Varying Impact Velocities Research Articles

Integrated Crashworthiness Analysis of Electric Vehicle Battery Shells and Chassis: A Finite Element Study with Abaqus

This paper aims to comprehend and predict the mechanical behavior of the genuine Tesla Model-S chassis and the battery module during a crash in Abaqus/Explicit. The parametric method was incorporated with varying impact velocities from 27.7, 55.5, and 100m/s and battery shell thickness from 1mm to 3mm. The asymmetry model was considered for both the chassis and battery pack. Aluminum 6061 and ASI430 SS are assigned to the chassis profile and the battery shells (cells). A Johnson-Cook (JC) plastic and damage failure model has been implemented to simulate realistic crash behavior. Displacement, energy, and force results were captured during the simulation. A battery shell thickness of 3mm showed higher resistance than a 1mm thick shell at 55.5 m/s. The numerical findings reveal the dynamic response in displacement and compression under various loading conditions for both individual profiles. Additionally, the study presents a detailed inspection of each cell module, graphically demonstrating how the individual cells respond to initial positions, crashes, and external deformation (shear) caused by collision energy. The finite element model is validated against previous experimental and numerical studies, successfully simulating crashworthiness. The present study provides significant insights that have the potential to improve the safety and efficiency of battery-operated vehicles through the design and optimization of their structures.

Study on the characteristics of granite rock impact crack based on grain-based model

The type and heterogeneity of minerals control the initiation, aggregation, and expansion of rock blasting cracks and significantly affect the rock failure process. Granite was used to investigate the law of rock cracking under impact loading at the scale of mineral particles, and a two-dimensional grain-based model (GBM) was developed using PFC based on CT) scanning and laboratory mechanical tests. The GBM’s reliability was validated using laboratory uniaxial compression tests and numerical simulations. The specimen failure modes and evolution of microcracks during rock impact were analyzed, as well as the impact cracks’ characteristics under various impact velocities. The findings show that the GBM can simulate the microfracture behavior of several types of mineral fractures during rock impact. The evolution of granite cracks under impact loading can be divided into three stages: rapid growth, decreased growth, and gradual stabilization. The impact failure cracks of the samples were primarily tensile and intragranular. Granite’s tensile and shear fractures and intergranular and intergranular cracks of granite exhibit various trends with varying impact velocities. The GBM is viable for researching the dynamics of crystalline rocks and is a powerful tool for exploring the dynamic characteristics of rocks at the mineral particle level.

Impact resistance of assembled plate-lattice auxetic structures

Auxetic materials are attracting increasing interest due to their extraordinary or even abnormal mechanical properties. Different from the traditional truss-lattice structures, this paper proposes a series of novel auxetic plate-lattice structures with an excellent auxetic effect. Utilizing a dual-materials glue-free assembly design involving hyperelastic and plastic materials, these plate-lattices exhibit numerous advantages such as disassembly, assembly, replacement, recyclability, reusability, excellent energy absorption, high specific stiffness, and impact resistance performances. Quasi-static/dynamic tests and simulations are conducted to assess mechanical properties, including elastic constants, deformation modes, and mechanical responses. Simultaneously, the effect of the principal geometric parameter, concave angle, on the structural response was analyzed with various impact velocities. Findings suggest that the concave angle influences the structural elastic constants under compressive loading. The stress–strain response exhibits a distinct dual-plateau phenomenon. Taking the A65 (concave angle is 65°) configuration as an example, the stress on the second plateau is approximately 2.7 times that of the first plateau, significantly enhancing the structure's energy absorption capability. Under dynamic impact loadings, different configurations and varying impact velocities affect the structure's energy absorption performance. This paper introduces a series of assemblable plate-lattice structures with an auxetic effect, offering design insights and guidance tailored to the convenient transportation, unconventional structures, and rapid assembly needs of lightweight, impact-resistant mechanical metamaterials.

