Consumption Of Vegetable Oils Research Articles

Characteristics of the vegetable oil debate in social-media and its implications for sustainability

The global production and consumption of vegetable oils have sparked wide-ranging and often emotive discussions on sustainable development, especially on social media. Here we analyze over 20 million tweets related to vegetable oils to explore the key factors shaping public opinion. Coconut, olive, and palm oils dominate social media discourse not proportionally to their global production. Olive and palm oil discussions remarkably correlate with Twitter’s (now X) growth, while coconut shows more bursts of activity. Discussions around coconut and olive oils primarily focus on health, beauty, and food, while palm oil draws attention to pressing environmental concerns. Virality is related to environmental issues and negative connotations. In the context of the Sustainable Development Goals, this study highlights the multifaceted nature of the vegetable oil debate and its disconnection from scientific discussions. Our research sheds light on the power of social media in shaping public perception, providing insights into sustainable development strategies.

Effect of Tropical Vegetable Oil Consumption on Lipid Profile and Glycaemic Control in Type 2 Diabetics

Effect of Tropical Vegetable Oil Consumption on Lipid Profile and Glycaemic Control in Type 2 Diabetics

Human biomonitoring of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in women living in a Northern Italy industrial area.

In Brescia, a highly industrialized city in the Lombardy Region (Northern Italy) classified as a SIN (Contaminated Site of National Interest), a human biomonitoring study was carried out on breast milk of two groups of women residing in areas with presumably different levels of exposure to polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorodibenzofurans, and polychlorobiphenyls. This study was aimed at evaluating the possible difference between women living in Brescia and women living far from it but in the same Region. Between 2016 and 2018, 82 women were enrolled (41 "exposed" subjects and 41 "not exposed"), breast milk samples were collected, and a specific questionnaire was administered to the donors. Data obtained were processed by robust regression and Principal Component Factor Analysis. The differences in concentration between the two groups were significant for all the classes of analytes (except for PCDDs). The concentration increase rates from the not exposed to the exposed group resulted highly significant: some PCB congeners showed increase rates more than 1000 ng/g lb per one-unit change of the independent variable. Among the variables significantly associated with the observed concentrations, age showed the greatest influence, while BMI showed a counteracting effect. Consumption of vegetable oil and fruit resulted to possibly influence the chemicals body burden. For the not exposed group, the levels appear to be in line with the decreasing trend (2001-2018) observed for these contaminants in Italy.

A vegetable fat-based diet delays psychomotor and cognitive development compared with maternal dairy fat intake in infant gray mouse lemurs

Dairy fat has a unique lipid profile; it is rich in short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids that induce ketone production and has a balanced ω6/ω3 ratio that promotes cognitive development in early life. Moreover, the high consumption of vegetable oils in pregnant and lactating women raises concerns regarding the quality of lipids provided to offspring. Here, we investigate maternal dairy fat intake during gestation and lactation in a highly valuable primate model for infant nutritional studies, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Two experimental diets are provided to gestant mouse lemurs: a dairy fat-based (DF) or vegetable fat-based diet (VF). The psychomotor performance of neonates is tested during their first 30 days. Across all tasks, we observe more successful neonates born to mothers fed a DF diet. A greater rate of falls is observed in 8-day-old VF neonates, which is associated with delayed psychomotor development. Our findings suggest the potential benefits of lipids originating from a lactovegetarian diet compared with those originating from a vegan diet for the psychomotor development of neonates.

Consumer Preferences and Willingness to Pay for High-Quality Vegetable Oils: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Chinese Residents.

The consumption of edible vegetable oil is an important source of essential fatty acids and vitamin E for the human body. Guiding residents to consume scientifically and reasonably control the intake of edible oils is an important part of promoting the construction of a healthy China. Currently, Chinese residents have an insufficient understanding of the scientific consumption of edible oils, leading to an intake exceeding the dietary recommendations, resulting in excessive fat intake and increasing the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), this study analyzed the cognitive preferences and willingness to pay a premium for edible vegetable oils among urban consumers in China. The survey included 1098 Chinese urban consumers of vegetable oils. The research found that attitudes, health value, monetary value, and environmental endowment of urban residents are the main predicting factors of the intention to purchase high-quality vegetable oils. This study confirms the applicability of the Theory of Planned Behavior in the consumption of high-quality vegetable oils and provides theoretical contributions and insights for Chinese enterprises and policymakers in formulating marketing strategies for vegetable oils.

