern, posing a risk of accidents, infrastructure damage, and potential harm to human life. This project introduces an innovative solution for mitigating this issue through an Arduino-based smart vehicle load management The system incorporates load cell, Ultrasonic sensor, an LCD display, and a buzzer to effectively detect and prevent vehicle overloading, contributing to improved road safety. The smart vehicle load management with arduino sensors is designed to monitor the weight distribution on a vehicle using strategically placed load cells and detect variations in vehicle obstacle detection through Ultrasonic sensors. Upon detecting an overload condition, the system promptly triggers a response by stopping the motor, which prevents further loading, and immediately displays a warning on the LCD screen. Simultaneously, it activates an audible alert through the buzzer. This rapid reaction not only averts potential accidents resulting from overloading but also extends the vehicle's operational life by minimizing wear and tear. The Arduino-based Vehicle Overload Detection System represents a cost-effective and efficient approach to addressing the critical issue of vehicle overloading. Its monitoring capabilities, coupled with instant warnings and alerts, establish it as a valuable tool in enhancing road safety and reducing the risks associated with overloading.

Triboelectric nanogenerator as next generation traffic monitoring system: Concept and modelling

Rapid development of intelligent transportation demands accurate methods for monitoring vehicle overload information. This paper reports a detail analysis on the viability of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) as a smart traffic monitoring system. PVDF and silk film were exploited for TENG fabrication for their strong penchant of gaining and loosing electrons. The objective of this paper is two fold. Initially the electrical performance of the fabricated prototype was measured and reported. The prototype exhibited a maximum open circuit voltage of 648 V and an instantaneous power density of 24 mW/mm2. It was also capable to light up 75 commercial green LEDs. Furthermore, a TENG based traffic monitoring system was introduced for monitoring the traffic overload information and for counting the number of vehicles rolled on it. The TENG was used to convert the mechanical energy from the rolling of vehicles into electric pulses. The pulses that were generated by the TENG was incorporated into an interfacing circuit to anticipate the number of vehicles passed by it. The amplitude of those pulses also give a valuable information regarding the weight of vehicles as the generated voltage is proportional to the input force. Different output voltages of 207 V, 367 V and 558 V were produced for different types of vehicles like bicycle, motorbike and four wheeler passenger vehicle respectively depending on their mass. Output voltage was also varied depending on the load carried by vehicles and showed an increasing trend with load. In consequence, the proposed system can substantially be implemented at various automotive toll plazas to corroborate the paid tax and the actual tax that is supposed to be paid on the basis of laden weight of the vehicle.

Permanent Deformation Evaluation and Instability Prediction of Semi-rigid Pavement Structure Using Accelerated Pavement Testing and Finite Element Method

Abstract A rutting prediction method for semi-rigid pavement structures using accelerated loading tests and finite element analysis was proposed in this study. Firstly, dynamic modulus and creep tests of three pavement materials were performed by changing sizes and temperatures. The prediction equation was obtained and verified using the falling weight deflectometer test and back-calculation modulus, and it was coupled into a modified Burgers model for rutting simulation for full-scale pavement structures. Results showed that the dynamic modulus of pavement materials increased with increasing specimen sizes and decreased with increasing temperature. SUP-25 had an enormous fatigue damage value (0.419) after 5,400 times repeated loading. The error between the rutting simulation and test results was 2.87 %, indicating that the model effectively applies to multilayer composite materials. Rutting deformation at one million loading times in summer was 4.6 times that in winter. From 22 to 120 km/h, rutting deformation decreased by 72.6 %. Axle load increased by 100 %, and rutting depth increased by 46.9 %, indicating that vehicle overload should be restricted, especially in low-speed sections in high-temperature areas. Rutting deformation entered the accelerated accumulation stage when the cumulative action times were more than 25 million, which requires timely maintenance and repair of pavement structures.

Evaluate The Number Of Boat Trips On The Crossing Ketapang – Sheet At The Ketapang Crossing Port Of East Java Province