Dynamic response of piles embedded in granular soil to lateral impacts

Soil-embedded vehicle barriers, such as W-beam guardrail systems, play a pivotal role in transportation safety, mitigating the risks associated with vehicular collisions with roadside hazards. The efficacy of these barriers greatly depends on the pile-soil system's kinetic energy dissipation capability during vehicular impacts. However, a comprehensive understanding of how soil strength, embedment depth, and impact velocity collectively govern the dynamic behavior of the pile-soil system remains a gap in current research. This study explores the dynamics of lateral impacts on piles embedded in various granular soils. The process of dynamic lateral impact and interaction between the pile and the soil was modeled using the Updated Lagrangian Finite Element Method (UL-FEM). A damage-based element erosion algorithm was incorporated into the model to accommodate severe mesh distortions and element entanglements of the soil material brought by the pile impact. Validation against well-documented large-scale physical impact tests ascertained the model's fidelity. Our findings elucidate the significant differences in resistive forces between piles in strong versus weak granular soils – notably, the former exhibited resistive forces roughly double their weaker counterparts under equivalent embedment depths and varied impact velocities. Intriguingly, a stiff pile in weak soil necessitates nearly double the embedment depth to match the energy dissipation of its strong-soil counterpart. Furthermore, the study discerned consistent depth of rotation point ranges for piles embedded in distinct soil strengths, regardless of embedment depth and impact velocity.

Experimental study on the cavity dynamics of a sphere entering flowing water

This paper delves into the dynamics of a sphere entering flowing water at varying impact velocities and flow speeds. Using a high-speed photography system and image processing, we track the cavity evolution and trajectory. Flowing water is observed to tilt the cavity and postpone its detachment from the free surface. Beyond surface sealing, we identify a flowing-induced pinch-off phenomenon during water entry, marking a transition in closure regimes. This transition establishes a threshold impacting cavity tilt angle and pull-away length. By mapping the phase diagram of flow Reynolds number (Rew) against impact Froude number (Fr), we classify partial surface seal, pinch-off, and surface seal into distinct regimes. The Fr1/3 law effectively predicts the rising trend of cavity depth (H) and pinch-off depth (Hp) in flowing water. However, the Hp/H ratio differs from that reported in existing literature.

Experimental study of the low-velocity impact behavior of open-cell aluminum foam made by the infiltration method

This study examined the behavior and energy absorption of open-cell aluminum foam under different loading conditions. The foam was made by infiltration, a low-cost method that produced a uniform pore distribution. The foam was compressed using two machines with varying impact velocities and weights. The stress–strain and energy absorption curves of the foam were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the strain rate and the impact weight affected the compressive properties and energy absorption of the foam. The strain rate up to 264 s−1 with constant mass did not affect the plateau stress, which was the constant stress in the plastic region. However, at 264 s−1, increasing the impact weight increased the plateau stress and the energy absorption of the foam, which showed that the strain rate sensitivity depended on the impact inertia. The study revealed the dynamic characteristics of open-cell aluminum foam made by infiltration and provided insights for its use in impact protection. The study also showed that infiltration was a reliable and consistent method for making open-cell aluminum foam. The study highlighted the important roles of plateau stress and hardening effect in influencing the energy absorption of the foam under dynamic loading. The study suggested that future studies should consider the impact inertia as a parameter that affects the strain rate sensitivity of the foam.

Perforation Characteristics of Three-Layer Steel Plates Subjected to Impact with Different Shapes and Velocities of Reactive Fragments

In this paper, the AUTODYN/Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method was used to study the impact of reactive fragments on three-layer equidistant steel plates. The perforation characteristics of equidistant three-layer steel plates were investigated along with the parameters of combustion energy release from reactive fragments under varied impact velocities and shape conditions. The modification of the steel plates’ perforation diameter was investigated using the dimensional analysis approach. The shock wave pressure and chemical reaction characteristics were examined using the shock wave theory. The results show that within the examined impact velocity range, the perforation diameter initially increased and then decreased as the impact velocity of the reactive fragment rose. In addition, the perforation diameter was approximately 1.5–3 times the diameter of the reactive fragment. As the impact speed increased, the active reaction generated by the reactive fragments became more sufficient. The energy released contributed to the impact’s pressure rise; in addition, the temperature of the steel plate was raised in part by the reactive fragment impact, making the steel plate more prone to melting. The results of this investigation provide important support for a detailed understanding of the rules governing the failure of steel plates under the impact of reactive fragments as well as the combustion of reactive fragments under impact.

