Ve Blood Research Articles

Predictors of Extubation Failure in Very Low Birth Weight Infants at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Al Ain: A Retrospective Study.

To identify and analyze the factors leading to extubation failure among very low birth weight infants in a specific tertiary care setting in Al Ain, emphasizing clinical and demographic variables. The study used medical data of Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) from 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2019, and evaluated the incidence and risk factors associated with extubation failure. Data was collected from the hospital's electronic records and tabulated in Excel sheets, with extubation failure defined as reintubation due to deterioration of respiratory condition within seven days post-extubation. The data was collected from the period of 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2019. Inclusion criteria included babies admitted to the NICU with a gestational age of ≤ 32 weeks, or of birth weight ≤1500 grams who were intubated within the first seven days of life. Results were analyzed using SPSS software, version 9.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago) to determine the risk factors for extubation failure and short-term outcomes. Gestational age, birth weight, antenatal steroids, mode of delivery, number of Survanta® (beractant intratracheal suspension) doses, Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP), Mean Airway Pressure (MAP), Mean Arterial Pressure (Blood Pressure (BP)), and Infectious Diseases (ID) (indicated by a positive blood culture) were found to be the key predictors of extubation failure in very low birth weight infants at a tertiary care hospital in Al Ain. The most common reasons for reintubation were FiO2 > 50% (23.53%), followed by Respiratory Acidosis (20.59%). Other factors, including maternal chorioamnionitis, Apgar scores, indication for intubation, caffeine, and pre-and post-extubation laboratory values, comorbidities, and hemoglobin (Hgb), creatinine and sodium levels were found to have no effect on the success of extubations. The results of this research indicate that factors such as gestational age, birth weight, prenatal steroid use, delivery method, the quantity of Survanta® doses, PEEP, MAP, MAP (BP), and ID (+ve blood culture) were the primary determinants of unsuccessful extubation in VLBW babies at a tertiary healthcare facility in Al Ain. The predominant cause for needing reintubation was a FiO2 level above 50%, followed by Respiratory Acidosis. Additional ®®investigations are required to validate these findings and pinpoint other potential predictors of extubation failure within this demographic.

Association of ABO/Rh Blood Group with Hypertension in Pre and Postmenopausal Libyan women

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Hypertension is a prevalent and significant public health issue worldwide, affecting a substantial portion of the population. While various risk factors have been implicated in the development of hypertension, including genetics, lifestyle, and hormonal changes, the role of ABO/Rh blood groups in hypertension remains underexplored, particularly in different stages of Libyan women’s life. This research study aimed to investigate the potential association between ABO/Rh blood groups and hypertension in both pre- and post-menopausal Libyan women. METHODOLOGY: A cross sectional study was conducted over a four-month period on a diverse cohort of women aged 35 to 75 years. It involved a total of 200 hypertensive women divided into pre- (n=100) and post-menopausal (n=100) groups. It took place at Tripoli University Hospital, Tajoura Heart Centre and Total Care Clinic. Data were collected through structured interviews, clinical examinations, and blood sample analyses. Blood pressure (BP) measurements and blood group typing were performed using standard medical procedures. A statistical analysis was performed using SPSS program version 26.0. RESULTS: The distribution of ABO blood groups shows that blood group O is the most prevalent blood group among samples (58% in the pre-menopausal and 41% in post-menopausal hypertensives), whereas blood group AB is the least prevalent (only 9% in the pre-menopausal and 7% in post-menopausal hypertensives). One hundred and eighty-one (90.5%) were Rh +ve. Analysis of data revealed significant differences in age distribution as well as in the percentages of Rh +ve and Rh -ve blood groups among pre- and post-menopausal women (p<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean values of BP indices between ABO/Rh blood groups (p>0.05).CONCLUSION: This study showed that ABO/Rh blood group system does not significantly affect BP indices among the pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women. Findings of present study also illustrated that age could potentially influence the connection between blood groups and hypertension. Additionally, among ABO/Rh blood groups, the most observed type was 'O.' However, further investigation is necessary to validate these initial results and better understand the underlying mechanisms behind this relationship

The Association between Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Laboratory Measures as Risk for Cardiovascular Disorders