Food groups consumption and urinary metal mixtures in women from Northern Mexico

ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the association between food groups and mixtures of urinary metal concentrations in a sample of women; as well as identify the most important metals within each mixture. MethodsThis is a cross-sectional analysis between food groups consumption and mixtures of various metals in urine from 439 women, ≥18 years old, from Northen Mexico. We estimated the dietary intake of 20 food groups through a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Urinary metal concentration of aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, thallium, tin, vanadium, and zinc, were measured by inductively coupled plasma triple quad. We used weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression with binomial family specification to assess the association of food groups and metal mixtures, as well as to identify the most important ones. ResultsWe identified tin, lead, and antimony as the most important metals, in the metal mixtures that were positively associated with the consumption of eggs, non-starchy vegetables, fruits, seafood, corn, oil seeds, chicken, soda, legumes, red and/or processed meats, as well as negatively with the consumption of alliums, corn tortillas and/or vegetable oils. ConclusionOur findings suggest that food consumption is related to more than one metal in the study sample, and highlights the presence of some of them. Further research is required to identify the possible sources of metals in food, as well as the chronic adverse health effects attributed to their simultaneous presence.

Evaluation of some consumer properties of hemp oil

The largest share in the actual production and consumption of vegetable oils falls on sunflower oil and is about 86%. Meanwhile, among agricultural crops there are those that can be used for the production of vegetable oils for food and cosmetic purposes. Since 1992, a movement has begun in the world to restore hemp production, but in the Russian Federation, despite government subsidies, hemp production does not expand due to the lack of specialized equipment and diffi cult licensing. Hemp oil from the seeds of hemp (Cannabis sativa Linnaeus) is included in the country's regulations and can be circulated in the market. The oil belongs to linoleic/linolenic oils and, depending on the region of cultivation, diff ers signifi cantly in fatty acid composition. Hemp oils are characterized by the presence of 46–70% linoleic acid (C18:2, two double bonds) and 26–28% linolenic acid (C18:3). The amount of monounsaturated oleic acid is 6–16%. The amount of saturated fatty acid is 16%. In the USA, Canada, Italy, and the Czech Republic, the modern Finola variety is cultivated, the fatty acid composition of the oil of which is almost 90% represented by unsaturated fatty acids.

Associations of diet quality and food consumption with serum biomarkers for lipid and amino acid metabolism in Finnish children: the PANIC study.

To investigate the associations of overall diet quality and dietary factors with serum biomarkers for lipid and amino acid metabolism in a general population of children. We studied 194 girls and 209 boys aged 6-8years participating in the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children study. Food consumption was assessed by 4-day food records and diet quality was quantified by the Finnish Children Healthy Eating Index (FCHEI). Fasting serum fatty acids, amino acids, apolipoproteins, as well as lipoprotein particle sizes were analyzed with high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Data were analyzed using linear regression adjusted for age, sex, and body fat percentage. FCHEI was directly associated with the ratio of polyunsaturated (PUFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) (PUFA/SFA), the ratio of PUFA to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (PUFA/MUFA), the ratio of PUFA to total fatty acids (FA) (PUFA%), the ratio of omega-3-fatty acids to total FA (omega-3 FA%), and inversely associated with the ratio of MUFA to total FA (MUFA%), alanine, glycine, histidine and very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle size. Consumption of vegetable oils and vegetable-oil-based margarine (≥ 60% fat) was directly associated with PUFA/SFA, PUFA/MUFA, PUFA%, the ratio of omega-6 FA to total FA (omega-6 FA%), and inversely associated with SFA, MUFA, SFA to total FA (SFA%), MUFA%, alanine and VLDL particle size. Consumption of high-fiber grain products directly associated with PUFA/SFA, PUFA/MUFA, omega-3 FA%, omega-6 FA%, PUFA% and inversely associated with SFA and SFA%. Fish consumption directly related to omega-3 FA and omega-3 FA%. Consumption of sugary products was directly associated with histidine and VLDL particle size. Vegetable, fruit, and berry consumption had direct associations with VLDL particle size and the ratio of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A1. Consumption of low fat (< 1%) milk was directly associated with phenylalanine. A higher consumption of high-fat (≥ 1%) milk was associated with lower serum MUFA/SFA and higher SFA%. Sausage consumption was directly related to SFA% and histidine. Red meat consumption was inversely associated with glycine. Better diet quality, higher in intake of dietary sources of unsaturated fat and fiber, and lower in sugary product intake were associated with more favorable levels of serum biomarkers for lipid and amino acid metabolism independent of adiposity. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01803776, registered March 3, 2013.