In this study, the authors took a case study regarding the evaluation of the number of ship trips on the Ketapang - Lembar crossing at the Ketapang Ferry Port, East Java Province. The Ketapang Ferry Port is one of the commercial Ferry Ports managed by PT. ASDP Indonesia Ferry (Persero) Ketapang Branch and supervised by the Land Transportation Management Center Region XI, East Java Province. At this port, the operating vessels are Ro-Ro type ships that carry passengers, vehicles and goods and operate for 24 (twenty four) hours every day. Ketapang Ferry Port is one of the most crowded ferry ports. The routes at the Ketapang ferry port are the Ketapang – Gilimanuk route which connects the islands of Java and Bali and the Ketapang – Lembar route which connects the islands of Java and the islands of West Nusa Tenggara. The Ketapang – Lembar route is a new route because this route opened in December 2020. This route includes the LDF (Long Distance Ferry) route or long distance ferry service. With the existence of the Ketapang – Sheet route, it will create centers of economic growth and support overall development and it is hoped that it will reduce congestion on the island of Bali as a result of logistical transportation to the island of West Nusa Tenggara via the Padang Bai Port. Because this causes many service users going to the island of West Nusa Tenggara to prefer to use the Ketapang - Lembar cross ship because it is more efficient in travel costs and travel time. Because of this, the number of ships operating must be in accordance with existing service users so that there is no accumulation of service users and there is no vehicle overload on the ship so as not to reduce the comfort of passengers on board. The number of requests from service users for this often causes the accumulation of vehicles in the parking lot ready to load and results in overload when loading on the ship. This can be dangerous when the ship is sailing.

THE IMPACT OF EXCESS CARGO LOADED ON THE SERVICE LIFE OF THE PAVEMENT PLAN ON JALAN KHATULISTIWA, SIANTAN HILIR, SUB-DISTRICT PONTIANAK UTARA, KOTA PONTIANAK

This study aims to review the impact of overload vehicle overload, vehicle damage capacity (VDF) on flexible pavement and decrease the service life of flexible pavement on Jalan Khatulistiwa. The method used is to analyze the service life of pavement based on the cumulative ESAL results for each change in load weight. The survey was conducted on Jalan Khatulistiwa in 2022. The data on vehicle weighing results was obtained from UPPKB Siantan using data in 2021. LHR data was obtained from the Pontianak P2JN office in 2020 and 2021. The study was carried out using the 1993 AASHTO method and the 2017 Highways. From the calculation results in the 20th year, the W18 value for the plan is 96,974,719.09 ESAL and the W18 overload in the 20th year is 110,929,554.2 ESAL. The increase in the value of W18 resulted in a decrease in the service life in the 19th year, namely the Ri value of -1.341% and in the 20th year the value of Ri was -14.390% whereas under normal conditions the value of Ri in the 20th year was 0%. Meanwhile, the remaining life of the plan caused by the addition of a 5% simulation load is the remaining 18,556 years and 100% of the remaining plan life is 9,297 years.

THE IMPACT OF EXCESS CARGO LOADED ON THE SERVICE LIFE OF THE PAVEMENT PLAN ON JALAN KHATULISTIWA, SIANTAN HILIR, SUB-DISTRICT PONTIANAK UTARA, KOTA PONTIANAK

This study aims to review the impact of overload vehicle overload, vehicle damage capacity (VDF) on flexible pavement and decrease the service life of flexible pavement on Jalan Khatulistiwa. The method used is to analyze the service life of pavement based on the cumulative ESAL results for each change in load weight. The survey was conducted on Jalan Khatulistiwa in 2022. The data on vehicle weighing results was obtained from UPPKB Siantan using data in 2021. LHR data was obtained from the Pontianak P2JN office in 2020 and 2021. The study was carried out using the 1993 AASHTO method and the 2017 Highways. From the calculation results in the 20th year, the W18 value for the plan is 96,974,719.09 ESAL and the W18 overload in the 20th year is 110,929,554.2 ESAL. The increase in the value of W18 resulted in a decrease in the service life in the 19th year, namely the Ri value of -1.341% and in the 20th year the value of Ri was -14.390% whereas under normal conditions the value of Ri in the 20th year was 0%. Meanwhile, the remaining life of the plan caused by the addition of a 5% simulation load is the remaining 18,556 years and 100% of the remaining plan life is 9,297 years.

Operational Data Analytics of Over Dimensional and Overloaded Truck in Indonesia

Over Dimension and Overload (ODOL) vehicles are one of the factors that cause road conditions to be easily damaged and potholes and can cause the risk of traffic accidents. ODOL vehicles are considered very detrimental to road infrastructure and increase the risk of accidents, inefficiency due to damaged road conditions, and air pollution because of excess exhaust gases. Road damage due to ODOL also triggered an increase in the budget for the maintenance of national roads, toll roads, and provincial roads, with an average of Rp 43.45 T per year. Based on data from the National Police Corps from the Integrated Road Safety Management System (IRSMS) regarding accidents in 2018, ODOL trucks are one of the biggest contributors to traffic accidents. This study aims to determine the causes of vehicle overload and over dimension. The method used is to use the triangulation method. Triangulation of techniques means that researchers use different data collection techniques to obtain data from the same source. The results showed a relationship between vehicle modification and ODOL violations which were proven using Chi-square analysis. The chi-square value is 55,259 with a p-value of 0.000 at a significance level of 1%. This shows a significant relationship between vehicle modification and Over Dimension and Overload (ODOL) vehicle violations.

