Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an age-related chronic disease, where advancing age is the primary risk factor largely due to age-related vascular dysfunction. 1 Benjamin E.J. Blaha M.J. Chiuve S.E. et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2017 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017; 135: e146-e603 Crossref PubMed Scopus (5194) Google Scholar , 2 LaRocca T.J. Martens C.R. Seals D.R. Nutrition and other lifestyle influences on arterial aging. Ageing Res Rev. 2017; 39: 106-119 Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar , 3 Lakatta E.G. Levy D. Arterial and cardiac aging: Major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises: Part I: Aging arteries: A “set up” for vascular disease. Circulation. 2003; 107: 139-146 Crossref PubMed Scopus (1507) Google Scholar During aging, several adverse structural and functional changes occur throughout the entire vascular system (ie, heart, coronary arteries, peripheral arteries, and microvasculature); however, two prominent changes to the arteries are emerging as the most clinically important due to their striking effect on age-related CVD risk: stiffening of the large elastic arteries (carotid and aorta) and vascular endothelial dysfunction (Figure 1). 2 LaRocca T.J. Martens C.R. Seals D.R. Nutrition and other lifestyle influences on arterial aging. Ageing Res Rev. 2017; 39: 106-119 Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar , 4 Seals D.R. Brunt V.E. Rossman M.J. Keynote lecture: strategies for optimal cardiovascular aging. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2018; 315: H183-H188 Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar , 5 Rossman M.J. LaRocca T.J. Martens C.R. Seals D.R. Healthy lifestyle-based approaches for successful vascular aging. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2018; 125: 1888-1900 Crossref PubMed Scopus (16) Google Scholar These arterial changes, referred to together as vascular dysfunction, vascular aging, arterial dysfunction, and/or arterial aging (referred to herein as vascular dysfunction), contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and hypertension (isolated systolic hypertension in particular), and can lead to stroke, myocardial infarction, and other adverse events including death. Mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction with aging are complex and multifactorial, but excessive oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are believed to be the major central contributors. 4 Seals D.R. Brunt V.E. Rossman M.J. Keynote lecture: strategies for optimal cardiovascular aging. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2018; 315: H183-H188 Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar , 5 Rossman M.J. LaRocca T.J. Martens C.R. Seals D.R. Healthy lifestyle-based approaches for successful vascular aging. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2018; 125: 1888-1900 Crossref PubMed Scopus (16) Google Scholar Numerous factors can accelerate these processes and therefore vascular dysfunction in aging individuals, or cause premature development in others. 6 Gimbrone Jr., M.A. Garcia-Cardena G. Endothelial cell dysfunction and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2016; 118: 620-636 Crossref PubMed Scopus (1043) Google Scholar For instance, menopause is associated with accelerated vascular dysfunction in women, 7 Moreau K.L. Hildreth K.L. Vascular aging across the menopause transition in healthy women. Adv Vasc Med. 2014; 2014 PubMed Google Scholar whereas obesity and related metabolic disorders can also induce and accelerate vascular dysfunction with aging. 3 Lakatta E.G. Levy D. Arterial and cardiac aging: Major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises: Part I: Aging arteries: A “set up” for vascular disease. Circulation. 2003; 107: 139-146 Crossref PubMed Scopus (1507) Google Scholar Certain lifestyle behaviors such as regular physical activity, healthy dietary patterns, and phytochemical-rich food consumption can help attenuate and in some cases reverse these processes and reduce age-related CVD risk. 4 Seals D.R. Brunt V.E. Rossman M.J. Keynote lecture: strategies for optimal cardiovascular aging. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2018; 315: H183-H188 Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar , 5 Rossman M.J. LaRocca T.J. Martens C.R. Seals D.R. Healthy lifestyle-based approaches for successful vascular aging. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2018; 125: 1888-1900 Crossref PubMed Scopus (16) Google Scholar