Factors affecting individuals’ vegetable oil and animal fat consumption in Hatay province

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Hatay ilinde bireylerin bitkisel ve hayvansal yağ tüketim alışkanlıkları ve yağ tercihinde etkili olan faktörleri ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmanın ana materyalini, basit tesadüfi örnekleme yoluyla belirlenen 412 tüketiciyle yüz yüze yapılan anket çalışması oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veriler SPSS paket programı kullanılarak değerlendirilmiş olup bireylerin yağ tercihine etki eden faktörlerin belirlenmesi için faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Kişi başı bitkisel yağ tüketimi ortalama 14.13 l yıl-1, hayvansal yağ tüketimi ise 2.52 kg yıl-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bireylerin öncelikli tercihinin bitkisel yağ olduğu, bitkisel yağa göre hayvansal yağ tüketiminin sınırlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Faktör analizine göre bireylerin yağ tüketiminde etkili olan en önemli içsel faktörün kalite, dışsal faktörün ise ürünün ambalajı olduğu saptanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular Hatay ilindeki tüketicilerin yemeklik yağ tercihinde bilinçli olduğunu göstermektedir. Sektördeki firmalar ürün satış ve pazarlamasında fiyat ve reklamların etkisinden çok öncelikle ürünün kalitesini ve ambalajını önemsemelidir. Ayrıca firmalar tüketici tercihlerini dikkate alarak yeni pazarlama stratejileri gerçekleştirmelidir. Hayvansal yağ tüketiminin arttırılması için tüketicilerin gelir seviyesinin arttırılması, gıda enflasyonunun düşürülmesine yönelik politikaların uygulanması ve hayvancılıkta girdi maliyetlerini düşürecek sürdürülebilir teşviklerin uygulanması gerekmektedir.

Molecular cloning, tissue expression pattern, responses to different fatty acids and potential functions of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

In farmed fish, diets rich in palm oil have been observed to promote abnormal lipid build-up in the liver, subsequently leading to physiological harm and disease onset. Emerging research suggests that integrating phospholipids into the feed could serve as a potent countermeasure against hepatic impairments induced by vegetable oil consumption. Phosphatidylcholine is the most abundant type among phospholipids. In the metabolic processes of mammal, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1), crucial for phosphatidylcholine remodeling, demonstrates a marked affinity towards palmitic acid (PA). Nonetheless, aspects concerning the cloning, tissue-specific distribution, and affinity of the LPCAT1 gene to diverse oil sources have yet to be elucidated in the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Within the scope of this study, we successfully isolated and cloned the cDNA of the LPCAT1 gene from the large yellow croaker. Subsequent analysis revealed distinct gene expression patterns of LPCAT1 across ten different tissues of the species. The fully sequenced coding DNA sequence (CDS) of LPCAT1 spans 1503 bp and encodes a sequence of 500 amino acids. Comparative sequence alignment indicates that LPCAT1 shares a 69.75 % amino acid similarity with its counterparts in other species. Although LPCAT1 manifests across various tissues of the large yellow croaker, its predominance is markedly evident in the liver and gills. Furthermore, post exposure of the large yellow croaker's hepatocytes to varied fatty acids, PA has a strong response to LPCAT1. Upon the addition of appropriate lysolecithin to palm oil feed, the mRNA expression of LPCAT1 in the liver cells of the large yellow croaker showed significant variations compared to other subtypes. Concurrently, the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory genes il-1β, il-6, il-8, tnf-α and ifn-γ in the liver tissue of the large yellow croaker decreased. Interestingly, they exhibit the same trend of change. In conclusion, we have cloned the LPCAT1 gene on fish successfully and find the augmented gene response of LPCAT1 in hepatocytes under PA treatment first. The results of this study suggest that LPCAT1 may be associated with liver inflammation in fish and offer new insights into mitigating liver diseases in fish caused by palm oil feed.

