Ve Children Research Articles

PSYCHOSOMATIC MECHANISMS OF REGULATION OF EXTERNAL RESPIRATION FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIAL ASTHMA WHEN LISTENING TO AUDIO SIGNALS OF VARIOUS COMPONENT COMPOSITION

In the treatment of bronchial asthma (BA), an integrated approach is used that includes both drugs and alternative methodsthat infl uence the psycho- emotional state of the patient. In this regard, one of the most powerful methods of psycho- emotional infl uence on a person is musical infl uence.The aim of the research is to study the eff ectiveness of infl uence of audio signals of diff erent amplitude- frequency range on the central mechanisms of regulation of ventilatory capacity of bronchi of patients with asthma.Material and methods. Twenty-fi ve children between the ages of 9 and 14 with clinically diagnosed BA participated in thestudy. Three melodies with diff erent component composition were used. Their amplitude- frequency characteristics were analyzed using the Matlab environment. The sound energy fraction of the studied musical compositions in one-third octave frequency bands throughout the duration of the audio signal was calculated. Statistical processing of the data was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics software.Results. The results of the study indicate that the most eff ective musical infl uence is provided by the audio excerpt from The Magic Flute by W. A. Mozart. It was found that the main spirographic indicators of bronchopulmonary obstruction increase under the infl uence of music, and correspondingly there are changes in the integral characteristics of bioelectrical activity of the brain.Conclusion. The results of the study show reliable normalization of spirography indicators in children with bronchial asthmaunder the infl uence of selected musical melodies of a certain frequency. Eff ectiveness of sound infl uence on central regulation mechanisms of bronchial ventilatory capacity can be used for preventive and therapeutic purposes.

EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAM ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PREVENTION OF FIVE F'S DISEASE TRANSMISSION AMONG MOTHERS OF UNDER FIVE CHILDREN AT SELECTED RURALAREAS OF JAMUHAR., SASARAM, BIHAR

Adequate sanitation, together with good hygiene and safe water, are fundamental to good health and to social and economic development. Improvements in one or more of these three components of good health can substantially reduce the rates of morbidity and the severity of various diseases and improve the quality of life of huge numbers of people, particularly children, in developing countries. A quasi-experimental research design was used for this study to select 60 mothers of under ve children by purposive sampling technique. Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to collect the data from the samples. The ndings of the study concluded that the STP was found to be effective in improving the knowledge of mothers regarding prevention of Five F's (food, nger, uids, ies and faeces) disease transmission

Prevalence of Pneumonia and Its Determinants among Under-five Children attending a Primary Health Care Clinic in Amuwo Odofin Local Government Area, Lagos, Nigeria

Background: The incorporation of Haemophilus influenza type b and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines to infant routine immunization programme in Nigeria have been reported to reduce the frequency and severity of respiratory tract infections especially bacterial pneumonia. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of pneumonia and its determinants among under-five children attending Primary Health Care (PHC) clinic in Amuwo Odofin Local Government Area Lagos State, Nigeria.
 Methods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study. A two-stage sampling technique was used to select 330 under-ve children who presented to the Festac PHC clinic. Data was collected using a pretested, structured and interviewer administered questionnaire and analyzed using EPI INFO software version 7.0. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis were used to identify the determinants of the development of pneumonia. The level of statistically significant was set at p<0.05.
 Results: Of the 330 children, the median age (IQR) was 24 (10-26) months and the majority 186 (56.4%) were males. The prevalence of pneumonia was 42 (12.7%). There was no significant association between the development of pneumonia and the immunization status of children under five years of age (p=0.05). The odds of developing pneumonia was increased with prematurity [AOR=2.791, 95%CI (1.245 - 6.256), p=0.013].
 Conclusion: About 1 in 8 under-five children in this study had pneumonia. Prematurity was the major determinant of pneumonia among under-five children. Health workers should create more awareness and sensitize mothers as well as the community members on the risk factors that can predispose children to pneumonia.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF USING ORS AND HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT OF CHILDHOOD DIARRHOEA