On impact loading of Voronoi functional graded porous structure

In the realm of developing novel lightweight forms with enhanced mechanical properties, structural innovation introduces a fresh perspective, with a key focus on porous structures that must be addressed. Different from previous gradient control methods, this paper focuses on porosity (relative density) control criteria and establishes porous structures with different porosity gradients. This paper aims to evaluate the potential application of Voronoi functional graded porous structures (FGPS). The study employs Poisson-Voronoi tessellation to generate FGPS models, creating four Voronoi porous structures with diverse porosity gradients. Model verification involves comparing results with the Gibson-Ashby porous structure theory. Subsequent analyses rely on numerical modeling and finite element analysis (FEA) using Abaqus. The research explores the impact of varying impact velocities and directions as parameters for analysis. Parametric studies reveal that the most influential factor affecting the deformation behavior of Voronoi FGPS is the impact velocity. As impact velocity increases, the influence of gradient magnitude and direction becomes relatively less pronounced. Notably, the stress-strain relationship on the impact side shows greater sensitivity to impact velocity compared to the fixed end. Furthermore, the energy absorption of Voronoi FGPS demonstrates varying advantageous ranges under different operational conditions, including impact velocity and final strain levels. In summary, the size, direction, and impact velocity of the porosity gradient in Voronoi FGPS distinctly influence deformation behavior, stress-strain relationships, densification strain, plateau stress, and energy absorption at different strain levels. The future of FGPS lies in the development of advanced materials with increasingly sophisticated gradients, allowing for superior performance optimization in demanding applications, such as the lightweight and crashworthiness design of vehicles and aircrafts, biomimetic porosity designs and protective layers for civil engineering. These findings provide valuable insights for the practical design of porosity-controlled FGPS.

In-plane dynamics crushing of a reinforced honeycomb with enhanced energy absorption

Recently, an increasing interest in reinforced honeycomb structures (RHC) due to their exceptional mechanical properties and potential applications in energy absorption. This paper focuses on the theoretical and numerical study of the in-plane dynamic crushing response of RHC and the reinforced honeycomb structure with one layer of reinforcement and one layer of non-reinforcement(1 + 1RHC). The 1 + 1RHC was fabricated with a welding method. A displacement-controlled in-plane compressive load was applied to the 1 + 1RHC specimens. Three different deformation modes were monitored at varying impact velocities: low-speed, medium-speed, and high-speed modes. The deformation modes maps were developed to reveal the extent of effects by impact velocity and relative density. For 1 + 1RHC, two distinct plateau stress regions were identified at low-velocity impact loading. Additionally, the first plateau stress value of the 1 + 1RHC structure is 180.4% higher than that of structures with two platform stresses, and the second platform stress value is 71.0% higher than that of structures with two platform stresses. The 1 + 1RHC structure exhibits superior energy absorption and negative Poisson's ratio performance. The paper also discusses the impact of cell wall thickness, angle, and velocity on the crushing strength of both RHC and 1 + 1RHC. The results obtained by theoretical methods align well with that obtained from finite element simulations.

Data science assisted cohesive finite element modelling of impact behaviour of AP‐HTPB crystal binder composite

AbstractIn this work, the response of an ammonium perchlorate (AP)‐hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) composite material under impact loading is presented, utilizing computational cohesive finite element method (CFEM) simulations that are validated with drop hammer experiments. This study examined the impact behaviour of AP crystal sizes between 200 and 400 μm by varying impact velocities between 3 and 10 m/s. Based on the outcome of CFEM simulations, analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests and a response surface method (RSM) were utilized to construct a mathematical model approximating the relationships between simulation inputs and outcomes. Both computational and experimental results show that the local strain rate has a considerable positive correlation with crystal size, and the rate of temperature change has positive correlations with both crystal size and impact velocity. Further, it was observed that stiffness and compression energy are the primary factors to variances in local strain rate and rate of change of temperature. RSM has been found to be an effective tool for modelling impact responses of materials under varying experimental conditions.