Background; Due to the complicated etiology of cardiovascular illnesses, a thorough risk assessment is necessary for screening reasons. Many published studies relate the pregnancy complications and future cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Objective; Investigate the association between risk factors of the laboratory measures and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) with level of cardiovascular disorders risk. Methods; Adult women were enrolled in a cross-sectional study, and they were divided into 2 groups according to whether they had a history of adverse pregnancy outcomes or not. Laboratory and clinical measurements were carried out, and The CVD risk was calculated according to Framingham risk score. Results; All women enrolled were over 40 years age, mostly obese, had predominantly A+ve and O+ve blood group phenotypes. As compared to the low risk category, women with a positive history of pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia were 7.5 times more likely to be in the intermediate group while those with a positive history of stillbirth were 17.2 times more likely to be in the high-risk group. Conclusion; With reference to the low risk category, a positive history of pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia was predictor for intermediate CVD risk, while a positive history of stillbirth was predictor for high CVD risk.

Early Canities among Undergraduate Medical Students of a Medical College: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Early canities are the premature greying of hair before the age of 25 years in Asians. The condition is a matter of concern for young adults aesthetically. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of early canities among undergraduate medical students of a medical college. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from 1 December 2021 to 30 June 2022 among undergraduate medical students at a medical college. The study was conducted after receiving ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee [Reference number: 146(6-11)C-2 078/079]. The participants with ages less than 25 years without a history of vitiligo, intake of chemotherapeutic drugs, progeria, pangeria and recent dyeing of hair were enrolled. A convenience sampling method was used. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Out of 235 students, 95 (40.42%) (34.15-46.69, 95% Confidence Interval) had early canities. The most prevalent premature greying was grade I early canities i.e.79 (83.15%) of participants. Among the participants with early canities, 56 (58.94%) were male, 41 (43.15%) had a positive family history for early canities, 67 (70.52%) had normal body mass index and 38 (40%) had O+ve blood group. The prevalence of early canities among undergraduate medical students was lower than in other studies done in similar settings. The grade I early canities was seen more among the participants with premature greying of hair. epidemiology; hair colour; medical students; physiology.

Association of Acute Coronary Syndromes with Blood Groups: A Single-Center, Observational Study

Background: Evidence suggests an association between ABO blood groups and cardiovascular diseases; particularly acute coronary syndromes, a major reason for hospitalization and mortality. Aim: To investigate the association between ABO blood groups and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) frequency. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: United Hospital, Karachi from 1st June 2022 to 31st December 2022. Methods: Two hundred and five participants with a diagnosis of ACS were enrolled in this study. A structured questionnaire was used to gather the data regarding the demographics and clinical characteristics of the patients. By utilizing specific antibodies and the agglutination approach, blood types were identified. ECG, coronary angiography, echocardiography and troponin-I were performed on these patients. Results: Blood groups B+ and O+ among ACS patients had the largest prevalence (35.1 and 28.8%, respectively) and there was a significant association between blood groups and the type of MI (p=0.008). The most frequently diagnosed MI was anterior wall myocardial infarction (AWMI), which is highly prevalent among patients with the type A (+ve) blood group. Moreover, the risk factors were equally prevalent among patients of different blood groups. Conclusions: The frequency of ACS and ABO blood type were significantly correlated and there was no statistically significant correlation between any risk factors under study and blood type. Keywords: Acute coronary syndrome, ABO blood type, Risk factors

Study of Fingerprint Patterns in Relation to Gender and ABO Blood Groups

Fingerprints are considered as the best tool of identification of a person. Fingerprint evidence is by far the mosteffective and reliable evidence in the court of law. The reason being fingerprint pattern persist same throughoutthe life and no two individual has similar pattern. Both blood group and dermatoglyphic pattern have geneticinheritance so an attempt has been made to analyze their correlation with gender and blood group of an individual.The objective of the study was to determine correlation (if any) between the fingerprint pattern, blood group andgender. The study was conducted on 150 students (88 males and 62 females) in the age group of 18-25 years.The fingerprint pattern of the study participants was compared with the gender and ABO-Rh blood group aftertaking their Informed written consent. Amongst ABO blood group, the most common blood group was O (40%),followed by B (35.33%), A (19.33%) and AB (5.34%). Rh + ve was the most common rhesus factor (97.33%). The loopwas the most common pattern (69.14%), followed by whorl (26.06%) and arch (4.80%). Frequency of loops werehighest in both the Rh-positive and Rh- negative subjects of ABO blood groups except O -ve blood group wherewhorls dominate. Loops are maximum seen in blood group B while whorls are more common in blood groupO and arches with blood group A. The present study confirms that loop is the most common type of fingerprintpattern while arch was the least common. The study revealed significant association between the Fingerprintpattern, Gender and ABO blood group.

