Motor Vehicle Research Articles

Differing clinical characteristics among individuals with concussions sustained at work, in motor vehicle collisions, and sport

ABSTRACT Purpose To compare clinical characteristics in patients with concussions sustained by prevalent, but understudied, mechanisms (work-related concussion [WRC] and motor vehicle collision [MVC]-related concussion) to sport-related concussion (SRC). Methods Retrospective review of 281 electronic medical records from an outpatient concussion clinic. Time since injury (days), duration of care (days), amount of care (number of visits), and perceived health (Short-Form 12) were collected. Results The time between injury and clinic presentation was significantly greater in WRC and MVC-related concussion compared to SRC. These groups were also older, had a longer duration of care, required more referrals for outside clinical services, and reported worse perceived mental and physical health versus SRC. Conclusion These results suggest that clinical courses may be significantly different for individuals with SRC, WRC and MVC-related concussion, and that different management approaches and expectations may be necessary for these groups. Further research is indicated.

Comparison of Bending Properties in Paired Human Ribs with and without Costal Cartilage

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Thoracic injuries, most frequently rib fractures, commonly occur in motor vehicle crashes. With an increased reliance on human body models (HBMs) for injury prediction in various crash scenarios, all thoracic tissues and structures require more comprehensive evaluation for improvement of HBMs. The objective of this study was to quantify the contribution of costal cartilage to whole rib bending properties in physical experiments. Fifteen bilateral pairs of 5th human ribs were included in this study. One rib within each pair was tested without costal cartilage while the other rib was tested with costal cartilage. All ribs were subjected to simplified A-P loading at 2 m/s until failure to simulate a frontal thoracic impact. Results indicated a statistically significant difference in force, structural stiffness, and yield strain between ribs with and without costal cartilage. On average, ribs with costal cartilage experienced a lower force but greater displacement with a longer time to fracture compared to isolated ribs. Comparisons were complicated by varying levels of calcification between costal cartilages and varying geometry with the inclusion of the costal cartilage. This study highlights the important effects of costal cartilage on rib properties and suggests an increased focus on costal cartilage in HBMs in future work.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"/></div>

DIGITALISASI LAYANAN SAMSAT: Peningkatan Kepatuhan Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor Melalui e-Samsat di Kabupaten Muna

The purpose of this study is to determine the DIGITALIZATION OF SAMSAT SERVICES: Increasing Motor Vehicle Tax Compliance Through e-Samsat in Muna Regency. This research method is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. The research informants consisted of 9 people. Data collection techniques through interviews, direct observation, and documentation. Qualitative descriptive research is research that aims to describe events or phenomena that occur in the field and present data systematically, factually, and accurately regarding the facts or phenomena that occur in the field. The results of the analysis of the implementation of the e-SAMSAT system in Muna Regency first have not been fully implemented properly such as the content dimension, in addition, the dimensions of timeliness and ease of use are effective. However, this system has not had a major influence on taxpayer compliance. There are still obstacles in the implementation of the e-SAMSAT system in paying taxes, including Cultural or historical reasons, Lack of information or counselling by the Government to taxpayers and Individual Atmosphere. Gradual and comprehensive socialization is needed from related officials, namely the Muna Regency SAMSAT Public Relations Team in public places by opening stands to introduce the existence of the e-SAMSAT system service so that taxpayers can be aware of their obligations.

Thermo-Mechanical Coupled Analysis of Electric Vehicle Drive Shafts

With the growing concerns over global warming and abnormal weather patterns, the development of eco-friendly technologies has emerged as a critical research area in the transportation industry. In particular, the global automotive market, one of the most widely used sectors, has witnessed a surge in research on electric vehicles (EVs) in line with these trends. Compared to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, EVs require components with high strength and durability to achieve optimal performance. This study focuses on the development of a constant velocity (CV) joint, a critical component for reliably transmitting the maximum output of an electric vehicle motor. Unlike conventional numerical methods, the proposed thermo-mechanical coupled analysis simultaneously accounts for thermal and mechanical interactions, providing more realistic operational performance predictions. This analysis, conducted using the thermal modules of Ls-Dyna and ANSYS Mechanical, effectively simulated field operation scenarios. Prototype testing under simulated conditions showed a 6% discrepancy compared to numerical predictions, validating the high accuracy and reliability of the proposed method. This robust thermo-mechanical coupled analysis is expected to improve the durability and reliability of CV joint designs, advancing electric vehicle component development.

