Vegetable Gum Research Articles

Extraction of basil seed gum: Optimization and functional properties

Basil seed gum (BSG), a natural vegetable gum, was extracted by ethanol precipitation method using basil seeds as raw material. Based on the single factor experiments, Box-Behnken response surface test was performed to optimize the extraction conditions, and the physicochemical and functional properties of the extracted basil seed gum, as well as its microstructure, were analyzed in detail. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions of basil seed gum were as follows: liquid-to-feed ratio of 62:1, temperature of 50 °C, extraction time of 29.50 min, and pH = 8.1, with yield of 11.28 %. BSG was mainly composed of total sugars (93.09 %), uronic acid (18.83 %), proteins (2.77 %), and ash (4.35 %), and its monosaccharides included D-(+)-anhydrous glucose (58.26 %), D-galactose (21.40 %), D-mannose (11.96 %), D-(+)-galacturonic acid (7.82 %), D-arabinose (0.28 %), D-(+)-xylose (0.28 %), and L-rhamnose (0.002 %). Comparative analysis of the functional properties of basil seed gum and three commercial vegetable gums (linseed gum, caraway seed gum, guar gum) showed that basil seed gum had excellent water retention properties, and its water absorption and water holding properties were much better than those of three commercial gums. Rheological characterization showed that BSG was a pseudoplastic fluid with high zero-shear viscosity. In addition, the basil seed gum powder showed an irregular flaky fibrous structure under microscope and was a semi-crystalline polymer. In view of the high aqueous absorption and retention properties of basil seed gum, it has promising applications in food, cosmetic and medical devices.

Gel Stability of Calcium Bentonite Suspension in Brine and Its Application in Water-Based Drilling Fluids.

With the development of the oil industry and the increasingly complex drilling environment, the performance of drilling fluids has to be constantly improved. In order to solve the problem of bentonite dispersion and hydration in a saline medium, a drilling fluid additive with good performance and acceptable cost was sought. The effects of several water-soluble polymers, such as cellulose polymers, synthetic polymers and natural polymers, on the rheology and gel suspension stability of calcium-based bentonite were compared in this study. Among the examined polymers, the xanthan gum biopolymer (XC) was the least negatively affected in the saline medium used. However, its high price limits its industrial application in oil and gas drilling fluids. In this study, a salt-tolerant polymer, modified vegetable gum (MVG), was prepared by a cross-linking modification of a natural plant gum, which is abundant and cheap. Then, a salt-tolerant polymer mixture called SNV was prepared, composed of the salt-resistant natural polymer MVG and the biopolymer XC. The salt tolerance and slurry ability of SNV and common water-soluble polymers were evaluated and compared. We then selected the most suitable Herschel–Bulkley model to fit the rheological curve of the SNV–bentonite aqueous suspension system. SNV improved the rheological properties of the calcium-based bentonite slurry and the dispersion stability of bentonite. In an SNV concentration of 0.35%, the apparent viscosity (AV) of the base slurry increased from 2 mPa·s to 32 mPa·s, and the low shear reading value at 3 rpm increased from 0 dia to 5 dia. This could greatly improve the viscosity and cutting carrying capacity of the bentonite drilling fluid. The bentonite drilling fluid prepared with SNV could be directly slurried with brine and even seawater; this means that when drilling in ocean, coastal saline water and high-salinity-surface saline water areas, the slurry preparation cost and preparation time can be conveniently reduced.