Transverse impact behavior of concrete filled steel tube simply supported members stiffened with encased I-shape CFRP

Concrete-filled steel tubular simply supported members stiffened with encased I-shaped CFRP (CFSTS-CFRP members) have been developed due to their excellent mechanical performance, promoting promising applications in bridge and building structures. However, these members are susceptible to collision impacts during service, leading to serious accidents. This paper aims to investigate the structural behavior of CFSTS-CFRP members subjected to transverse impact loading, utilizing experimental, numerical, and theoretical studies. Drop hammer impact tests were conducted on three CFSTS-CFRP specimens with varying impact velocities, while a CFST specimen was used as the benchmark. The experimental results demonstrate that all CFSTS-CFRP specimens experienced bending failure. The cooperation between the I-shaped CFRP and CFST members was observed, with the mechanical properties of CFSTS-CFRP specimens being fully utilized. The working mechanism of CFSTS-CFRP members is revealed by numerical simulation results obtained from the FE models of the tested CFSTS-CFRP members, which consist of the analyses of failure mode, inertia force, sectional moment, energy absorption, etc. Furthermore, by investigating the effects of different parameters on the structural response of CFSTS-CFRP members, predicted models for dynamic flexural capacity and maximum deflection are proposed for the purpose of impact design. Additionally, the contribution of the steel tube, concrete, and I-shaped CFRP to the transverse impact resistance of CFSTS-CFRP members is clarified. This clarification provides a scientific basis for determining the respective weight coefficients in subsequent damage assessment research. The findings from the experimental, numerical, and theoretical analyses contribute to the understanding of their mechanical performance and assist in the development of more efficient design approaches.

Impact of an ice particle onto a rigid substrate: Statistical analysis of the fragment size distribution

In the present work, the distribution of fragments that result from a normal impact of a temperature-controlled ice particle onto a dry, heated and rigid wall is investigated. For the first time, both particle and wall temperature are varied systematically, extending fundamentally the understanding of their role on the fragmentation outcome. Ice particle impact is examined for varying impact velocity, particle diameter, and particle and target temperature, and the impact and fragmentation process is captured using a high-speed video system. Individual fragment volumes are estimated using an in-house Kalman-filter algorithm. A maximum-likelihood estimation for a double-truncated power-law fit of the fragment volume distribution yields a characteristic value for the power-law exponent Ψ. A statistical method based on Monte Carlo simulations is carried out to determine the optimal truncation points. An analysis of variance allows the conclusion that for the range of studied parameters, only the effect of the impact velocity on the fragment distribution exponent Ψ is significant. Accordingly, the particle diameter, its temperature and the temperature of the target have been found to be without an effect on Ψ. In addition to the quantitative analysis, the present work contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling ice crystal icing also based on phenomenological observations of the impact process.

An elastoplastic phase-field model for dynamic fracture of nickel-based super-alloys

This paper presents a elastoplastic phase-field model for predicting crack nucleation, propagation, and branching, among other things, in elastoplastic solids subjected to dynamic loading. During the entire fracture process of the nickel-based super-alloys, with the accumulation of plastic strain, to some extent the elastic response of the material is reduced and the rate of phase-field evolution is affected, this means that the elastic strength and phase-field evolution of the material will be influenced by the yield surface and the hardening function. Therefore, we construct elastic and plastic energy degradation functions to more accurately reflect the effects of mechanical fields on the damage field, which distinguish between two successive failure mechanisms: (i) elastic strain and (ii) simultaneous elastoplastic localization deformation. In a variational framework, we derive the governing equations and the corresponding weak forms. Then, damage evolution criterion combining elastoplastic and resistance energies and a plastic yielding criterion are derived. From a numerical point of view, we give model parameters’ selection criteria. Finally, the proposed model is applied to some impact scenarios with varying impact velocities or pre-existent cracks. The comparison of numerical and experimental results shows it can be easily used for identifying material gradation profiles that manipulate crack propagation.