IMPLEMENTATION OF A DOUBLE-SHELL METAL HYDRIDE TANK INTO REAL BUS OPERATION AND ITS TEST RUNS

Recently, the role of hydrogen technology has become more important in decarbonizing society and achieving carbon neutrality goals. The most important sector where it is possible to implement hydrogen technologies to achieve carbon neutrality is the automotive industry. For hydrogen technologies in the field of transport to be able to compete with conventional motor vehicles, research in several areas is necessary. One of the most important areas is the issue of hydrogen storage. The article in question discusses the issue of low-pressure hydrogen storage by means of metal hydride storage tanks for mobile applications and solves the design of a double-shell metal hydride storage tank using an active and passive cooling module and the subsequent implementation of the metal hydride storage tank in the real operation of a bus on which test runs were carried out and evaluated. From the test runs, it was found that research and development in the field of initial preheating of the metal hydride storage tanks in the bus is necessary for the efficient removal of hydrogen into the fuel cell.

Construction of Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle Atmospheric Pollutant Emission Inventory Based on Onboard Diagnosis Data

Motor vehicles emit a large amount of air pollutants. NOx and particulate matter (PM) account for 53.2% and 74.7%, respectively, of vehicle emissions in China. Using the technical guidelines for compiling road vehicle emission inventories, the emission factors based on the onboard diagnostics (OBD) system of heavy-duty diesel vehicles are obtained. The trajectory of heavy-duty diesel vehicles is corrected using big data interpolation, and the correction coefficients for different vehicle speeds are fitted to calculate the corresponding correction factors. Simultaneously, the Weather Research and Forecasting model is used for the meteorological correction of emissions, a heavy-duty diesel vehicle emission inventory under the community multiscale air quality model is established, and the distribution characteristics of pollution emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles in Chengdu are analyzed at the time and space levels. Overall, the pollutant gasses emitted by heavy-duty diesel vehicles in Chengdu are largely concentrated at the city center. In 2023, the total annual emissions of the pollutants NOx, CO, fine PM, and volatile organic compounds from heavy-duty diesel vehicles in Chengdu were 10,590.60, 28,852.90, 686.18, and 657.60 tons, respectively. NOx and CO have the highest proportions among the major pollutants, accounting for 70.7% and 26%, respectively.

Evaluating the Responses of the THOR and Hybrid III Small Female ATDs during Frontal Sled Tests

<div>There is evidence to suggest that males and females respond differently in motor vehicle collisions, making it important to study how both sexes respond to vehicle safety systems. The THOR 5th-percentile female (THOR-05F) anthropomorphic test device (ATD) was developed to represent a small female occupant better than the Hybrid III 5<sup>th</sup>-percentile female (HIII-05F) ATD. However, there are few studies in which they have been directly compared. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the responses of the two ATDs in matched frontal sled tests simulating a realistic driver seat environment. A 7th-generation Toyota Camry driver seat test buck was used with Camry parts (i.e., 3-point belt, modified seat, steering wheel, airbag, and column). The belt was equipped with a 4-kN load limiter and pretensioner. Rigid foam (65 psi) was used to represent the knee bolster. Thirteen tests were conducted using speeds of 30 and 56 kph. Chest bands were used to measure external chest deflection. Greater neck compression loads, flexion moments, and extension moments were measured in the HIII-05F tests due to different airbag interactions compared to the THOR-05F. Upper neck compression in the HIII-05F was greater for the 30 kph tests than the 56 kph, reinforcing a need to research crashworthiness at lower speeds. Chest deflections were greater in the THOR-05F tests, which was likely due to the more compliant rib cage. External chest deflections indicated that belt routing and breast tissue influenced the location and magnitude of maximum chest deflections. External deflections also indicated that the HIII-05F rib cage might be more coupled bilaterally than the THOR-05F. Femur loads were slightly greater in the THOR-05F, although knee bolster loads were greater for the 56 kph HIII-05F tests. Future work will include conducting matched small female PMHS sled tests.</div>

Justifying the structure of the improved mechanism for manual control of motor vehicles’ pedals