Preparation of oligosaccharide CQ01 and its lubricity in drilling fluid

Based on its good water solubility, temperature resistance and environmental protection, oligosaccharides are widely used in food and beverage, baking and medical care. In view of the poor lubrication performance of drilling fluid in ultradeep wells, long horizontal wells and highly deviated wells, and the problems of environmental protection and temperature resistance faced by drilling fluid lubricants, its application is limited. Therefore, in order to reduce its limitations and improve its application, it is necessary to study oligosaccharides. Using vegetable gum rich in oligosaccharides as raw materials, oligosaccharide CQ01 high-performance lubricant can be developed, and its action efficiency in drilling fluid can be experimentally investigated. High performance drilling fluid lubricant meeting the requirements of environmental protection and drilling engineering can be developed, and its lubrication performance, temperature resistance and compatibility can be evaluated in laboratory experiments. The results show that oligosaccharide CQ01 has multiple effects of increasing viscosity and cutting, reducing filtration and improving the lubricating performance of drilling fluid. CQ01 lubricating fluid with low content of oligosaccharide has good adaptability to drilling bentonite. The lubrication mechanism of oligosaccharide CQ01 is that the hydrophilic group (- OH) in oligosaccharide CQ01 molecule is adsorbed on the borehole wall rock surface or drilling cuttings surface to form a chemical adsorption film, resulting in the friction surface being separated by the chemical adsorption film to play the role of lubrication.

A carboxymethyl vegetable gum as a robust water soluble binder for silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries

The dramatic volume change and electrode pulverization hinder the practical utilization of silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Studies show that binders can be an effective approach to solve these issues. Herein, the natural vegetable gum-guar gum (GG) is modified through carboxymethylation method. The carboxymethyl guar gum (CMGG) exhibits rapid water solubility, excellent thermal stability, high viscosity and robust adhesion. When it is applied as a binder for silicon anodes, the CMGG possessing affluent hydroxyl and carboxyl groups can effectively accommodate the significant volume variations of silicon particles through the formation of intensive hydrogen bonds. The Si @ CMGG electrode not only retains a high reversible capacity of 1865 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles with a capacity decay rate of 0.12% for each cycle, but also holds a capacity of 1287.1 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles with high mass loading of 1.15 mg cm−2. Furthermore, the CMGG binder can promote the lithium-ion transport like guar gum and reduce the electrode polarization, which is helpful in maintaining the electrochemical stability of Si anodes at high current density.

Preparation and homogeneity of polymer mud of underground diaphragm wall

The preparation of homogeneous polymer mud has an important role in the underground diaphragm wall engineering. A homogeneous polymer mud of underground diaphragm wall was synthesized by a simple compounding method in this work. The prepared samples analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. The effects of different film-forming auxiliaries, thickening components and pH on the homogeneity of the diaphragm wall were studied through the measurement of viscosity and specific gravity. The results showed that the prepared polymer mud of underground diaphragm wall had the best homogeneity and stable viscosity in the following conditions: in the pH range of 8-10, the addition of bentonite as a filming auxiliary with 5 kg of puffing agent per ton, and the dosage of vegetable gum was about 10-20 kg in every 100 m3 of mud. The possible reasons of affected homogeneity were suggested.

Low temperature green nano-composite vegetable-gum drilling fluid

Drilling in alpine ecological fragile areas for the energy and mineral exploration needs superior low temperature drilling fluids with the required environmental protection of the ecosystem and a high efficiency of core drilling. To meet this demand, a comprehensive study on the appropriate material sourcing, lab measured properties and mechanism analysis of a new drilling fluid suitable for such areas was conducted by a systematic method of theoretical analysis, experimental work and a verifying field test. As a result, a new low temperature vegetable gum drilling fluid (NCKL) was developed by mixing with kuli vegetable gum, antifreeze potassium formate, nano silica, polymer synergist, and inorganic treatment agent. Lab test results showed that NCKL had an easy preparation, good low temperature rheology, viscoelasticity, anti-collapse property, and exceeding environmental protection level requirement (as per LC50 test). An analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the microscopic features of NCKL, which led to a low temperature mechanism explanation. Finally a successful field test demonstrated that NCKL provided a new potential solution for a better core drilling in complex strata of alpine ecological fragile areas.