Revealing oxidative degradation of lipids and screening potential markers of four vegetable oils during thermal processing by pseudotargeted oxidative lipidomics

The oxidative degradation of lipids in vegetable oils during thermal processing may present a risk to human health. However, not much is known about the evolution of lipids and their non-volatile derivatives in vegetable oils under different thermal processing conditions. In the present study, a pseudotargeted oxidative lipidomics approach was developed and the evolution of lipids and their non-volatile derivatives in palm oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, and flaxseed oil under different thermal processing conditions was investigated. The results showed that thermal processing resulted in the oxidative degradation of TGs in vegetable oils, which generated oxTGs, DGs, and FFAs, as well as TGs with smaller molecular weights. The lower the fatty acid saturation, the more severe the oxidative degradation of vegetable oils and thermal processing at high temperatures should be avoided if possible. From the accumulation of oxTGs concentrations, the hazards during thermal processing at high temperatures were, in descending order, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, flaxseed oil, and palm oil. The non-volatile potential markers were screened in palm oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, and flaxseed oil for 1, 7, 5, and 2 markers related to thermal processing time, respectively. The study provided suggestions for the consumption of vegetable oils from multiple perspectives and identified markers for monitored oxidative degradation of vegetable oils.

Functionality and mechanistic parametric study of the potential of waste plantain peels and commercial bentonite for soybean oil refining

The consumption of unrefined vegetable oil poses acute and chronic health issues, yet improper disposal of waste plantain peels is not environmentally sustainable. This research investigates the feasibility, mechanism and thermodynamics of waste plantain peels, and commercial bentonite clay for soybean oil refining. Experiment was carried out using masses (1–4 g) of commercial bentonite clay, and unripe plantain peel ash (UPPA) to degummed and neutralized free fatty acid (FFA) contents in crude soybean oil at varying temperatures (50–120 °C), and time (15–35 min) for treatment of soybean oil. FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and XRF techniques were applied to characterize the sample. The results established that at optimum 4.0 g dosage, the UPPA (97.73%) was more effective in the removal of FFA from oil at 50 °C and 20 min, while the clay (90%) was more effective in the removal of colour pigment from the vegetable oil 100 °C, and 25 min. The optimum efficiency of Clay-Ash-composite (70:30) in adsorbing pigment from soybean oil corresponds to 80%. The impact of changing viscosities, densities, and acid values on the performance of UPPA, clay, and clay-UPPA composite was investigated. Mechanistic studies confirmed the pseudo-second-order kinetics at 5 × 10–2 g/mg min−1 and 1.87 × 10–1 g/mg min−1, with corresponding adsorption capacity of 30.40 mg/g and 4.91 mg/g, at R2 ≤ 0.9982. The UPPA-driven sorption of FFA occurred as a physisorption and exothermic process (− 620.60 kJ/mol), while colour pigment removal occurred by chemisorption and endothermic process (22.40 kJ/mol). The finding recommends UPPA and composite as economically feasible for refining soybean oil.

Reassessing the Effects of Dietary Fat on Cardiovascular Disease in China: A Review of the Last Three Decades.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of global mortality, and is considered one of diseases with the most rapid growth rate in China. Numerous studies have indicated a closed relationship between an increased incidence of CVD and dietary factors. Dietary fat is one of the three primary nutrients of consumption; however, high fat dietary in causing CVD has been neglected in some official dietary guidelines. Our present review has analyzed the relationship between dietary fat consumption and CVD in China over the past 30 years (from 1990 to 2019). There is a significant correlation between CVD incidence and mortality for consumption of both vegetable oils and animal fats, per capita consumption, and the relative weight of dietary fat exceeding that of other food ingredients (e.g., salt, fruit, and marine food). For fatty acid species, the proportion of ω6 fatty acid consumption increased, causing a significant increase in the ratios of ω6/ω3 fatty acids, whereas the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acid consumption decreased. Such changes have been considered a characteristic of dietary fat consumption in Chinese residents over the past 30 years, and are closely related to the incidence of CVD. Therefore, we suggest that the government should spread awareness regarding the consumption of dietary fat intake to prevent CVD and related health disorders. The public should be educated to avoid high fat diet and increase the intake of monounsaturated fatty acids and ω3 fatty acids.