Due to the challenging military situation in Ukraine, the demand for tailored and flexible pedal control systems for individuals with physical disabilities is especially important. Standard pedal configurations often fail to meet the specific needs of drivers with limited mobility, making vehicle operation both difficult and potentially unsafe. The development of specialized manual control devices, such as hand-operated pedals or adjustable foot controls, is crucial for ensuring that these drivers can manage their vehicles with accuracy and safety. Such innovations not only improve accessibility but also foster greater autonomy and inclusion, empowering disabled drivers to navigate the roads with confidence and ease. This article aims to review existing prototypes of manual control mechanisms for vehicle pedals and to develop an improved device that enables simultaneous control of three pedals – accelerator, brake, and clutch – with one hand. As a result of a patent review of several existing prototypes of control mechanisms, it was concluded that the vast majority of them provide control for only two pedals – the accelerator and brake. This means they can only be used in motor vehicles with automatic transmissions or electric cars. Only a few mechanisms were designed to control three pedals, but they required using both the driver’s hands, directly affecting driving safety. Therefore, improving existing designs of the mechanisms for controlling three pedals by transferring all control functions to one hand of a driver remains relevant. The research methodology involves the use of classical methods from the theory of mechanisms and machines to conduct the structural synthesis of an improved multi-link hinge-lever mechanism and its kinematic analysis, aimed at determining the main parameters of pedals’ movements in a vehicle under various control inputs from the driver’s hand. The results obtained can be utilized by researchers and engineers to enhance manual control mechanisms for vehicle pedals and in the practical implementation processes. The prospects for future research on this topic are in developing an experimental prototype of the control mechanism and its testing and adjustment for different vehicle modifications to improve running smoothness and driving comfort and safety.

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of CO2 Emissions from Vehicles in Urban Areas: A Satellite Imagery Approach

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are a significant global environmental concern, widely notable as a major cause of climate change. Meanwhile, transportation is the main sector contributing to CO2 emissions, which are escalating at a faster rate than Gross Domestic Product Growth. This study attempted to evaluate the spatial–temporal pattern of CO2 emissions from vehicles using the Sentinel 5P satellite image. The Sentinel 5P image was acquired from the European Space Agency from 2019 until 2022. Utilizing ArcGIS 10.5, these data were analyzed to extract the CO2 values, which were then displayed as the total column amount. Thereafter, the extraction by point method was conducted on road features based on the Mukim Kajang basemap to obtain the value of CO2 emissions from transportation. Spatial–temporal mapping was then accomplished through kernel density analysis, enabling the identification of CO2 emission hotspot areas. The findings show that the spatial–temporal pattern of CO2 emissions was higher in September 2019 (0.06964 mol/m2), March 2020 (0.03596 mol/m2), December 2021 (0.0437 mol/m2), and January (0.03384 mol/m2), respectively. Based on eight cities in Mukim Kajang, Bandar Kajang has been a hotspot area for carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles for four consecutive years, starting in 2019 until 2022. In summary, the results of this study could provide guidelines to researchers and policymakers to develop effective strategies to reduce the level of CO2 emissions from transportation in urban areas.

Lactate, lactate clearance, and lactate-to-albumin ratio in predicting mortality in patients with critical polytrauma: A retrospective observational study.

Lactate is a product of anaerobic metabolism used to determine prognosis in critically ill trauma patients. This study investigates the mortality-predictive performance of lactate, lactate clearance, and lactate-to-albumin ratio (LAR) on admission in patients with polytrauma in a tertiary center's intensive care unit (ICU). Polytrauma patients in the ICU between June 2019 and June 2022 were evaluated. The diagnosis of polytrauma was made according to the Berlin criteria, a widely accepted and comprehensive system for classifying the severity of multiple injuries. Patients were classified into survivor and mortality groups. The predictive performance of lactate, lactate clearance (24th hour), and LAR for 28-day mortality was compared. The study included 176 patients. The median age of the entire population was 35 (24-50) years, and 78.4% (n = 138) were male. Motor vehicle accidents were the most common cause of polytrauma in patients (48.9%, n = 86). The most common head injuries were detected in the patients (59.1%, n = 104). In the mortality group, median lactate and lactate (24th hour) levels were significantly higher (P < .001). Median albumin and LAR values were significantly lower (P < .001). Although 24-hour lactate clearance was lower in the mortality group, no significant difference was detected (36.1% vs 42.3%, P = .052). In multivariate regression analysis, LAR was an independent predictor of mortality (P < .001). In receiver operating characteristics curve analysis, the cutoff value of lactate was ≥5.4, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66-0.84), the cutoff value of lactate clearance was ≤39.2, AUC was 0.60, (95% CI, 0.51-0.69), and the cutoff value of LAR was value ≥1.50, AUC 0.83 (95% CI, 0.75-0.90). In critically ill polytrauma patients, LAR on ICU admission is an independent predictor of mortality and has acceptable prognostic value. LAR is superior to lactate and 24-hour lactate clearance in predicting mortality.