Rheological Properties with Temperature Response Characteristics and a Mechanism of Solid-Free Polymer Drilling Fluid at Low Temperatures

The rheological properties of drilling fluid have important effects during drilling in natural gas hydrate at low temperatures. The present study was performed using theoretical analysis. Experiments and micro-analyses were carried out to determine the rheological properties with temperature response characteristics and the mechanism involved in solid-free polymer drilling fluid (SFPDF) at low temperatures when drilling in permafrost with natural gas hydrates (NGH). The curves of shear stress with the shear rates of three kinds of polymer drilling fluids, Semen Lepidii natural vegetable gum, polyacrylamide, and xanthan gum, were drawn. Then, statistical and related analyses of test data were performed using Matlab ver. 8.0. Through regression analysis, the Herschel–Bulkley model was used to characterize the rheological characteristics of SFPDF. On this basis, the laws regarding the rheological properties of the three kinds of SFPDF under changing temperatures were analyzed and rheological properties with temperature response state equations were established. Next, the findings of previous studies on rheological properties with temperature response characteristics of the SFPDF were reviewed. Finally, the rheological properties with temperature response mechanisms were assessed using scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectrum analysis.

Phytochemical and physicochemical evaluation of Mocharasa with reference to adulteration

Introduction: Vegetable gums are used in medicine since ancient times. Mocharasa is an extensively used vegetable gum, used in formulations like Piccha basti. It is obtained in very small quantity from the plant source, but the use is extensive which is fulfilled by the substitutes or adulterants similar in color and appearance e.g. gum of Moringa oleifera. Aims and objectives: The present work aims to identify common adulteration of Mocharasa i.e. Moringa oleifera gum with the help of various organoleptic, physicochemical, phytochemical and microscopical studies and their comparison with each other for the identification of adulterant. Materials and Methods: Specimens used were authenticated Mocharasa sample, marketed sample of Mocharasa suggested as possibly adulterants like M. oleifera gum by National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, New Delhi and self-collected gum of M. oleifera. Comparative study was conducted for identification of adulterants with reference to organoleptic properties and pharmacopoeial tests. Discussion: The study revealed that marketed samples of Mocharasa were having similar physicochemical, phytochemical, and microscopical properties to that of Moringa gum as compared to the genuine Mocharasa sample. Conclusion: In the present study Mocharasa gum was found to be substituted or adulterated by Moringa gum.

Drilling Fluid from Natural Vegetable Gum

Natural vegetable gum drilling fluids with high-temperature resistance are developed for environmental protection. The vegetable gum is chosen as raw material. All agents such as major treatment agent TLJ-1 and auxiliary treatment agents LV-CMC, PEG, and QS-2 are friendly to environment. By changing the physical and chemical environment of the fluid, temperature resistance capability of the fluid is studied. Laboratory tests show the performance of the fluid.

Double protection drilling fluid: Optimization for sandstone-like uranium formation

Nuclear energy, an alternative for fossil fuel, is accompanied by the excavation of uranium ores and in turn the use of drilling fluids. Thus, the objective of this study was to optimize the formula of drilling fluid for sandstone-like uranium formation representing the Xinjiang's Yili Basin uranium formation in China. Additives such as Na2CO3, potassium humate (KHM), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC), and vegetable gum (VG) were introduced to montmorillonite (Mt) slurry to maximize the performance of drilling fluid in terms of rheological behavior and filtration characteristics. Orthogonal testing, soaking test, and pressure-bearing test were conducted to find the optimum formula of drilling fluid. The maximized performance was achieved with a drilling fluid consisting of 4% Mt, 1.6% Na2CO3, 0.1% KHM, 1.5% Na-CMC, and 0.5% VG. The lowest density and water loss, with a sufficiently high viscosity were achieved with this concentration combination of each additive. Soaking and pressure-bearing tests exhibited no visual changes of a specimen treated with the drilling fluid, which confirmed the result of optimization.