Higher lacto-vegetarian dietary score is associated with reduced risk of postmenopausal osteoporosis: A case-control study in a sample of Iranian postmenopausal women

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease manifesting as weak and fragile bones. Dietary patterns have been described as an affecting constituent of bone metabolism. There is no consensus on the advantages or harms of vegetarian diets on bone health. This study aimed to design a lacto-vegetarian dietary score (LVDS) to evaluate the similarity of an individual's dietary pattern to the lacto-vegetarian dietary pattern and assess its association with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO). We hypothesized that individuals with greater LVDS will have a lower risk for PMO. In this hospital-based, case-control study, 220 cases (definitively diagnosed with osteoporosis) and 220 age-matched controls were registered. Usual dietary intakes were evaluated by a validated 147-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. To design the LVDS, the energy-adjusted intakes of 12 food groups were categorized into quintiles, and positive or reverse points were assigned. To determine the association between the LVDS and PMO, binary logistic regression was used. Those in the top tertile of the LVDS had a lower chance of PMO compared with those in the bottom tertile (odds ratio, 0.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.06-0.22). An inverse relation was obtained between vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, dairy, soy protein, and egg consumption and PMO. Higher consumption of vegetable and animal oils significantly increased the risk of PMO. A dietary pattern similar to the lacto-vegetarian dietary pattern and concentrated on greater consumption of legumes, nuts, dairy, fruits, vegetables, and soy protein can be suggested as a protective method against PMO. Further, longitudinal studies are required to confirm these findings.

Sunflower Diseases and Downy Mildew (Plasmopara halstedii) in Adana

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the most important vegetable oil sources in the world and in our country. The preference for sunflower oil in the consumption of vegetable oil increases the importance of sunflowers in our country. Rust, downy mildew, Verticillium wilt, Sclerotinia stalk and head rot, charcoal rot, blight, and leaf spot are some of the important diseases most commonly seen in sunflowers. In some years, depending on the climatic conditions, Downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii) is widely observed and it causes an epidemic in sunflower-planted areas in the Adana province. Genetically resistant hybrids have started to be grown in Turkey in recent years due to the resistance of downy mildew disease to fungicides. The aim of the study was to determine the status of sunflower diseases and Downy Mildew disease in Adana.

Color Reversion of Refined Vegetable Oils: A Review.

During the transport, storage, and consumption of edible vegetable oils, the color of some freshly refined oils is gradually darkened, which is known as the color reversion. The oil industry has been plagued by the issue for a long time because the dark color of the oil is related to its poor quality and low acceptability for consumers. Color reversion of refined vegetable oils is primarily related to the processing pigments, especially tocored, which is the oxidation product of γ-tocopherol. However, the underlying molecular action mechanism of tocored is not yet fully understood due to the complex transformations of tocored in oil systems. This paper presents a brief description of oil color, followed by an overview of research progress on the mechanism of color reversion. In particular, the effect of minor components (phospholipids and metal ions) on color reversion is highlighted in an attempt to explain the remaining mysteries of color reversion. Furthermore, the measures to restrain color reversion by quality control of the oilseeds, the adjustment of technical parameters of processing, and the storage conditions of refined oils are summarized to provide some references for the oil industry.

Contamination and dietary exposure assessment of 2-chloropropanol esters in vegetable oils available on Zhejiang market during 2016-2020

To investigate the occurrence data for 2-chloropropanol(2-MCPD) ester in edible vegetable oils purchased in Zhejiang Province during 2016-2020, and to estimate dietary exposures of 2-MCPD ester via vegetable oil. A total of 404 samples of edible oils were collected from markets, stores, online shopping in Zhejiang Province, the occurrence of 2-MCPD ester was detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry from 2016-2020. Data of vegetable oils consumption was obtained from the survey result of urban and rural residents in Zhejiang Province in 2008. The exposure levels of 2-chloropropanol ester was calculated for people aged 4-6, 7-10, 11-17, 18-59 and 60 years old and older from the consumption of vegetable oils. The detection rate of 2-MCPD esters in 404 samples was 82.7%(334/404) with the mean level of 0.32 mg/kg. Among them, the mean content of camellia oil was the highest with 1.23 mg/kg, followed by rice oil(0.69 mg/kg); sunflower oil, olive oil and soybean oil have relatively low average values, respectively with 0.11, 0.12 and 0.13 mg/kg. There are significant differences in 2-MCPD ester content in different types of edible oils of the same brand(P&lt;0.05), the content of 2-MCPD ester in different brands of peanut oil was significant(P&lt;0.05), but in different brands of corn oil was not statistically significant. Among the edible vegetable oil consumers, the average exposure of 2-MCPD esters in different age groups ranged from 0.21 to 0.69 μg/(kg·BW·d). 2-MCPD esters pollution is widespread in vegetable oils, the severity of pollution was affected by the type and brand of the edible vegetable oil, and the intake of 2-MCPD esters was relatively high among people with high vegetable oil consumption and the general population of 4-10 years old.