Introduction: Diarrhoea is dened as the passage of three or more loose stools per day. Diarrhoea is one of the leading causes of childhood mortality in India. The objectives of the study were to assess household Knowledge, Attitude and Practice for prevention of Diarrhoea in children through preformed questionnaires. Material and Methods: Four hundred and sixty eight under ve children were selected for study by Cluster sampling method. Background information, details of acute diarrhoea and treatment modalities were obtained from mother of the under ve children. This was a hospital based study conducted at a tertiary care hospital, from 1st May 2021 to 30th December 2022. Results:About 70 % of the moms were between the age assemble 25-32 years and the vast majority of them were housewives (72%).A greater part (>66%) of the moms were having essential/auxiliary education. Learning with respect to different parts of the diarrhoea and ORS surprisingly extremely unacceptable. In the present examination it is seen that learning in regards to ORS in looseness of the bowels is more in educated mother than uneducated. Three sitting of Educational mediations realized huge enhancement of the middle scores of learning, state of mind and practice expanded from 9, 6, 3 to 19, 14, 8, individually, Conclusion: The household knowledge regarding method of use and preparation of ORS for management of diarrhoea was observed to be lacking in this investigation. More estimates should be taken to enhance this learning and make moms mindful about the planning and utilization of ORs

A STUDY ON CLINICAL PROFILE AND NON-COVID RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS IN A NON-COVID TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN KOLKATA DURING COVID PANDEMIC

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical picture and viral aetiologies (other than SARS-CoV-2) of acute respiratory tract infections in under- ve children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This was a hospital based, prospective, observational and cross-sectional study carried out among under-ve children admitted at IPGME & R, Kolkata, satisfying both inclusion and exclusion criteria. During the study period of one and a half year, after taking consent from the parents, clinical data were collected in pre-formed questionnaire and rt-PCR was implemented to detect respiratory viral pathogen. The statistical analysis was done by using Statistica version 8. Results: A total of 142 children of mean age 13.18 months with Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) and COVID RT-PCR negative were included in this study. Passive smoking (p-value 0.023), partially completed vaccination (p-value 0.041), non-exclusive breast-feeding in rst 6 months of life (p-value 0.031), history of low birth weight (p-value 0.044) and family history of recent contact of ARI has statistically signicant positive correlation with ARI (0.018). Rhinorrhoea was the most common symptom (prevalence 84%). RSV-A was the most common viral pathogen (33.10%). The death was most strongly associated with adenovirus (RR= 7.962; OR= 28.846; 95%CI= 2.795- 297.719). Congestive cardiac failure, secondary bacterial pneumonia, acute otitis media and acute gastroenteritis were the most prevalent complications. Conclusion: The results provided aetiology, prevalence, seasonality, and clinical manifestations of upper respiratory tract infections and the association of complications and death with each pathogen during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further studies will detect broader range of viruses for better clinico-virological correlation.

“A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF PEDIATRIC BRUCELLOSIS FROM A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE IN GUJARAT”: CASE SERIES

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that is overlooked and misdiagnosed due to its protean and varied laboratory facilities. The disease causes diminution of man power and is of great public health importance. We present a case series and retrospective analysis of ve children admitted to tertiary care centre of Gujarat who were diagnosed as having Brucellosis. Their epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, contact history, laboratory parameters were studied. This report creates awareness regarding Brucellosis and its signicance in approaching to diagnosis in a case of Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO).

“A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE REGARDING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE AMONG MOTHERS OF CHILDREN BETWEEN 6 MONTHS TO 5 YEARS OF AGE IN RHTC SEEPAT, BILASPUR”

Introduction: “Sanitation is a way of life. It is the quality of living that is expressed in clean home, clean rm, clean business, and clean community. Hygiene is commonly known as cleanliness or conditions and practices that serve to promote or preserve health. Improved housing, improved nutrition and improved hygiene with improved access to safe water, sanitation and good hygiene are the essential components for the war against infectious diseases and bases for clean environment, socio-economic development. Objective: 1. To assess the knowledge regarding water sanitation & hygiene among mother groups of under-ve children. 2. To determine the association between knowledge and socio demographic prole of respondents. 3. To assess the attitude & practices on sanitation & hygiene among the respondents. Material and method: cross sectional study were carried out from 9 Anganwadi centers, from each Anganwadi center 16 mothers were selected for study, through the personal interview with pre-tested, pre-designed questionnaire, participants were mothers of children between 6 months to 5 years. The total sample size was 150. Mx-Excel and SPSS 20 was used for data analysis. 82.70% were aware about effect of water onResult: health. 71.30% know drinking untreated water have bad effect on health. 79.30% knows hazards of Open eld defecation. 73.30% have toilet in their house. 100% were aware about hand washing after defecation. 66% have clean house surrounding. 66% uses tap water as source of drinking water. Overall knowledge of mother regarding hand hygiene and open eld defecation hazards was good but their knowledgeConclusion: regarding proper treatment of drinking water was unsatisfactory. The most important factor affecting their knowledge was education.

SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC DETERMINANTS IN INCIDENCE OF DIARRHOEAL DISEASES AMONG UNDER FIVE CHILDREN IN DIBRUGARH DISTRICT OF ASSAM: A PROSPECTIVE FOLLOW UP STUDY

BACKGROUND: Diarrhoeal diseases are a major public health problem in all the developing countries. Each episode leads nutritional deciency even if recovers from diarrhoea. As a result, diarrhoea is a major cause of malnutrition, and malnourished children are more likely to fall ill from diarrhoea. A community based prospective follow up study design was carried out from July, 2017 to March, 2019. A total 800 underMETHODS: ve children were enrolled from 13 rural cluster and 3 urban ward. During follow up, episodes of diarroea, duration of each episode and associated vomiting was recorded. During one year follow up period 283 (35.38%) children reported diarrhea. Total episode was 344. OverallRESULTS: number of episodes per child per year was 0.43 with highest in children of rural tea garden population (0.54) and lowest in children of urban areas (0.28). Overall attack rate was 43%. Higher in children of rural tea garden population and lowest in urban population. We found signicant association of diarrhea with socioeconomic status, number of family members, age and education of mother. Incidence ofCONCLUSION: diarrhea was more among rural population than urban and further more in rural tea garden population.

INSECTICIDE TREATED BED NET OWNERSHIP AND UTILIZATION IN HOUSEHOLDS OF UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN IN MALARIA ENDEMIC AREAS IN NUH, HARYANA

Context: Vector control is an effective way to prevent and reduce malaria transmission. If coverage of Insecticide Treated Bed Net within a specic area is high enough (>80%), then a measure of protection will be conferred across the community. To describe the ownership and utilization of Insecticide Treated Bed Net inAims: households of under- ve children in rural areas. The study was community based cross sectional study.Settings And Design: Methods and Material: The nal analysis was done on 440 households of under-ve children. The mothers were interviewed with pre-designed, pre tested, semi-structured schedule. The data were analyzed using Epi-Info.Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics were used to summarize variables. Bivariate analysis and comparisons of proportions between groups were analyzed using chi square (χ2) at 95% condence interval (CI). Out of 440 households, 305 household (69.3%)Results: owned at least one LLIN, 173 household (39.3%) in which under-ve children slept under LLIN. Following explanatory variables were statistically associated with under-ve children slept under LLIN in the previous night: household belonging to nuclear family (OR = 1.92; CI [1.20-3.07]); Mothers received malaria prevention and control message in past month (OR = 1.65; CI [1.11- 2.45]); Mothers knew benets of bed net in the prevention of malaria (OR =2.56; CI [1.33-4.89]). CommunicationConclusions: programme with special focus on mothers for utilization of bed net should be well planned and implemented to achieve elimination of malaria from India by 2030.

KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE REGARDING ORAL REHYDRATION SALTS (ORS) SOLUTION USE IN DIARRHEAL DISEASE AMONG MOTHERS OF UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN IN RURAL WEST BENGAL: A HOSPITAL BASED CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Childhood diarrhea is one of the major public health problems. Diarrhea is the second most common cause of mortality in under-ve children. Use of Oral rehydration salts (ORS) solution is the most cost-effective intervention to prevent diarrhea related mortality and morbidity. Aims And Objectives: To evaluate the knowledge and practice towards ORS use in diarrheal disease among mothers of under-ve children in rural West Bengal. This hospital based cross sectional study was carried out in pediatrics department of BSMCH, Bankura. Data aboutMethodology: demography, knowledge and practice regarding diarrheal management and ORS use were collected with predesigned semi structured questionnaire from 300 mothers of under-ve children who have suffered at least once from diarrhea in last one month. DemographicResults: ndings indicated 54.3% mothers belonged to age of 18-25 years while illiterate and primary level educated mothers constituted 35% and 28% of study sample, respectively. Though 87% mothers heard about ORS but only 68.7% mothers considered ORS as remedy of diarrhea. Knowledge about preparation (42%), initiation (43%), amount (39%), timing of use (35.3%) and storage of ORS (22%) were unsatisfactory. Furthermore, majority had no clue regarding Zinc (9.6%) and Rota virus vaccination (13.3). Age and education of the mother had statistically signicant (P< 0.05) association with knowledge and practice. In our study, mothers had lacuna in their knowledge about proper use of ORS.Conclusion: Successful treatment of diarrhea depends on mother's knowledge and practices. Health Education should be aimed at rectifying those inadequacies to reduce further mortality and morbidity

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PREVENTION AND HOME MANAGEMENT OF DIARRHEAL DISEASE AMONG MOTHER OF UNDER FIVE CHILDREN AT PEDIATRIC OPD IN NMCH, ROHTAK, BIHAR.