Environment Friendly Water-Based Drilling Fluid Using Natural Vegetable Gum

Environment Friendly Water-Based Drilling Fluid Using Natural Vegetable Gum

Investigation and conservation of a panoramic wallpaper Les Vues du Brésil from 1829

From 1829 the Zuber printing shop at Rixheim, Alsace, France, produced a series of 30 lengths of wallpaper titled Les vues du Brésil, which were based on drawings by the painter J.M. Rugendas. Images and colours were hand-printed in multiple layers on prepared paper. One incomplete issue of this wallpaper had decorated a villa in Großschönau, Saxony, Germany, since the first half of the nineteenth century. Following more than 30 years in very bad storage conditions, the salvaged wallpapers had been kept in the Museum of Ethnology, Dresden, Germany, since 1984. Technical examination was carried out on the paper support and painting materials. The single paper sheets were made from handmade mulberry paper. The unusually large format implies that they could have been made only in Asia. The blue pigment used for the sky was synthetic ultramarine, while the wallpaper was shown to have been made prior to or in 1830. This is a remarkably early use of this pigment for wallpaper, considering the production date. Furthermore, a range of other synthetic pigments typical for the nineteenth century was identified. The water-based binders are vegetable gum and protein. Extensive damage to both paper support and paint layers was observed before conservation. Colour change in the blue paint areas was found to be caused by fading of the pigment and formation of a superficial white layer of gypsum. A conservation treatment was developed, including surface cleaning, consolidation of the painted side, separation from the supporting slab, cleaning of the reverse, cleaning and consolidation on the suction table, completion of the support, retouching using hatching with watercolours, and lining.

Development of the Natural Vegetable Gum Drilling and Completion Fluids System for Industrial Intelligent Application

To ensure the fluids selected to drill and complete the well would simplify the operation for the oil and gas development in the petroleum industry, a natural vegetable gum drilling and completion fluids system is developed for the industrial intelligent application. As the system combines the advantage of the drilling fluid and completion fluid, it need not change the two different fluids during the operation, which is beneficial to the intelligent operation. In addition, the formulation of the proposed system has mainly taken the environment factor into consideration as the environmental protection has become main concern before the implementation of the oil and gas exploration. An extensive laboratory work of the natural vegetable gum drilling and completion fluids system is carried out, including the formulation study of the detailed system and the corresponding performance evaluation. In the system, the vegetable gum is chosen as raw material and TLJ-1 is optimally selected as the major treatment agent in the natural vegetable gum drilling and completion fluid system. The LV-CMC, polyglycol and QS-2 are taken as the auxiliary treatment agents for the system. And the three formulations, i. e. the solids-free fluid system, the low-solids fluid system and the weighting fluid system have been presented in this paper. The laboratory analysis has demonstrated that the prosperities of the system are proper for the industrial intellectual application, with the temperature resistance capability of 315 ℉.

A Study on Gel Fracturing Fluid for Coalbed Methane at Low Temperatures

Active water and plant gum fracturing fluids are widely used for coalbed methane in China, however, the limitations of poor rheological property, high content of water insoluble substances, and high residual content need to be resolved. Considering the low temperature (20–40°C) and low permeability of the coalbed methane reservoir, gel fracturing fluid, which can solve the problems above, was studied in this article. The gel fracturing fluid is composed of nonionic polyacrylamide, cross-linker (ZrOCl2), pH modifier, gel breaker containing (NH4)2S2O8, and activator. The optimized formula and performance evaluation of gel fracturing fluid were also investigated. The experimental results show that this gel fracturing fluid has the advantages of easy preparation, low cost, strong shearing resistance capacity, low filtration coefficient, rapid break, lack of residual after gel breaking, and ease of flow back. The performance of the gel fracturing fluid is superior to that of active water and vegetable gum, and it is very suitable for use as a fracturing treatment in coalbed methane at low temperatures.

Natural Vegetable Gum Drilling and Completion Fluids System for Industrial Control and Application

To simplify the operation for the oil and gas development for drill and complete the well in the petroleum industry, a natural vegetable gum drilling and completion fluids system is developed for the industrial control and application. As the system combines the advantage of the drilling fluid and completion fluid, it need not change the two different fluids during the operation, which is beneficial to the operation control. In addition, it can improve the implementation of the oil and gas exploration for industrial application. An extensive laboratory work for the high-temperature resistance capability of the natural vegetable gum drilling and completion fluids system is carried out, including the formulation study of the detailed system and the corresponding performance evaluation. In the system, with the basic formula of the natural vegetable gum drilling and completion fluids system, several new formulas beneficial to improve the high-temperature resistance capability of the system have been described. The corresponding laboratory analysis has demonstrated that the prosperities of the system, with the temperature resistance capability up to 305℉, are proper for the industrial application.