Some Economic Indicators of The Current Situation of Food Vegetable Oils in Egypt and Its Future Prospects

Vegetable oils are considered daily basic food commodities, and Egypt is considered one of the largest importing countries in general. The food gap of food vegetable oils increases in Egypt due to the population increase, as well as the increase in individual consumption rates of food oils, and the lack of cultivated areas with oil food crops. The research aimed to identify the oil food gap, and the study relied on the method of statistical and quantitative analysis represented in the equations of the general time trend and choosing the best of them according to economic and statistical logic. The research concluded that one of the most important dietary oil crops are crops (soybeans, cottonseeds, sunflower, maize oil, and other oils). By studying the total average production of these crops during the period (2000-2019), it amounted to about 107.2, 44.74, 16.89, 11.47, and 10.58 thousand tons, respectively. 9.01, 38.58 thousand tons, respectively. The research also dealt with the development of the consumption capacity of food vegetable oils during the period (2000-2019), as well as the development of individual consumption of food vegetable oils, the oil food gap, the development of the self-sufficiency rate of food vegetable oils, and some factors that lead to a reduction of the size of the oily food gap, By studying some indicators of food security for edible oils in Egypt, it became clear that the population of Egypt during the average period amounted to about 79.56 million people, and a statistically significant annual increase is increasing by about 1.77 million people. As for the total average production, it amounted to about 202.3 thousand tons, and it increases annually by about 2.03. thousand tons, while the average imports of edible vegetable oils amounted to about 968 thousand tons, and it increases annually by about 54.51 thousand tons, and this increase is statistically significant. As for the average size of the oil gap, it amounted to about 814.2 thousand tons, and it increases annually by about 32.79 thousand tons. This increase is statistically significant. The average of self-sufficiency rate reached about 23.21%, and the average per capita share of food vegetable oils reached about 14.42 (kg/year), while the development of the average per capita consumption of food vegetable oils (calories / day) at the level of the Republic reached about 324. 74 (calories /day) and it is increasing daily by about 8.32 (calories /day). As for the development of the average per capita consumption of food vegetable oil protein (grams/day) in Egypt, it amounted to about 35.20 (grams/day), and it is expected that the average of population, total production, imports, available for consumption, size of the oil gap, self-sufficiency rate, average per capita consumption during the average period (2023-2027) about 108.87 million people, 231.41 thousand tons, 1840.80 thousand tons, 2072.21 thousand tons, 1272.76 thousand tons , 15.75%, 20.07 (kg/year), 453.37 calories, 48.52 grams of fat, respectively.

Genetic basis of the oil biosynthesis in ultra-high-oil maize grains with an oil content exceeding 20.

Vegetable oil is an important part of the human diet and has multiple industrial uses. The rapid increase in vegetable oil consumption has necessitated the development of viable methods for optimizing the oil content of plants. The key genes regulating the biosynthesis of maize grain oil remain mostly uncharacterized. In this study, by analyzing oil contents and performing bulked segregant RNA sequencing and mapping analyses, we determined that su1 and sh2-R mediate the shrinkage of ultra-high-oil maize grains and contribute to the increase in the grain oil content. Functional kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers developed for su1 and sh2-R detected su1su1Sh2Sh2, Su1Su1sh2sh2, and su1su1sh2sh2 mutants among 183 sweet maize inbred lines. An RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis indicated that genes differentially expressed between two conventional sweet maize lines and two ultra-high-oil maize lines were significantly associated with linoleic acid metabolism, cyanoamino acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism. A bulk segregant analysis and sequencing (BSA-seq) analysis identified another 88 genomic intervals related to grain oil content, 16 of which overlapped previously reported maize grain oil-related QTLs. The combined analysis of BSA-seq and RNA-seq data enabled the identification of candidate genes. The KASP markers for GRMZM2G176998 (putative WD40-like beta propeller repeat family protein), GRMZM2G021339 (homeobox-transcription factor 115), and GRMZM2G167438 (3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase) were significantly related to maize grain oil content. Another candidate gene, GRMZM2G099802 (GDSL-like lipase/acylhydrolase), catalyzes the final step of the triacylglycerol synthesis pathway and was expressed at significantly higher levels in the two ultra-high-oil maize lines than in the two conventional sweet maize lines. These novel findings will help clarify the genetic basis of the increased oil production in ultra-high-oil maize lines with grain oil contents exceeding 20%. The KASP markers developed in this study may be useful for breeding new high-oil sweet maize varieties.

