Varying Node Speed Research Articles

Efficiency Parameters for Node Indexing to Get Energy Efficient and Bandwidth Aware Path

Background: MANET is a constrained environment having limited energy, restricted bandwidth, and unstable wireless connectivity, etc. It creates a high demand to design an efficient QoS routing protocol having a multi-criteria metric to make efficient routing decisions. Aims: This work is to enhance end-to-end network throughput. To achieve our aim we optimized MBQA-OLSR, which is an enhancement of MP-OLSR. MP-OLSR is enhancement of OLSR, which is a prominent proactive routing protocol. Main advantageous concept in OLSR is selection of MPR nodes that minimize excessive transmission of control packets. Selected MPR nodes should carry enough battery to increase network life time. Packet loss is another issue on wirelesThe main aim of QoS based routing protocol EB-OLSR (Energy efficient and Bandwidth aware Optimized Link State Routing) is to achieve enhanced aggregate network throughput. Which is acquired by selecting QoS qualified efficient nodes to transmit data packets. EB-OLSR set out analogous efficient mobile nodes for routing by applying newly defined multi-criteria metric EPNI (Efficiency Parameters for Node Indexing) which estimates the node’s efficiency index on the basis of four QoS parameters that are unconsumed power, slothful period, queue length and residual bandwidth.s links, it is due to poor quality unstable links; hence link quality is another work of this paper. Method: We obtained a single node index for each mobile node through EPNI metric based on residual battery, node idle time, packet queue length and residual bandwidth. Result: EB-OLSR produced aggregate network throughput enhancement of 574 bits per second in comparison of MP-OLSR and 390.66 bits per second in comparison to MBQA-OLSR. Average End-to-End Delay for EB-OLSR is 0.41, 0.16 times less and Packet Delivery Ratio enhances 30.74%, 9.5% respectively. Conclusion: This paper evaluated network performance parameters of proposeExperimental results proved that the EB-OLSR is an energy-efficient and bandwidth aware optimized link-state routing protocol, which successfully meets the main aim of this study i.e. throughput enhancement of mobile ad-hoc network. The EPNI metric is the major strength of the work which is used to get a single-valued weighted sum of multiple criteria.d routing protocol EB-OLSR that are packet delivery ratio average end to end delay and throughput. It has been observed from simulation experiments that EB-OLSR outer perform other compared similar kind of routing protocols at different network sizes. In proposed work, EPNI metric is defined to get weighted sum of multiple criteria and it is considered to make decision for routing data packets. Single valued multiple criteria evaluation helps to simplify relationship and priority between multiple criteria and combined them in a single node index. Hence along with optimized throughput control overheads are also minimized. EB-OLSR is energy efficient and bandwidth aware optimized link state routing protocol, which successfully meet the main aim of this study i.e. throughput enhancement of mobile ad-hoc network. Aggregate throughput enhances 574 bits per second in comparison of MP-OLSR and 390.66 bits per second in comparison of MBQA-OLSR. Average End-to-End Delay for EB-OLSR is 0.41, 0.16 times less in comparison of MP-OLSR, MBQA-OLSR respectively. Packet delivery ratio enhances 30.74% in comparison of MP-OLSR and 9.5% in comparison of MBQA-OLSR. Performance analyzes at varying traffic load shows only slighter improvement. In this study, we put fixed weights to every considered metric according to general priority. In future, we will study the priorities of metrics in different network scenarios like at varying node speeds, at different mobility patterns, etc to see whether priorities of metrics changes in different scenario or not.

QoS-based routing for free space optical mobile ad hoc networks

Quality of Service - QoS provisioning during routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks has been an exigent task for researchers since long. The challenges like node mobility, route maintenance during topology changes and link characteristics become more sophisticated if the scenario requires maintaining clear Line of Sight (LOS) between the transmitter and receiver. Similar is the case of a Free Space Optical Mobile Ad Hoc network (FSO MANET), which was originally designed for military applications and Delay Tolerant Networks. Routing for successful delivery of data and efficient utilisation of network bandwidth remains a challenging issue till date in such networks. A routing protocol should take care of directional nature of transmission and LOS requirement in a transceiver pair in FSO MANET. In this work the traditional routing protocol Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector-AODV is implemented in an FSO MANET to satisfy the QoS requirement-bandwidth. The results showed an improvement in throughput if bandwidth is pre-specified as QoS parameter. The performance is evaluated by varying node speeds and varying the number of nodes in the network.