Multipoint Distribution Vehicle Routing Optimization Problem considering Random Demand and Changing Load

In the distribution scenario, the using cost of vehicles is closely related to energy consumption, and the energy consumption rate of a vehicle is closely related to the size of its load. The traditional vehicle routing optimization model takes the shortest distance as the optimization goal when the customer demand is determined, while the influence of the random demand and the changing load on the energy consumption and cost of vehicles in the process of distribution is ignored. Therefore, in this paper, load varying vehicle routing problem with stochastic demands (LVGVRPSD) model is proposed with the goal of minimizing transportation energy consumption and considering the load variability and the randomness of customer demand. K-means clustering algorithm is combined with ant colony optimization (ACO) to solve the problem, and the constraint of risk probability is introduced to describe the vehicle overload problem. Examples in the standard vehicle routing problem test data set are provided and analyzed. LVGVRPSD is also compared with the traditional capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) model. The case study results show that the vehicle energy consumption can be reduced by 2% in the model that considers changing load compared to the model that does not consider changing load. The results illustrate that the method of path optimization is more advantageous and reasonable in the pursuit of reducing energy consumption, when the changing load and the random demand of customer are considered.

ANALISIS UMUR SISA DAN TEBAL PERKERASAN JALAN TOL AKIBAT BEBAN BERLEBIH

Toll Road is an important instrument in people's lives because it can shorten travel time, cut travel costs, economic growth in the area. This makes the Toll Road the main choice for people to travel. The economic growth of an area causing the growth of industrial estates is in line with the growth of vehicles and the vulnerability of vehicles that are classified as excessive loads. Jakarta-Cikampek toll road passes through an industrial area that allows overload vehicles pass the section. Excessive load vehicles will damage the road and reduce the life of previously designed plans. This study aims to find out the impact caused by excessive load vehicles on the age of the road plan and evaluate the need for thick road pavement due to excessive load vehicles. Based on the calculation of the remaining age of the pavement obtained the results for vehicle overload by 3.21% with the remaining life of the pavement by 6 months. Meanwhile, for the remaining age in vehicle overload group 6B in 2032 by 3.48%. Then for the calculation of the thickness of the pavement needed obtained a result of 35 cm. Based on these results, it can be concluded that excessive vehicles have an impact on the pavement of the toll road. Keywords: Excessive Load Vehicles, Pavement Thickness, The Lifespan of Pavement.

Time-dependent reliability of concrete bridges considering climate change and overload

Increased temperature and carbon dioxide concentration caused by climate change will aggravate the creep shrinkage and structural durability of concrete bridges. Overloading also has a great impact on the time-dependent reliability of existing bridges. This research paper analyses the time-dependent reliability of bridges based on climate change and overload. By improving the concrete carbonation model and referring to the B4 model of concrete creep, the effects of ambient temperature and humidity on concrete under different emission-reduction scenarios were considered. At the same time, given the serious problems of vehicle overload in China, combining different overload scenarios with climate change led to the establishment of a time-dependent reliability model for precast-concrete bridges. The results showed that as the overload rate increased, the time-dependent reliability degradation rate of a case study bridge accelerated. Under the scenario considering both high greenhouse gas emissions and the maximum overload rate, the service life of the case study bridge decreased to 50% of its design life.

The Relationship between Overloading and Over Dimension of Freight Vehicle

The freight vehicle, as the primary mode of goods distribution, has a relatively small carrying capacity. However, it is forced to be able to meet the demand. As a result, many business actors overload their freight vehicles to reduce transportation costs. In organizing the transportation of goods, the indications are such violations in vehicle dimensions (over dimensions) in line with the business actors' vehicle overload. This study aims to determine the effect of over-size on an overload of the freight vehicle. This study's research method is a quantitative method that used a survey technique to collect the data and used the statistical method of regression and correlation as the analysis method. The study results reveal that the level of overloading at Widang weighbridge reached an average of 44.72% per day. In comparison, the level of overloading at the Losarang weighbridge reached 87.85% per day. The vehicle dimension measurement survey results showed that from 159 vehicle samples, there were 107 over-dimension vehicles in the form of length, width, and height, and there were 32 vehicles, which increased their tire size. The statistical analysis of regression and correlation tests showed that only the addition of the maximum vehicle dimensions, which had a significant effect on the overweight.