Children are the health of tomorrow, children under the age of ve years are considered as the valuable among total population in India. The objective of the study were to assess the knowledge among mothers regarding prevention and home management of diarrhoeal disease among under ve children and to nd out knowledge regarding prevention and management of diarrheal diseases in under ve children among mothers with their selected socio demographic variables. A descriptive research design was selected to assess the knowledge regarding prevention and home management of diarrheal disease among100 mother of under ve children at paediatric OPD in NMCH, Rohtas, Bihar. Samples were selected by convenient sampling technique. The result showed that among hundred mothers had 16% had good knowledge and 50% had average knowledge and 34% had poor knowledge. Pertaining to relationship between the socio demographic variables and level of knowledge , statistically signicant association was found between as age of mothers, educational status, family income these shows that these variables had inuenced level of knowledge of the mothers in this study.

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE HEALTH STATUS OF UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN RESIDING IN SELECTED VILLAGES OF SARBHON PHC, BARDOLI WITH A VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION BOOKLET

A descriptive study was conducted to assess the health status of under-ve children residing in selected villages of Sarbhon PHC, Bardoli. The purpose of study was to prepare the health prole of under-ve children in selected villages of Sarbhon PHC, classify the children as per their level of nutritional status and to develop an information booklet for mothers of under-ve children regarding prevention of malnutrition. Sample size comprised of 489 under ve children. Samples were selected by purposive sampling technique and physical assessment tool was used to collect the data. The gathered data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results depicts that, out of 489 children, there was a signicant association found between health status of children with dietary pattern, education of the mother, income and type of family. No signicant association found between health status of children with age, gender and occupation of the mother. To educate the mothers, the investigator developed an information booklet to increase the knowledge level of mothers on prevention of malnutrition, and therefore to improve the health and nutritional status of under-ve children.

PROXIMAL CONDUCTION VELOCITY OVER H-REFLEX ARC IN MALNOURISHED CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE.

INTRODUCTION: Malnutrition in children affects the development and function of every organ system including the peripheral and central nervous systems. Hoffmann reex (H-reex) is an important neurological screening tool, especially in the paediatric population. Conduction velocity over the H-reex arc has been used to assess proximal motor and sensory pathways. The present study attempted to demonstrate slowed conduction over H-reex arc in malnourished children below ve years of age. MATERIALAND METHODS We studied 82 under-ve children with protein-energy malnutrition. 60 age-matched healthy children served as control subjects. As proximal conduction velocity over H-reex arc changes with age, study subjects were divided into four groups on the basis of age. Based on the degree of malnutrition, the patients were further divided into two groups. The H-reex was recorded from soleus muscle by stimulating posterior tibial using Neuro perfect EMG/NCV/EPSYSTEM (Medicaid systems, Chandigarh,160002, India). RESULTS The conduction velocity over the soleus H-reex arc was signicantly decreased in severely malnourished children. However, conduction velocity over the soleus H-reex arc in the children suffering from mild-to-moderate malnutrition was comparable with normal children. CONCLUSION The ndings suggest that severely malnourished children demonstrate slowed postnatal peripheral neural maturation. Conduction over the soleus H-reex arc was signicantly decreased in severely malnourished children.