Risk of COVID-19 infection and severity of clinical outcomes and its association with ABO blood groups

Objective: To determine association of ABO blood groups with severity of COVID-19 symptoms among covid recovered patients of different blood type. Methodology: An observational/experimental study was conducted at department of physiology, Sindh university Jamshoro from April 2021 to December 2021.The sample size (n) was 732, data consist of male and female covid recovered participants of age group 18-30yrs. Self -structured questionnaire was used to evaluate intensity of symptoms of COVID 19 and for other characteristics such as gender and age. Blood was drawn for ABO blood typing. Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS- 21.Results: Seven hundred thirty two was the total study population of COVID-19 recovered patients, out of which male population was 489 (66.9%) and female population was 243 (33.1%).The results reports that there is statistically significant association present between the A +ve blood type and susceptibility of COVID-19 infection, whereas AB +ve and A +ve shown higher percentage of severe infection. Blood group B +ve with (48%) with less severe symptoms. O +ve people shown mild symptoms that is 60% of entire O+ve population and 30% are presented with severe symptoms.Conclusion: This study suggests that A +ve blood group is susceptible blood type with high chances to get infection. People having A +ve and AB +ve blood types are more susceptible towards severe COVID 19 infection in comparison to other blood types, O +ve blood shown rather protective effect.

The association between different blood group systems and susceptibility to COVID-19: a single center cross-sectional study from Saudi Arabia.

Since the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, many associated factors have been investigated to clarify the susceptibility and severity among the affected individuals. Biological markers can play an important role in identification of individual susceptibility to such pandemic. Growing evidence suggest the influence of different blood group systems on susceptibility to COVID-19 virus, with a particular blood type conferring selection advantage. The study aimed to determine the association of ABO, Rhesus (D) and P1 blood groups with COVID-19 susceptibility in Taif city, Western Saudi Arabia. ABO, D and P1 blood antigens were determined in 104 blood samples of COVID-19 patients versus 100 control samples using either automated immunohematology analyser or test tube method. Statistical differences between patients and control samples were calculated based on p-value where results of ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. O+ve blood group constituted the predominant type among the studied samples. Determination of P1 antigen showed significant association where Anti-P1 was positive in 76.9% of patients compared to 61.0% of controls with a P value of 0.01 conferring the susceptibility of P1+ve patients to COVID-19. Although our study showed no significant association between ABO and D, and susceptibility to COVID-19, there was a significant association between P1+ve and COVID-19. P1+ve participants were 2.131 times more associated with the risk of COVID-19 infection than those with Anti P1-ve. Thus, P1 antigen can be used as a biological marker for identification of individuals susceptibility to COVID-19. It is strongly advised that such individuals should consider extra protective measures. Further studies on other contributing factors should also be considered for more scientific clarity.

Relationship between maternal abo blood group and rh typing with maternal and perinatal outcome

The ABO blood group type has been considered an independent risk factor in pregnancy-related complications leading to significant morbidity and mortality in pregnant mothers and neonates.
 Aim: To study the relationship between maternal ABO blood group and Rh typing with maternal and perinatal outcomes.
 Materials and methods: Prospective Observational study was carried out for 24 months from November among 1000 pregnant women attending outpatient for ABO blood group and Rh typing with maternal and perinatal outcome.
 Results: Among 1000 subjects, 43.5 % belonged to blood group O, followed by 30 % in blood group B. 20.7 % had blood group A, and 5.8 % had AB blood group. In the present study, 95.4 % had Rh+ve, and 4.6 % had Rh-ve typing. The incidence of preterm labour was high at 6.3 % in the O+ve blood group, followed by 1.8 % in the AB +ve, 0.6 % in the A+ve and 0.3 % in the B+ve blood group. A statistically significant association was found between blood grouping and preeclampsia with high incidence among the A+ve blood group. A statistically significant association was found between blood grouping and imminent eclampsia with high incidence among the AB+ve blood group. There was a statistically significant association found between blood grouping and intrauterine death.
 Conclusion: The findings in the present study will help clinicians to identify the patients at risk of developing adverse pregnancy outcomes like preeclampsia and imminent eclampsia; hence, the timely intervention will help to improve maternal and perinatal outcome and also helps to reduce the complications of preeclampsia and imminent eclampsia.