Associated power converters to the drive of a three-phase induction motor in a personal mobility electric vehicle

In this work it defines the analysis, design and construction of the associated power converters to the drive of a squirrel cage type three-phase induction motor. The final goal is to mount the mentioned motor with the control scheme in a personal mobility electric vehicle (PMEV); therefore, it will be necessary to power it with a battery pack, this creates the need for a current inversion stage, going from direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). In order to solve this problem as from the power electronics point of view, to connect a high gain boost converter to the DC power supply (batteries) it is proposed, and then, can rise the output voltage of this stage, in order to supply the DC input voltage for a full-bridge type three-phase inverter. The necessary control scheme will be applied to the inverter to achieve that the motor speed follows a speed reference.

Implementasi Sistem Keamanan Kendaraan Bermotor Menggunakan GPS Berbasis IoT

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Rapid technological advancements have driven the development of Internet of Things (IoT)-based products, enabling communication between devices via the internet network. Currently, motor vehicle security system is typically performed in a manual manner, such as through the use of steering locks, chains, or wheel locks. This research aims to design and implement an IoT-based vehicle security system that can be controlled automatically. The system integrates hardware components, such as NodeMCU, relays, GPS modules, and fingerprint sensors, with software including Arduino sketch and the Blynk application. The test results show that the system can generate key data, including control range, follow-up to disconnect the vehicle's electrical system, and vehicle location tracking in the form of coordinates accessible through the Maps application. The research resulted in a security system that can be accessed through two methods: close-range using a fingerprint sensor as a replacement for traditional keys, and remotely through the Blynk application connected to IoT technology.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

Where drinks and danger meet: Analyzing the spatial link between Bars and crime in Detroit

Alcohol consumption has long been linked to various crimes, including homicide, assault, sex-related offenses, family violence, and chronic aggressiveness in adults. While the association between alcohol use and violent crime is well-documented, few studies have examined the spatial co-occurrence of bar locations - a primary venue for alcohol sales - and crime incidents across precise geographical locations and over time. This study employs the global colocation quotient (GCLQ) and the local colocation quotient (LCLQ) to analyze the spatial correlation between five types of liquor establishments (bar, lounge, live house, nightclub, and pub) and seven types of crimes (aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, murder, motor vehicle theft, rape, and robbery) in Detroit, Michigan from 2017 to 2022. Findings demonstrate stable spatial relationships between bars and crimes across different years, with downtown bars showing a lower crime association, bars in clusters showing diverse patterns, and isolated bars in higher risk. The analysis reveals discrepancies in risk among different types. The safety index of the neighborhood surrounding bars is assessed through colocation analysis, demonstrating a correlation with bar-related security. Based on these insights, the study recommends heightened supervision for bars in high-risk areas and developing tailored prevention measures.

Symptom Recovery in Children Aged 5 to 12 Years With Sport-Related and Non–Sport-Related Concussion