Life-cycle study of concrete bridges strengthened with carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer

China has many bridges in a vulnerable condition, and strengthening is crucial to guarantee their service life and performance. However, environmental impact is rarely considered in the maintenance of reinforced concrete structures. Moreover, considering the effects of vehicle overload and the external environment remains difficult. To solve these problems, the life-cycle reliability and induced environmental impact of strengthening bridges with bonded carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer under different external environmental conditions and overload scenarios were studied using Monte Carlo sampling, first-order second moment and life-cycle assessment methods. A simply supported reinforced concrete T-beam was selected as a case study. The results indicated that the external environmental conditions contributed significantly to the polymer strengthening effect, and polymer plates contributed more to reliability than polymer fabric. In overload scenarios, plates were more suitable for strengthening than fabric. When annual environmental impacts were considered over time, life-cycle maintenance plans with plates were better than with fabric, and environmental impacts were sensitive to the discount rate.

Fatigue Load Spectrum of Highway Bridge Vehicles in Plateau Mountainous Area Based on Wireless Sensing

In Yunnan and other plateau mountainous areas, hydropower and mineral resources are abundant, and there are relatively many vehicles used for the transportation of large hydropower facilities. The widespread phenomenon of vehicle overload causes severe fatigue among the drivers. However, there is no reference vehicle load spectrum for fatigue analysis in the existing research. The application of wireless sensing technology to bridge health monitoring is favorable for the entire monitoring system’s low-cost and intelligent development. In this study, wireless sensors are used to collect sensing data in the measured area and perform preliminary filtering processing. The data collected by the sensing layer is aggregated at the TD gateway layer to realize local short-term storage of monitoring data, and 3G wireless transmission is used for the effective processing of the data. The clustering method is used to classify the vehicle models based on investigating the most representative expressway traffic flow information in Yunnan Province. Moreover, the weighted probability distribution model of different vehicle models is established through statistical analysis, which simplifies the composition’s fatigue intensity spectrum model. The selection of five vehicles of the equivalent model followed by a six-axle vehicle has the most significant impact on bridge damage as the standard fatigue vehicle. The research results establish a basis for the fatigue design of highway bridges in plateau and mountainous areas and provide data to establish vehicle fatigue load spectra in national highway regions.

EXAMINATION OF TRUCK TIRES AS TO IDENTIFICATION OF DAMAGES WHICH ARE FORMED AS A RESULT OF OPERATIONAL TIRE WEAR OR PRODUCT DEFECT

The sequence of carrying out of researches of tires of a freight vehicle on the basis of expert practice is considered. The research of tires of a truck has been conducted, an example of an expert research of tires is resulted, as a result of which the causes of damage of tires were established. The tire connects the vehicle to the road, perceives its weight, braking effort and dynamic impact that arises due to the roughness of the road surface. It is not uncommon for the vehicle to operate even on roads with a satisfactory road surface and damage to the tires. Damage to the tires can be generated as a result of industrial damage (factory defect) and as a result of operational damage. The most common and serious cause of premature wear and damage to tires is non-compliance with the established air pressure norms and overload tires. Changing the configuration of the profile and increasing the deformation of the bus cause an increase in the voltage in its material. As a result, it increases its premature wear. At increased load (overload) the tension voltage in the places of contact of the tire with the road increases and its specific pressure on the road, from which the tread wears away more quickly. Overvoltage in the material and increase in deformation is accompanied by a general increase in friction and heat formation in the tire. At increased load (overload) the tension voltage in the places of contact of the tire with the road increases and its specific pressure on the road, from which the tread wears away more quickly. Overvoltage in the material and increase in deformation is accompanied by a general increase in friction and heat formation in the tire. In the course of the research it was established that the tires Satoya SD 062-III have operational damage, the detects damage to the tires was formed as a result of their operation, which could contribute to vehicle overload, non compliance with tire pressure and the movement of the vehicle on roads with improper road surface. External inspection the examination of Satoya SD 062-III tires showed no signs of industrial damage (factory defects).