A comparative study of Emotional Quotient with relation to Blood Groups among medical students of Punjab

Introduction: Emotional quotient (EQ) is the ability to monitor one’s own and other's feelings and emotions for managing relations appropriately. It implies critical thinking and has a key role in augmenting coherence between the team members to work at their full potential for achieving their goals and success in life. There are numerous lines of evidence that shows the influence of blood groups on skills and abilities related to EQ. Individuals with blood group B are active and passionate but those with blood group A are intelligent, loyal to their work, and have maudlin behavior. People with AB blood group are spiritual and O blood groupers have leadership character and least respond to stress. This study aims to compare the EQ-related skills and abilities among medical students with various blood groups.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Aziz Fatimah medical and dental college, Faisalabad. Validate proforma consisting of questions related to demographic, blood groups, and Emotional intelligence scale (EIS) for EQ-related questions was constructed on google form and the link was shared among 600 MBBS students of different medical colleges in Punjab, Pakistan. Only 566 students filled out complete proforma and fulfilled our inclusion criteria for enrollment in the study. Data were retrieved from the individual responses of google form and transformed on SPSS 22 for data analysis. P values less ≤ than 0.05 were considered significant.Results: The most frequent blood group was B positive (B+ve) in this study. The highest score concerning self-awareness was in blood group A positive (A+ve) followed by O positive (O+ve) with a P-value=0.017. The highest score was observed in B+ve in the case of empathy but the difference in mean score was not statistically significant (p value= 0.326). Similarly, blood group A+ve showed the highest value in self-motivation, emotional stability, and managing relations with P-values of 0.036, 0.005, and 0.046 respectively. Participants with the A+ve blood group were more value-oriented, committed, showed integrity and altruistic behavior with P-value=0.032, 0.000, 0.013, and 0.032 respectively.Conclusion: People with the blood group A+ve had the highest emotional quotient than other blood groups. Blood group B was the most prevalent blood group in our study population.

Relationship between the Hematological Indices and COVID-19

Background: Recently, the novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has a wide spread around the world. Clinically, it was responsible for respiratory illness ranged from mild to life-threatening infection. The study aimed to investigate the link of gender, age, ABO blood groups, and hematological indices with COVID-19 infection. Methods: One hindered COVID-19 cases, as confirmed using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction test, were checked for some sociodemographic features, blood group, and hematology parameters. A blood sample was collected from each person in an EDTA container and immediately tested for blood group using commercial antisera, in addition to complete blood count parameters using of a semiautomated hematology analyzer (Mindray BC-3200). Results: Of 100 COVID-19 patients, 52% were male and 48% were female. About 33% and 31% of the study participants were of age group 15–31 and 32–49 years, respectively. The majority (37%) of COVID-19 patients carried blood group O+ve, followed by A+ve (24%). A+ve blood group was significantly more reported in males (32.7%) than females (14.6%). Notably, 61% of participants showed low Hb level. Erythropenia was detected in 41% of the participants, while thrombocytopenia was observed only in 19% of the patients. Moreover, lymphocytopenia was detected in 82%, low packed cell volume in 66%, decreased mean corpuscular volume in 20%, and declined mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration in 8% of the participants. In contrast, leukocytosis and neutrophilia were found in 69% and 73% of the participants, respectively. Conclusion: Taken together, the study findings highlighted the link of COVID-19 with age, gender, blood groups, and hematology parameters, which is important in diagnosis, prognosis, and management of illness.