SPO2/FIO2 RATIO AND TRIAGE SCORE IN PREDICTING OUTCOME OF CRITICALLY ILL CHILDREN

Introduction: Non-invasive nature of pulse oximetry allows much affordable, rapid assessment of degree of hypoxemia and helps in identication of the patients at risk. Mortality in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) depends on the severity of illness. A good scoring system for identifying the severity of illness can help to prioritize care. Triage is sorting out of patients, the main objective of which is early patient assessment to obviate harmful delay in the management. Aims And Objectives: To predict the outcome of critically ill children in pediatric ICU by using the Triage scoring system and Spo2/Fio2(SF) ratio. Materials And Methods: A hospital based prospective observational study done at Navodaya Medical College Hospital & Research Centre during January 2020 to June 2021 for a period of 18 months. A total of 125 children were studied. Data is described in terms of mean (+SD), frequencies (number of cases) and percentages. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 26. Results: Out of 125 children studied, 8 died. Except temperature, all other variables showed signicant association with mortality (p <0.001). Mortality was 0%, 4.88%, 28.57%, 75%, 25% and 50% for scores of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Children of score 3 or more had signicant high mortality. Among the 113 subjects who survived, mean SpO2/FiO2 ratio is 340 and among 12 subjects who died, SpO2/FiO2 ratio is 184. SpO2/FiO2 ratio is less among the children who died and can predict mortality. Conclusions: Many deaths in under ve children occurring in hospitals can be prevented if triage is followed, if any sick children are identied soon on their arrival and treatment is started immediately. SpO2/FiO2 ratio is a non-invasive and reliable tool for hypoxemia screening and predicting outcome among patients admitted to the ED.

EFFECTIVENESS OF PARENTAL PARTICIPATION PROGRAMME REGARDING PREVENTION OF PNEUMONIAAMONG PARENTS OF CHILDREN DIAGNOSED WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION (ARTI) IN SELECTED HOSPITAL OF DEHRADUN

AQuasi -experimental research design was adopted as research design for the study with the objectives to assess parents' knowledge and practice regarding prevention of pneumonia after ARTI of under ve children. Total 64 parents of under ve children were selected as sample by purposive sampling technique. It was done at Paediatric ward of Himalayan hospital in Dehradun. Data were collected by using structured knowledge questionnaire and self- reported practice checklist. Data were analyzed by used of descriptive and inferential statistics based on objectives and hypotheses .The assessment of the pretest knowledge score of Parents had average knowledge 33 (51.57%) regarding prevention of pneumonia and 24(37.50%) had good knowledge, 4(6.25%) had excellent knowledge and only 3(4.69 %) parent had poor knowledge at the base line before interventions. After implementation of parental participation programme the mean post-test knowledge of parents (21.36±2.509) score was more than pre-test knowledge score (12.88±3.994). The practice score of parents was 2(3.13%) had average practice and 62(96.87%) had good practice where as in post-test practice score 64 (100%) had good practice after implementation of parental participation programme. And there was no signicant association found between pre-test knowledge and Pretest practice with their selected socio demographic variables, and week correlation found between knowledge and practice of parents.

EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED NURSING INTERVENTION ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF UNDERFIVE CHILDREN, KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE OF MOTHERS REGARDING THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION IN SELECTED COASTAL VILLAGES OF KERALA.

Malnutrition is not only an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, but leads also to permanent impairment of physical and possibly, of mental growth of those who survive. The study was carried out to nd out the effectiveness of structured nursing intervention on nutritional status of underve children, knowledge and practice of mothers regarding prevention and management of malnutrition in selected coastal villages of Kerala. Samples consisted of 122 underve children who were identied with different degrees of malnutrition and their mothers. Pre experimental study design was used. Anthropometric parameters (Weight, Height, MUAC) were checked. Structured knowledge questionnaire and practice check list were used to measure the knowledge and practice of mothers related to the prevention and management of malnutrition. All the measurements were carried out once before the Structured Nursing Intervention and three times after the intervention. Structured Nursing Intervention was found to be effective in improving the knowledge and practice of mothers related to prevention and management of malnutrition among underve children (p < 0.001). Percentage of grade I malnutrition reduced from 83.6% in pre test to 63.69% in post test III. Z test was carried out and it was concluded that Structured Nursing Intervention had signicant inuence on the nutritional status of underve children (Z = 3.33**, p value <0.01).

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE REGARDING DIARRHEAAMONG THE MOTHERS OF UNDER FIVE CHILDREN IN SELECTED AREA OF AURANGABAD CITY.

Diarrhea is the major health problem in under ve children. Worldwide, about 1.5 million children die of diarrhea, while 38% deaths occur in Asia. About 2 million episodes of diarrhea occur each year in India. 6.6 million deaths among children aged 28 days to 5 years: The present descriptive study aimed to assess knowledge regarding diarrhea among the mothers of under ve children in selected area of Aurangabad city. 30 mothers of undeve children were included by nonprobability purposive sampling technique. Results of the study indicate that, the majority 23(76.66%) of the mothers of under ve children had moderately adequate knowledge on diarrhea, followed by 4(13.33%) mothers had adequate knowledge and 3(10%) had inadequate knowledge regarding diarrhea. There was no signicant association between knowledge of mothers and socio demographic variables. The study concluded that, most of mothers of urban area require awareness regarding diarrhea and its management.