QoS-based routing for free space optical mobile ad hoc networks

Quality of Service - QoS provisioning during routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks has been an exigent task for researchers since long. The challenges like node mobility, route maintenance during topology changes and link characteristics become more sophisticated if the scenario requires maintaining clear Line of Sight (LOS) between the transmitter and receiver. Similar is the case of a Free Space Optical Mobile Ad Hoc network (FSO MANET), which was originally designed for military applications and Delay Tolerant Networks. Routing for successful delivery of data and efficient utilisation of network bandwidth remains a challenging issue till date in such networks. A routing protocol should take care of directional nature of transmission and LOS requirement in a transceiver pair in FSO MANET. In this work the traditional routing protocol Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector-AODV is implemented in an FSO MANET to satisfy the QoS requirement-bandwidth. The results showed an improvement in throughput if bandwidth is pre-specified as QoS parameter. The performance is evaluated by varying node speeds and varying the number of nodes in the network.

Implementation of modified OLSR protocol in AANETs for UDP and TCP environment

Airborne Ad-hoc Networks (AANETs) are becoming highly popular nowadays. Due to the fast movements of aircraft, there are frequent topology updates which result into a link break between two communicating aircraft. The routing overhead increases multiple times in search of a new route continuously. To deal with this issue of increased overhead, this paper presents a new routing scheme named as Airborne-OLSR (AOLSR). The proposed scheme provides more optimization of Multi-point Relay (MPR) selection criteria used in existing Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol. This decreases the amount of overhead by selecting the MPR either on the right side or the left side of the source node which depends on the location of the node to which data is to be sent. The decrease in overhead will also result into more bandwidth availability which decreases the possibility of link break. The proposed routing scheme has been compared with the existing OLSR protocol for UDP and TCP environment with varying node speed in 3-D Gauss Markov Mobility model using network simulator-3(ns-3). The simulation analysis shows that the proposed scheme is better in terms of packet delivery ratio, End-to-End delay, routing overhead and throughput as compared to OLSR. We have also compared the AOLSR with previously developed AANET specific protocols like automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast system aided geographic routing protocol(A-GR) and geographic routing protocol for aircraft ad hoc network (GRAA).

Performance of AODV and OLSR Protocols with Different Mobility Models

The Mobile and ad hoc wireless network has a set of nodes and is a low power, wireless infrastructure less, self-organized and limited distance communicating network devices. The nodes are always changing their characteristics over time results into a different network topology. So, it is very difficult to predict the mobile ad hoc network performance. In this research paper we proposed comparative analysis and estimate the performance of network amongst the mobile nodes by reducing the control overhead. Main intention of the paper is to relate and estimate the performance of different network routing protocols under diverse mobility models. The routing protocols performance metrics are examined with varying node speed and node density of network amongst different mobile nodes. NS-3 is used as a network simulator with version 3.25 (NS-3.25) to carry out the research simulation results.

Enhanced data security in MANET using trust‐based Bayesian statistical model with RSSI by AOMDV

SummaryA Mobile Ad‐hoc Network (MANET) is a form of mobile node which is known for its random movement and communication to other nodes without the need for any infrastructure. The Bayesian statistical model helps a routing protocol in MANET in getting a high mobility trusted node that relies on the outcome of the prediction. Fuzzy logic has been of immense use for trust in the calculation of RSSI value that helps finding a reliable and trusted route from source to destination. This innovative proposal that uses fuzzy logic in AOMDV is referred to as the Fuzzy trust with RSSI in Ad hoc On‐demand Multipath Distance Vector (FT‐AOMDV). It is known for its help in finding a reliable path in mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Simulation was conducted using a NS‐2 network simulator under various scenarios that include varying node speeds and varying malicious nodes for the evaluation of the efficiency of the protocols. Metrics that include delivery ratio, end‐to‐end delay, routing packet overhead, and throughput have been used in the comparison of FT‐AOMDV with AOMDV, TB‐AOMDV1, and TB‐AOMDV2.

Evaluation of Mobility Models with AODV & OLSR Protocol by Varying Node Speed in MANET

Evaluation of Mobility Models with AODV & OLSR Protocol by Varying Node Speed in MANET

Effect Of Node Mobility Onaomdv Protocol in Manet

In this paper, we have analyzed the effect of node mobility on the performance of AOMDV multipath routing protocol. This routing protocol in ad hoc network has been analyzed with random way point mobility model only. This is not sufficient to evaluate the behavior of a routing protocol. Therefore, in this paper, we have considered Random waypoint, Random Direction and Probabilistic Random Walk mobility Model for performance analysis of AOMDV protocol. The result reveals that packet delivery ratio decreases with the increasing node mobility for all mobility models. Also, average end-to-end delay is also vary with varying node speed, initially upto 20 nodes in all mobility models delay is minimum.