Distribution of ABO And Rh Blood Groups in Blood Donors at the Tertiary Care Centre, Dahod

Introduction When it comes to blood transfusion and transplant medicine, the ABO as well as Rh blood group system are significant. There have been 700 RBC antigens found so far, and they've been divided into 30 blood groups as a result. For example, blood transfusion reaction, paternity testing, legal medicine, as well as associations with different illnesses are all medicolegally relevant when looking at ABO and Rh. Aim: The objective was to find out how much demand there is for a specific blood type compared to how much supply there is in society, to lower death rates caused by a shortage of that kind of blood. Compare the results with those from another comparable research performed in India and across the globe. Material and Methods: Between August 2018 to July 2021, researchers conducted a study on 7820 blood donors who visited the Zydus blood Centre. Tube agglutination testing and the Gel card method were used to find the patient's ABO as well as Rh blood groups. Both reverse as well as forward blood grouping methods are performed and confirmed only if both are identical. The age and sex groups as well as frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups were reported in percentages. Result The male-to-female ratio in our research was 30:1. The greatest number of male and female donors were between the ages of 18 to 30 years. For blood donation, it has been found that "O" blood donors are the most predominant, then those with B>A>AB blood groups. According to voluntary and replacement blood donors, AB & A blood groups are more (%) in replacement blood donors as compare to O and B blood groups. Voluntary donors are 33.67% and replacement donors were 66.64%. Distribution of Rh+ve and Rh-ve blood groups in our study was 98.78% and 1.22% respectively. Conclusion It is essential to have a thorough understanding of the distinct blood groups distribution for ensuring that blood as well as its components are always available to recipients in a particular area. The present work will provide insight on a deficiency of particular blood groups, in a particular area, like A and AB blood group are more in replacement donor showing deficiency of that blood groups in this area in our study.

DIFFERENT SOCIAL FACTORS AND MODULATORS OF COVID-19 MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY

The data of COVID-19 pandemic when analysed with different probable modulators like affecting social structure like religion, blood group, the burden of other diseases, vaccination for other diseases and many more revealed that Rh -ve blood group, irrespective of ABO blood group may be an important predisposing factor for acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection and serious disease leading to lethality. Among ABO blood groups, people with blood group A seem to be the most susceptible to COVID-19 followed by AB, O and B blood group. Among different religious groups, Muslim dominated nations had a smaller number of COVID-19 cases and deaths while those dominated by Christians had more devastating COVID-19. The BCG and to some extent Rotavirus vaccinations seem to protect the population from SARS-CoV-2 infection and deaths while other vaccinations like Polio, DPT, HepB, Measles, HiB appeared to support the SARS-CoV-2. The national burden of diseases like TB, HIV-AIDS, Malaria, cardiovascular disorders, natural calamities, fires, food deficiency and poor sanitation seems to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19. However, the burden of neoplasms (cancers) was significantly increasing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infections and lethal outcome of COVID-19. The emergence of Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in last two weeks of the year 2021 also had an almost similar association with different disease modulators but gaining more momentum in nations with greater coverage of DPT, HiB, HepB, Polio vaccination and higher burden of neoplasms. This analysis may help in better planning for control of COVID-19 in different societies and nations with reasonable variation in pandemic control strategy instead of a blanket package of practice to curb the disease. The limitations of data-based analysis are also discussed. Key words:COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, pandemic, blood group

Prevalence and Association of Transfusion Transmitted Infections with ABO and Rh Blood Groups among Blood Donors in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A 7-Year Retrospective Analysis.

This study was aimed at determining the prevalence estimate and association of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) with ABO and Rh blood groups among blood donors at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSH & RC) in the western region of Saudi Arabia. A retrospective study was conducted at the blood bank center of KFSH and RC from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2019. Data on ABO and Rh blood group testing, serological testing, molecular investigations, serological assays, nucleic acid testing (NATs), and socio-demographic information were gathered. During the study period, there were 959,431 blood donors at the KFSH and RC. The overall 7-year cumulative prevalence estimate of blood transfusion-transmitted infections among blood donors was low at 7.93%, with an average prevalence estimate of 0.66%. Donors with the O blood group, the O RhD +ve blood group, in particular, were more at risk of developing TTIs, whereas donors with the AB blood group, the AB RhD −ve blood group, in particular, were at the lowest risk of developing TTIs. In total, 96.9% of the blood donors were males (n = 916,567). Almost half of the blood donors belong to the O blood group (49.4%). A total of 861,279 (91.0%) donors were found to be RhD positive. The percentages of TTIs were found to be higher in RhD +ve donors compared with RhD −ve donors. The prevalence estimate of the hemoglobin C (HbC) infection was the most common TTI among the blood donors being 3.97%, followed by malaria being 2.21%. The least prevalence estimate of TTI in the present study was for NAT HIV being 0.02%. Significant associations were observed between RhD +ve and RhD −ve among the malaria-infected donors (A: χ2 = 26.618, p = 0.001; AB: χ2 = 23.540, p = 0.001; B: χ2 = 5.419, p = 0.020; O: χ2 = 68.701, p = 0.001). The current 7-year retrospective study showed a low level of TTIs among blood donors. However, we urge that more research encompassing the entire country be conducted in order to obtain more representative results in terms of the prevalence estimate and association of transfusion-transmitted infections with ABO and Rh blood groups in communities.