540 Chronic anaphylaxis caused by ingestion of vegetable gum products

540 Chronic anaphylaxis caused by ingestion of vegetable gum products

Occupational allergic rhinitis from guar gum.

Three cases of allergic rhinitis from a vegetable gum, guar gum, have been detected. Two subjects were exposed to fine guar gum powder (Emco Gum 563, Meyhall Chemical AG, Switzerland), an insulator in rubber cables, when opening cables in a power cable laboratory. After 1-2 years' exposure the patients developed rhinitis. Scratch-chamber tests, nasal provocation tests, nasal eosinophilia and a RAST test proved their allergy. A third subject developed allergic rhinitis from another guar gum product (Meyproid 5306, Meyhall Chemical AG) after 2 years' exposure in a paper factory. A positive skin test and nasal provocation test confirmed the diagnosis. A fourth case of possible allergy to guar gum after exposure to Meyproid 5306 in a paper factory is also presented. No final diagnosis was reached in this case (in 1974). The present subjects, only one of whom was atopic, developed allergy within 2 years, although their exposure to guar gum was not especially heavy. Therefore, when handling guar, adequate ventilation facilities should be provided and protective clothing, including a respiratory mask, should be worn.

Headspace Gas Chromatographic Determination of Residual 1,3-Butadiene in Rubber-Modified Plastics and Its Migration from Plastic Containers into Selected Foods

A headspace gas chromatographic procedure has been developed for the determination of 1,3-butadiene in rubber-modified plastics and in some foods. Polymer solutions or foods are equilibrated in sealed vials at 90 degrees C, and headspace samples are injected into a gas chromatograph. 1,3-Butadiene residues are measured using a flame ionization detector and are quantitated by the method of standard additions or an external calibration curve. Refrigerator tubs, vegetable oil bottles, chewing gum, and foods in contact with this type of packaging were analyzed. Limits of quantitation varied with the matrix, ranging from 2 ng/g (ppb) in chewing gum to 20 ng/g in polymers. 1,3-Butadiene was found in one polymer at 53 ng/g with an 8% coefficient of variation. The procedure yields "apparent" trace levels of 1,3-butadiene, and confirmation by a complementary technique is required.

Lactose Crystallization in Ice Cream. IV. Factors Responsible for Reduced Incidence of Sandiness

Summary An explanation was sought for the virtual disappearance of sandiness from commercial ice cream. Only five of 36 commercial samples became sandy when stored seven months at 12 F. Nuclei formation was accelerated by drawing ice cream from freezers at low temperatures and hardening it rapidly. Partial substitution of corn syrup solids for sucrose neither delayed the development of lactose crystal nuclei nor slowed crystallization when nuclei were present. Emulsifiers did not prevent sandiness. The primary factor responsible for reduced incidence of sandiness was the use of marine and vegetable gum stabilizers. These inhibit the formation of nuclei and thereby inhibit the development of undesirable, large lactose crystals.

THE CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF LACTIC ACID JELLY AS A CONTRACEPTIVE

83 patients who were using jellies (2% lactic acid and 0.025 oxyquinoline sulphate in a vegetable gum base) as contraceptive measures were followed up to determine the contraceptive efficacy of jelly. The patients were grouped as regular users (group 1) irregular users (group 2) and never users (group 3). Results of the study were as follows: acid contraceptive jelly provided reasonable protection against undesired pregnancy; the regular users had an undesired pregnancy rate of 4/100 person-years of exposure to risk of pregnancy; undesired pregnancy rate for irregular users was 9/100 person-years; half of never user group used other forms of contraceptives reducing the groups rate of undesired pregnancy to 18/100 person-years of exposure; entire series before using jellies had an average pregnancy rate of 69/100 person-years of exposure; of the 83% of patients who used the jelly 1 month after delivery 23% used it regularly 51% irregularly and 26% never used it. Acceptability of the jelly thus seems low.