ASSESSMENT OF IMMUNIZATION OF UNDER FIVE CHILDREN OF RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF UDAIPUR DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN

Background: The impact of immunization is not uniform in different social groups till today despite of EPI since long. Current study was held to assess the level of knowledge and actual practice of immunization by mothers of under ve children in a rural and urban belt of Udaipur district. A cross sect Methods: ional study was conducted in blocks Binder, Badgav, Ladiya , Kotra, Girva and Salumber of Udaipur district. Randomly 400 families (200 urban, 200 rural) were selected. Ample health education should be given to parents residing in rural areas to rai Result and conclusion: se their knowledge regarding immunization. In rural areas anganwadi workers, ASHA etc should play a signicant role in bringing awareness about immunization and their benets. The group based approach, frequent camps would be more rewarding compared to area approach due to poor socio-economic development of marginalized group likes rural area for programmes like immunization of children.

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE & PRACTICES OF THE MOTHERS OF UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN REGARDING HOME REMEDIES USED FOR MANAGEMENT OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN SELECTED RURALAREA OF BARDOLI TEHSIL, SURAT, GUJARAT.

Introduction: Acute respiratory tract infection contributes to one-fth of all under-ve deaths in developing countries which is around 12 million every year. According to WHO about 20% of deaths among children due to acute respiratory Infections could be reduced by seeking prompt and appropriate care. Material and Methods: A Pre-experimental, one group pre-test post-test design with a quantitative research approach was utilized to test the proposed hypotheses. 60 mothers of under-ve children were selected by nonprobability convenience sampling technique. Data was collected by structured knowledge questionnaire and Inventory checklist to assess the knowledge & Practices of mothers of under-ve children regarding home remedies used for management of upper respiratory tract infections. The data were analyzed and hypotheses were tested using descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: In pre-test, 75 percent of the mothers of under-ve children had good knowledge score, 23 percent of them had very good knowledge score, and 2 percent of them had excellent knowledge score. And 43 percent of them had good and very good practice score, 14 percent of them had excellent practice score. In post-test, 52 percent of the mothers of under-ve children had very good knowledge score, 48 percent of them had excellent knowledge score. And 58 percent of them had very good practice score, 42 percent of them had excellent practice score. Conclusion:Structured teaching programme was an effective method of teaching the mothers of under-ve children regarding uses of home remedies for management of URTIs.

DAYA TERIMA DAN KANDUNGAN GIZI DIM SUM YANG DISUBSTITUSI IKAN PATIN (Pangasius sp.) DAN PURE KELOR (Moringa oleifera) SEBAGAI SNACK BALITA <br><i>[Acceptance and Nutrient Values of Dim Sum Substituted by Patin Fish (Pangasius sp.) and Moringa Puree (Moringa oleifera) as Snack for Under Five Children]</i></br>

Under five age is golden period where growth and development occurs rapidly, therefore nutrition support are important. Patin fish and Moringa leaves are foods that high in energy, and protein, which are needed in childrens growth. The purpose of this study was to analyze the infl uence of Patin fi sh (Pangasius sp.) and Moringa leaves puree (Moringa oleifera) substitution toward the acceptance and nutrient content (energy and protein) of dim sum as healthy snack for under fi ve children. This was a true experimental study with completely randomized design. Untrained panelists in this study were 30 pairs of mother and their children at integrated health post Kartini 5D to assess the acceptance of color, taste, fl avor, and texture of dim sum. Dim sum wrappers formula was F0 (0% Moringa fl our) while F1, F2, and F3 (4% Moringa fl our, 96% wheat fl our). Formula for dim sum fi lling was F0 (100% Spanish mackerel), F1 (100% patin fi sh, 0% fresh moringa leaves), F2 (90% patin fi sh, 10% fresh moringa leaves), and F3 (85% patin fi sh, 15% fresh moringa leaves). Kruskal Wallis test result on fl avor, taste, and color showed no signifi cant difference among all dim sum formulas (p>0.05), while for texture there was a signifi cant difference (p<0.037). Mann Whitney test showed that texture in control formula and modifi cation formula have signifi cant differences (p<0.05), but result the test among modifi cation formulas had no signifi cant difference. (p>0.05). Formula F2 was the best formula that can be accepted in terms of color, taste, fl avor, and texture with energy value 234 kcal, and protein 7.9 g/100 g dim sum.