There is limited research on clinical features and symptom recovery from sport-related concussion (SRC) and non-SRC in younger children. To investigate the trajectory of symptom recovery in children aged 5 to 7 years and 8 to 12 years with SRC and non-SRC at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postinjury. This secondary analysis of a prospective multicenter cohort study (Predicting and Preventing Postconcussive Problems in Pediatrics) included participants aged 5 to 12 years with acute concussion who presented to 9 pediatric emergency departments within the Pediatric Emergency Research Canada network between August 2013 and June 2015. Analyses were conducted from September 2023 to May 2024. Participants had a concussion consistent with the Zurich consensus diagnostic criteria and 85% completeness of the Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory (PCSI) at each time point. The primary outcome was symptom change, defined as current minus preinjury ratings 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postinjury, measured using the PCSI. Symptoms were self-rated for children aged 8 to 12 years and child- and parent-rated for children aged 5 to 7 years. Mixed-effect models were conducted using total PCSI score adjusting for random effects; fixed-effect indicators included injury setting (SRC and non-SRC), time, injury setting × time, and other variables associated with recovery. A total of 1747 children, including 513 aged 5 to 7 years (mean [SD] age, 6.57 [0.85] years; 320 male [62.4%]) and 1234 aged 8 to 12 years (mean [SD] age, 10.68 [1.40] years; 806 male [65.3%]) were recruited, of whom 477 aged 5 to 7 years and 1157 aged 8 to 12 years were included in the analysis. Of those included in the analysis, 207 aged 5 to 7 years (43.4%; mean [SD] age, 6.68 [0.84] years; 142 male [68.6%]) and 790 aged 8 to 12 years (67.2%; mean [SD] age, 10.77 [1.40] years; 547 male [69.2%]) sustained an SRC. No significant differences in recovery curves across time postinjury were found between those with SRC and non-SRC (5-7 years: β = -0.09; 95% CI, -1.10 to 0.92; 8-12 years: β = 0.11; 95%CI, -1.50 to 1.70). In this cohort study of children aged 5 to 12 years with an acute SRC or non-SRC, symptom recovery trajectories over time were similar in both groups. This finding suggests similar management protocols can be used for sport and nonsport mechanisms of injury (excluding assault and motor vehicle crash) in the younger population.

Are all cases of floating hip the same? Further understanding of floating hip

PurposeFloating hip is a severe high-energy injury. Femoral fracture is an essential component of floating hip. However, few studies have addressed the relationship between the femoral fracture pattern and floating hip injury. In this study, we reviewed and summarized the epidemiological and clinical data of patients with floating hip.Patients and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed patients with a diagnosis of floating hip at our trauma center from January 2014 to December 2021. Data on patient demographics, characteristics of the injuries, associated injuries, whether sciatic nerve palsy (SNP) occurred, the number of operations performed, and the total length of hospital stay were analyzed.ResultsA total of 76 patients met the diagnostic criteria for floating hip, 45 of whom had proximal femoral fractures. The mean Injury Severity Scores in patients with proximal and non-proximal femoral fractures were 21.47 ± 10.67 and 17.61 ± 7.64, respectively, and the mean Abbreviated Injury Scale scores were 13.31 ± 9.71 and 9.52 ± 4.32, respectively. Motor vehicle collision and a fall from a height were the main causes of injury. Chest injury was the most common associated injury. Twenty-two patients were diagnosed with SNP, 17 of whom had a proximal femoral fracture. Of the patients with pelvic fractures, 15 were diagnosed with SNP, 14 of whom also had a proximal femoral fracture. Of the patients with acetabular fractures, seven were diagnosed with SNP, three of whom also had a proximal femoral fracture.ConclusionMore than half of patients with floating hips have a combined proximal femoral fracture. In this study, fracture of the pelvis or acetabulum combined with a proximal femoral fracture had a higher AIS score and higher risk of SNP than fracture of the pelvis or acetabulum combined with a non-proximal femoral fracture. Patients with a single pelvic fracture showed similar results, but patients with a single acetabular fracture did not. A pelvic or acetabular fracture combined with a proximal femoral fracture has a different outcome than a mid-distal femoral fracture, which may be a “true” floating hip.

Synthesis of Ce-Based RE2Fe14B by Solid-State Reaction and Reduction-Diffusion Process

Rare-earth permanent magnets, such as Nd2Fe14B, have been widely used in electric vehicle and wind turbine motors due to their high anisotropy field (Ha), saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc). Cerium (Ce) has gained attention as a potential alternative to neodymium (Nd) due to its high abundance and low cost. The relatively poor intrinsic magnetic properties of Ce magnets, however, remain a significant challenge for their industrial applications. In this study, the synthesis of Ce-based RE2Fe14B (2-14-1) phases was achieved by a modified reduction-diffusion (R-D) process using REFeO3 (RE = Ce, Nd) as a precursor. The precursor was prepared by a solid-state reaction with CeO2, Nd2O3, Fe2O₃ and Fe powders, which is a much more suitable process for mass production and cost-effectiveness. Optimal composition and heat treatment conditions enabled the formation of single-phase Ce-based 2-14-1 particles. The as-synthesized single-phase Ce2Fe14B particles exhibited an Ms value of ~120 emu/g and an intrinsic coercivity (Hci) value of ~85 Oe, which can be attributed to the large particle size as observed by FE-SEM.