Combining GNSS and accelerometer measurements for evaluation of dynamic and semi-static characteristics of bridge structures

With the increasing number of long span bridges, real-time, accurate and continuous monitoring of their safety is important at present. This study investigates the combination of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and accelerometer for monitoring dynamic and semi-static characteristics of bridge structures. A field experiment was conducted with the integration of a GNSS and accelerometer. Considering the noise interference of GNSS monitoring, performance tests were first conducted in different environments to investigate the noise characteristics. Next, complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise-wavelet packet (CEEMDAN-WP) algorithm was chosen for denoising, among which a double criterion based on the correlation coefficient and effective coefficient was proposed to sift the intrinsic mode functions. After the noise reduction process, structural dynamic displacements and modal frequencies were successfully extracted from the 50 Hz GNSS real-time kinematic (GNSS-RTK) and accelerometer data, in which the displacements presented a consistent trend and the first natural frequency was the same (i.e. 0.369 Hz). Structural semi-static characteristics were evaluated by using 1 Hz (RTK), post-processed kinematic, and precise point positioning data. With reference to relevant specifications, the structural failure probability of the bridge in the vertical direction was calculated to be 0.4319. The results indicate that GNSS-RTK is reliable in monitoring structural dynamic and semi-static displacements of the bridge. Additionally, the proposed improved CEEMDAN-WP with double criterion is effective for background noise reduction. In addition, there may be some non-adequate behaviors, such as heavy traffic and vehicle overload, leading to the critical operation of the bridge.

Two-stage crack growth-based fatigue damage evaluation of orthotropic steel decks considering vehicle overload

One of the key issues on orthotropic steel deck (OSD) is the reduction of serviceability due to fatigue cracks even though the bridge still keeps a certain level of robustness itself, and accurately simulating crack growth process becomes crucial to evaluate the fatigue performance of OSDs. This paper proposes to measure the fatigue damage based on the two-stage crack growth model derived from experimental tests on the rib-to-deck welded joint of OSD. With the traffic data acquired by the weigh-in-motion system, the consideration of the near-threshold region, i.e., Stage I in the model, turns to be significant as the effect of the vehicle overload is shown more prominently. Thereupon, the way of fatigue damage evaluation is applied to each vehicle to quantify the severity of heavy vehicles with respect to the current status of the crack, and consequently to propose that the permit checking can be implemented in a more direct and dynamic way. The results can be valuable in the fatigue assessment that considers the remedial measures in the life-cycle of OSDs, e.g., the European Convention of Constructional Steelwork (ECCS) procedure, or in developing the guidance for the maintenance of specific bridges with OSDs.

Experimental study on fatigue performance of RC beams strengthened with CFRP under variable amplitude overload and hot-wet environment

Highway reinforced concrete (RC) bridges are generally served under hot-wet environment and vehicle overload in south China, which will cause great fatigue damage to the bridge structures. To discuss the fatigue damage mechanism, a fatigue experimental method of RC bridge structures under the coupling action of variable amplitude overload and hot-wet environment was proposed in this paper. Fatigue tests of 38 RC beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) were carried out with the experimental method. Fatigue performance and failure mechanism of the beams were discussed. Results showed that bond strength degradation of CFRP-concrete interface under hot-wet environment, early yielding and rupture of tensile rebars under overload, caused the loss of flexural stiffness and fatigue performance of the strengthened beams. Fatigue lives under variable amplitude overload of the strengthened beams were predicted effectively with a proposed modified Miner rule. Both temperature and relative humidity affected the fatigue lives and fatigue limits, while high-temperature and high-humidity environment led to severe deterioration of fatigue performance of the strengthened beams.

Limitations of the effectiveness of Weigh in Motion systems

Abstract Overloaded vehicles pose a real threat to road safety and significantly contribute to the degradation of the road surface. High-Speed Weigh in Motion (HS-WIM) stations are the commonly used method of eliminating them from traffic. In Poland, HS-WIM stations operate in pre-selection mode, sending information to services about the potential exceedance of acceptable standards by a specific vehicle. The article presents the results of the data analysis from selected HS-WIM stations operating on the national road network in Poland indicating significant limitations of the effectiveness of the whole system. The main reason for this may be that carriers use the knowledge about the HS-WIM stations location and working time to avoid inspections. The results presented in the paper indicate, among other things, that in some locations the share of vehicles overloaded with traffic increases significantly outside the working hours of the controlling services. For Light Commercial Vehicle, the share of overloaded vehicles in this group is also significant. Also, the paper indicates that the effectiveness of the procedure for determining vehicle overload has been limited due to errors in classification.

Effect of vehicle overload on the fatigue damage of transverse connection for assembled girder bridges

Effect of vehicle overload on the fatigue damage of transverse connection for assembled girder bridges