Assessment of Various Maternal Risk Factors and Treatment Approaches for Neonatal Jaundice in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: The study objectives were to evaluate the neonatal jaundice treatment approach and identify various risk factors associated with the occurrence of neonatal jaundice. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was carried out for 6 months at St. Philomena‘s Hospital. Researchers reviewed patients` medication charts and collected the data for further analysis. Patients` medication charts also were monitored for the occurrence of any adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Results: A total of 100 babies met inclusion criteria. The majority of babies were male (56%). Sixteen neonates (16%) were born with low birth weight, 11% of all neonates were preterm, and 42% of babies had O +ve blood group. Maternal-related risk factors analysis showed that 58% of women were between 26-35 years, 44% were overweight, 53% of women were in their first gravida, and 52% of mothers were delivered by C-Section. Overall, 100 (82.6%), 11 (9.1%), 6 (5%), 3 (2.5%), 1 (0.8%) neonates received phototherapy, ursodeoxycholic acid (UCDA), phenobarbital, exchange transfusion, and intravenous immunoglobulins respectively. We detected 15 ADRs and 14 DDIs associated with the management of neonatal jaundice. Phototherapyinduced ADR (46.6%) and interaction between UCDA-sucralfate (35.7%) were the most common identified treatment-related issues. Conclusion: Neonatal and maternal risk factors may involve in the development of neonatal jaundice. Phototherapy remained the most desirable therapeutic approach. Although the neonatal treatment approach is safe, a review of prescribed medications can give insight into the appropriate usage of medications among this vulnerable cohort.

SARS-CoV-2 Non Responders - An Analysis of Non Responsiveness to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines among Healthcare Workers in 2021

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) possess high mortality and morbidity across the globe. In India, BBV-152 (CovaxinTM) and ChAdOx1-nCOV (CovishieldTM) vaccines are now being used to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. A Cross sectional observational study was designed to analyze the Antibody immune response to SARS CoV-2 vaccine quantitatively among Health Care Workers and it was correlated with age, sex, other comorbidities and blood group. A total of 160 fully vaccinated HCWs, the Anti-SARS-CoV-2 level was estimated by using Chemiluminescence Immuno Assay. A protective immune response following the complete course of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine should be ≥ 1.00 S/C. A total of 160 HCWs (82 Male, 78 Female) who had completed both the doses of Covishield (n=128) and Covaxin (n=32). Both the vaccine recipient had mild to moderate symptoms and none of the HCWs had severe adverse events after administration of vaccine. Out of which, 143 (89.3%) HCWs showed seropositive and 17 (10.7%) HCWs showed seronegative. There was no notable variation in sex and other co-morbidities. Significantly, reduced antibody titers towards SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was noted among individuals aged ≤ 60 years and O+ve Blood group. Both the vaccines obtained successful immune response after their complete course, even though there was a significantly higher seropositivity rate in Covishield in spite of Covaxin recipients. Further, genomic correlative advanced studies can conclude the significance of non-responsiveness to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines among the HCWs.

Antibacterial, Hemagglutination, and Insecticidal Activity Studies on the Solvent Extracts of the Roots of Olea ferruginea