Technical Report A light touch; Reviewing the relative effectiveness of light sources and physical/chemical techniques for fingermark retrieval in casework

This study reviewed the efficacy of non-contact light source examinations of serious crime scenes using ultraviolet A (UVA) light, bespoke white light and lasers, compared with subsequent powdering or chemical enhancements. Twenty-six examinations of serious crime scenes or motor vehicles were analysed, from which 655 areas of retrieved fingermark or friction ridge detail11Friction Ridge Detail (FRD) relates to deposits made from fingers, phalange, palm or plantar regions. where reported on. It was found that undertaking a light source examination revealed equivalent numbers of marks to aluminium powder and chemical enhancements, with only a 4% duplication rate between optical and physical/chemical techniques suggesting that both approaches are supplementary and should be used sequentially to each other.

The Burden of Injuries Associated With E-Bikes, Powered Scooters, Hoverboards, and Bicycles in the United States: 2019‒2022.

Objectives. To describe the national burden of injuries associated with e-bikes, bicycles, hoverboards, and powered scooters (micromobility devices) in the United States. Methods. We compared patterns and trends for 1 933 296 estimated injuries associated with micromobility devices from 2019 to 2022 using National Electronic Injury Surveillance System data. Results. The population-based rates of e-bike and powered scooter injuries increased by 293.0% and 88.0%, respectively. When reported, powered scooter injuries had the highest proportion for alcohol use (9.0%) compared with other modes, whereas e-bike injuries had the highest proportion for motor vehicle involvement (35.4%). Internal injuries were more likely among e-bike diagnoses than hoverboard and bicycle (P < .05), but fractures and concussions were more likely among hoverboard diagnoses compared with all other devices (P < .05). When helmet use was identified in clinical notes (20.3%), helmet usage was higher among e-bike injuries (43.8%) compared with powered scooter (34.8%) and hoverboard (30.3%) injuries but lower compared with bicycle injuries (48.7%). Conclusions. The incidence of severe e-bike and powered scooter injuries increased over the 4-year period. Public health stakeholders should focus on improved surveillance and prevention of injuries associated with electric micromobility devices. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(12):1365-1374. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307820).

Factors associated with decisions to refer possible abusive head trauma to a hospital-based child protection team in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Aotearoa New Zealand has a high incidence of abusive head trauma (AHT) and a national children's hospital with an established multi-disciplinary child protection team (CPT). Staff concerned about possible AHT are expected to refer to the CPT, but there has been no research into the factors which might influence those referral decisions. To identify factors associated with decisions to refer head-injured children to the CPT, and to assess whether those factors are consistent with the literature. All children <5years old admitted from 2010 to 2019 with skull fracture or intracranial injury. Retrospective review comparing 25 variables in cases referred and not referred. Multivariable analysis estimated the independent role of each variable and modelled their combined contribution to decisions to refer. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) and 95% CI were used to describe performance of the model. Of 631 head-injured children, 265 (42%) were referred and 121 (19%) diagnosed as AHT/undetermined. Variables associated with referral decisions were age<1year, p=.0001; injury inconsistent with the history, p<.0001; certain categories of history (motor vehicle accident, no history, history of abuse, fall <1m, blunt force and penetrating trauma), p<.0001; delayed presentation, p<.0001; past history of injury, p=.0001; social/behavioral concerns, p<.0001 and subdural hemorrhage, p=.01. The AUROC was 0.95 (95% CI 0.93, 0.97). Factors associated with referral are generally consistent with the literature. The percentage referred seems justified given the number diagnosed as AHT/undetermined.

Reconsidering Public Attitudes Toward Deceased Organ Donation Registration.

Background: The aim of the current study is to understand Americans' attitudes toward deceased organ donation and to assess their level of acceptance on positions toward organ donation. Methods: In summer and winter of 2023, 2 national samples completed measures of attitudes toward donation, reported their registration status, rated positions related to donation, and provided demographic information. Results: Data from 2 samples indicated registration estimates between 50% and 57% and a significant proportion of those unregistered reported reluctance to register. The believability of national registry estimates and ratings of acceptability of 9 organ donation positions differed by registration status. Conclusion: Mass media and motor vehicles interventions seeking to increase registration rates should take into consideration individual attitudes and support toward donation may not be as strong as once thought.