Robust On-Demand Multipath Routing with Dynamic Path Upgrade for Delay-Sensitive Data over Ad Hoc Networks

Node mobility in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) causes frequent route breakages and intermittent link stability. In this paper, we introduce a robust routing scheme, known as ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector with dynamic path update (AOMDV-DPU), for delay-sensitive data transmission over MANET. The proposed scheme improves the AOMDV scheme by incorporating the following features: (i) a routing metric based on the combination of minimum hops and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) for discovery of reliable routes; (ii) alocal path updatemechanism which strengthens the route, reduces the route breakage frequency, and increases the route longevity; (iii) akeep alivemechanism for secondary route maintenance which enables smooth switching between routes and reduces the route discovery frequency; (iv) apacket salvagingscheme to improve packet delivery in the event of a route breakage; and (v) low HELLO packet overhead. The simulations are carried out in ns-2 for varying node speeds, number of sources, and traffic load conditions. Our AOMDV-DPU scheme achieves significantly higher throughput, lower delay, routing overhead, and route discovery frequency and latency compared to AOMDV. For H.264 compressed video traffic, AOMDV-DPU scheme achieves 3 dB or higher PSNR gain over AOMDV at both low and high node speeds.

Performance Analysis Of Dsdv And Dsr Under Variable Node Speed In Hybrid Scenario

The mobile ad hoc networks have gained immense popularity in the current decade due their less costly and rapid deployability, inherent support for mobility and the potential to provide ad hoc connectivity to devices. Routing in mobile ad hoc network is considered as a challenging task due to the drastic and unpredictable changes in the network topology resulting from the random and frequent movement of the nodes and due to the absence of any centralized control. Routing becomes even more complex in hybrid networking scenario where the MANET is combined with the fixed network for covering wider network area with less fixed infrastructure. Although, several routing protocols have been developed and tested under various network environments, but, the simulations of such routing protocols have not taken into account the hybrid networking environments. In this work we have carried out a systematic simulation based performance study and analysis of the two prominent routing protocols: Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing (DSDV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocols in the hy-brid networking environment under varying node speed. We have analyzed the performance differentials on the basis of three metrics – packet delivery fraction, average end-to-end delay and normalized routing load using NS2 based simulation.

Evaluation of Direct and Derived Mobility Metrics of Mobility Models and Its Impact on Reactive Routing Protocols

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) routing protocols performance is perceptive to mobility and scalability of network, therefore, the objectives of the paper is to describe mobility models based on mobility matrices class and impact of these metrics on routing performance metrics in MANET. An effort for analyzing and evaluating the derived mobility metrics with direct mobility metrics are considered across mobility models i. e. Random waypoint, Reference Point Group, Manhattan, Freeway have been carried out into two parts of article. This article focuses impact analysis of mobility models on two prominent reactive routing protocols – Ad-hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) and dynamic source routing (DSR) with fixed scalability of network size with varying node speed, identical traffic load as well as mobility pattern and also extends an intuitive study to analysis the interplay between mobility patterns and protocols building blocks.

Performance of Improved Directed Diffusion Protocol for Sensor Networks under Different Mobility Models

Problem statement: In sensor networks, some routing protocols performance differs under different mobility models. In ns2, there are two kinds of directed diffusion protocols, rate based gradient mechanism (diffusion/rate) and probability based gradient mechanism (diffusion/prob). In this research, we proposed a method to improve the performance of Directed diffusion/prob protocol by adding a new interest message propagation mechanism and analyzed the protocol under different mobility models. Approach: In this study, we describe a method for increasing the performance of diffusion/prob protocol and reduce the overhead with varying node speed and under different mobility models. We carried out the work using network simulator (ns2) and observed the performance improvement. Results: The performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated in terms of power consumption, overhead and routing load with Random way point, Random point group and Manhattan mobility models. Moreover, it is been compared with the normal diffusion/prob protocol. Conclusion: We have successfully implemented the proposed diffusion/prob protocol and compared it with other diffusion protocols with different metrics. We hereby conclude that it will be suitable for mobile scenario and the performance of the protocols are varied on different mobility models.

Monte Carlo localization for mobile wireless sensor networks

Localization is crucial to many applications in wireless sensor networks. In this article, we propose a range-free anchor-based localization algorithm for mobile wireless sensor networks that builds upon the Monte Carlo localization algorithm. We concentrate on improving the localization accuracy and efficiency by making better use of the information a sensor node gathers and by drawing the necessary location samples faster. To do so, we constrain the area from which samples are drawn by building a box that covers the region where anchors’ radio ranges overlap. This box is the region of the deployment area where the sensor node is localized. Simulation results show that localization accuracy is improved by a minimum of 4% and by a maximum of 73% (average 30%), for varying node speeds when considering nodes with knowledge of at least three anchors. The coverage is also strongly affected by speed and its improvement ranges from 3% to 55% (average 22%). Finally, the processing time is reduced by 93% for a similar localization accuracy.

Ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing

We present AOMDV, an on-demand multipath distance vector protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. AOMDV is based on a prominent on-demand single path protocol called AODV. AOMDV establishes multiple loop-free and link-disjoint paths. Performance comparison of AOMDV with AODV using ns-2 simulations under varying node speeds shows that AOMDV provides a factor of two improvement in delay and about 20% reduction in routing overhead, while having similar packet delivery fraction.