Fats and Oils as Renewable Feedstock for the Chemical Industry

The 11th Workshop on Fats and Oils as Renewable Feedstock for the Chemical Industry was scheduled for March 2021. However, COVID-19 appeared, and the pandemic developed and soon had Europe and most parts of the world under control. Therefore, in November 2020, we decided to defer the Workshop by 1 year to March 2022. We thought that after 1 year, we could forget all problems with COVID-19. That was an error. In January 2022, we discussed the alternative of a real versus a virtual conference. After consultations with the invited speakers, we decided to favor an actual face-to-face workshop and another postponement in the summer because of the pandemic. And then Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022, setting in motion a devastating European ground war. Nonetheless, the 11th Workshop eventually took place in Dortmund, Germany, from May 30 to June 01, 2022, organized by abiosus e.V. in cooperation with the Agency of Renewable Resources (FNR), Germany, and with financial support from the German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture.[1] Some important contributions to the Workshop are compiled in this Special issue. COVID-19 had a tremendous impact on the global production and consumption of fats and oils. Overall, vegetable oil production was projected in 2020 in the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook to increase globally by about 1.4% p.a., mainly driven by food demand in developing countries as a result of population and income growth. Vegetable oil consumption was also projected to grow by about 1.4%.[2a] Though, it was already stated in this Outlook that the pandemic spread of COVID-19 has resulted in a reduction of mobility with substantial implications for away-from-home consumption. Hence, the demand for vegetable oil, widely used for deep-frying, may have been affected. In addition, the decline in economic activity and reduced crude oil price curb the demand for vegetable oil as biodiesel feedstock.[2b] In fact, global production of the major vegetable oils decreased by 0.64 Mt (0.3%) in 2020/21, followed by a lower-than-projected increase of 0.8% in 2021/22. In 2022/23, global production grew by 4.4%, close to the growth projected in summa.[3] The minor production is mainly due to the slow to negative growth in palm oil production in Malaysia and Indonesia due to weather issues and labor shortages linked partly to the COVID pandemic.[4a] The global vegetable oil consumption corresponded in 2019/20 and 2020/21 approximately the projection, whereas a decrease of about 0.3% occurred in 2021/22.[2, 3] Global exports, which were projected to increase by 1.2% p. a.,[2a] decreased by 1.9 Mt (2.2%) in 2020/21 and by 6.4 Mt (7.9%) in 2021/22.[3] For example, China's COVID-related restrictions, slowing economic growth, and higher global commodity prices have weakened the country's demand for vegetable oil consumption. For the marketing year 2021/22, China's imports of major vegetable oils declined by 6.13 Mt (46%) and domestic consumption by 3.8 Mt (9.4%).[3, 4b] On the other hand, the export of palm oil by Indonesia declined by 4.7 Mt for the marketing year 2021/22, followed by an increase in domestic consumption of 2.45 Mt, primarily due to biodiesel production combined with an increased biodiesel blending mandate of up to 35%.[3, 4c] Moreover, the Russian invasion of Ukraine triggered a series of major impacts on the global oilseed market. Ukraine exported 0.8 Mt (15%) less sunflower seed oil in the marketing year 2021/22 than in the previous year.[3, 4d] Last but not least, we would like to invite you to the 12th Workshop on Fats and Oilsas Renewable Feedstock for the Chemical Industry from June 3 to 5, 2024. Hopefully, you will have the opportunity to participate. We are looking forward to an exciting and fruitful discussion with you, the fats and oils community. The program and additional information will be available in September 2023 (http://www.abiosus.org/meetings.html.de). The authors declare no conflict of interest.