Olea ferruginea has been used to treat skin ailments, as well as kidney and ocular problems for a long time. The current study was designed with the aim of investigating and scientifically validating its widespread use. Chloroform, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate were used to assess the antibacterial, hemagglutination, and insecticidal properties of O. ferruginea roots. Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were among the bacterial strains selected for assessing antibacterial activity. The results showed that ethyl-acetate (EtOAc) extract (56%) and chloroform (CHCl3) extract (56%) showed the widest zone of inhibition against K. pneumonia, while n-hexane extract (13.4%) had the lowest zone of inhibition against P. aeruginosa. All three extracts remained inactive against M. luteus. During hemagglutination activity, the CHCl3 and EtOAc extracts, when used at different concentrations, only agglutinated the AB−ve and O+ve blood groups, respectively, while the n-hexane extract strongly agglutinated the A−ve and B−ve blood groups at different concentrations. The plant extracts were also checked for insecticidal activity against Rhizopertha dominica. The results also revealed the high mortality rate of CHCl3 extract (70%) against R. dominica as compared to other extracts. The aforesaid activities suggest that the roots of O. ferruginea have excellent medicinal viability and contain a wide variety of agglutinins and lectins, as shown in this study.

184 Group and Save Studies Prior to Appendicectomy

Abstract Aim Group and save studies prior to appendicectomy Method 219 appendicectomy cases from Jan 2018 until Dec 2020. This was to look for whether patients had a blood transfusion post appendicectomy. Whether this was cost effective? Results 19/219 did not have G and S studies performed. None of the patients required a blood transfusion post operatively. Price per bottle £20 Conclusions Based on the above results we referred to the study performed by the RCS Royal College of Surgeons did a study on ‘blood group and antibody screening prior to emergency laparoscopy’. Study included 562 cases. Concluded that routine G&S studies are not required and ‘majority of patients had a low risk of major intraoperative haemorrhage’ and thus G&S was not warranted O –ve blood can be used in cases of acute haemorrhage from major vessel injury Time taken to receive O neg blood = minutes.

Toxicological and Pharmacokinetic Analysis by Insilico Bioinformatics Tools of an Ancient Medicine Compound Cantharidin Derived from Spanish fly

Background: Cantharidin, a vesicant released by spanish fly belongs to species beetles of zoological order Coleoptera. It has a long history in both folk and traditional medicine use for topical cantharidin to treat warts and molluscum and as an aphrodisiac. They are also known to cause poisoning by the presence of toxic principle.Aims and Objectives: The aims of the study were to study possible drug likeness, pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiling of known toxicological active principle cantharidin by insilico analysis and prediction tools.Materials & Methods: This study was investigated on web-based tools PubChem to extract the chemical structure, followed by authentication and validation with the chemical formula. The two-dimensional structures are further converted to three-dimensional (3D) structure with ChemSketch software; The structures are then screened for molecular properties with Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System, followed by absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity through SWISS ADME software web based tool. The reports are analyzed and predicted for drug likeness, pharmacokinetic and toxicity characters of cantharidin.Results: The compounds screened cantharidin for drug likeness had a Log P score of >4.15, Bioavailability Score of 0.55, +ve blood brain barrier +ve Intestinal penetration and -ve to Cytochrome P450 enzyme induction and inhibition. The toxic hazard classification by Cramer resulted as HIGH –CLASS III with Skin Sensitization score of 0.861Conclusion: The insilico analysis predicts cantharidin belongs to class III Toxic hazard classification but potential as drug like candidate for topical administration due to its high skin sensitivity and irritation ability as a vesicant in treatment of warts and molluscum.

ABO blood group as predictor of severity and susceptibility of COVID-19 in pregnancy: A retrospective study

Background: Pregnant women are evaluated as a high risk category to get COVID-19 infection due to immunocompromised status and hypercoagulable state which was evident in the second wave of COVID-19 in India reporting a high mortality in pregnant patients. Various factors like Diabetes, Hypertension, etc have been correlated with severity of disease. The union of the type of ABO blood group along with severity is still lacking. This current study was done to examine the alliance of the severity of COVID-19 with blood group type in pregnant females.Materials and Method: The pregnant women’s age, gestation, and parity was recorded. RT- PCR was done for the confirmation of the SARS-CoV-2 status. Rh and ABO blood types were inferred at the time of admission. The chi-square tests and unpaired t-test were employed for the comparison of data.Results: The mean age of the study population was 26.54±4.57 (18-43 years). There were 35.9% B-blood group, 27.8% A-blood group, 11.4% AB blood group and 24.9% O blood group mothers. Severe Symptomatic COVID-19 was significantly more among AB –ve (40.0%), A –ve (14.8%) and A +ve (14.1%) blood groups.Conclusion: Blood type O, had less severe progression of the disease.