Luminescence characteristics of white light emitting BaGa2O4:Dy3+ phosphors for LEDs and stress sensing applications

A series of single-phase white-light-emitting BaGa2O4:xDy3+(x = 0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,1) phosphors have been synthesised using solid-state reaction technique. The structural studies using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique indicate that the phosphors are single-phase and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) study reveals that the particle size is in micrometer range. The phosphors emit white light with peaks at 346 nm, 357 nm, 386 nm, and 426 nm generated by Dy3+ ion transitions (6H15/2 → 6P7/2), (6H15/2 → 6P9/2), (6H15/2 → 4F7/2+4I13/2) and (6H15/2 → 4G11/2). The colour coordinates calculated for BaGa2O4:xDy3+ (x = 0.5,0.7) phosphors are identical to the conventional white light. BaGa2O4:Dy3+ exhibits good Mechanoluminescence (ML) response at varied impact velocities for both unirradiated and gamma-irradiated samples. This characteristic is reasonably beneficial in the development of damage and pressure sensors. Thermoluminescence (TL) analysis shows a single glow curve of similar shape irrespective of increasing irradiation, and the TL parameters have been calculated.

Characterization of surface cratering and particle deformation during high speed microparticle impact events

Simple-to-use damage models are important in predicting the outcome of high speed particle impacts for high speed vehicles traveling in particle laden flows. Such models largely hinge upon experimental data from well-characterized single-impact events. In this study we developed and applied an experimental system to systematically examine surface cratering and particle deposition driven by high speed micrometer particle impacts onto Aluminum 6061-T6 substrates and Inconel 718 substrates. Monodisperse ferrous sulfate particles 1.8 and 6.2 micrometer in diameter were accelerated using a converging-diverging nozzle to achieve varying impact velocities in the range of 0.29–0.84 km s-1 as measured by laser Doppler velocimetry. Post-mortem surface characterization was carried out using a combination of atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. For the aluminum samples, we then utilize traditional non-dimensional groups to develop scaling relationships between crater size, particle size, velocity and incident angle. Measurement results are found to agree with data from previous studies at higher impact velocities, but notably with a sharper slope between dimensionless crater size and dimensionless impact energy, indicative of a non-negligible amount of particle elastic rebound influencing the outcome of the impact process. In addition, in contrast to crater formation observed on aluminum, equivalent impacts onto Inconel 718 led to no discernible crater formation and instead adhesion and deformation of the impacting particles.

Biomechanics of calcaneus impacted by talus: a dynamic finite element analysis

This paper aimed to investigate the biomechanical changes during the talus impact with the calcaneus at varying velocities. Various three-dimensional reconstruction software was utilized to construct a finite element model that consisted of the talus, calcaneus, and ligaments. The explicit dynamics method was used to explore the process of the talus impacting on the calcaneus. The velocity of impact was altered from 5 m/s to 10 m/s with a 1 m/s interval. Stress readings were collected from the posterior, intermediate, and anterior subtalar articular (PSA, ISA, ASA), calcaneocubic articular (CA), Gissane Angle (GA), calcaneal base (BC), medial wall (MW), and lateral wall (LW) of the calcaneus. The changes in the amount and distribution of stress in the different regions of the calcaneus that varied with velocity were analysed. The model was validated through comparison with findings from the existing literature. During the process of impact between the talus and calcaneus, the stress in the PSA reached its peak first. Notably, stress was concentrated mainly in the PSA, ASA, MW, and LW of the calcaneus. At varying impact velocities of the talus, the mean maximum stress of the PSA, LW, CA, BA, and MW exhibited statistically significant differences (P values were 0.024, 0.004, <0.001, <0.001, and 0.001, respectively). However, the mean maximum stress of the ISA, ASA, and GA was not statistically significant (P values were 0.289, 0.213, and 0.087, respectively). In comparison with the velocity at 5 m/s, the mean maximum stress increases in each region of the calcaneus at a velocity of 10 m/s were as follows: PSA 73.81%, ISA 7.11%, ASA 63.57%, GA 89.10%, LW 140.16%, CA 140.58%, BC 137.67%, MW 135.99%. The regions of stress concentration were altered, and the magnitude and sequence of peak stress in the calcaneus also varied according to the velocity of the talus during impact. In conclusion, the velocity of the talus during impact had a significant influence on the magnitude and distribution of stress within the calcaneus, which was a crucial factor in the development of calcaneal fractures. It was possible that the magnitude and sequence of stress peaks played a vital role in determining the emergence of fracture patterns.

Impact resistance of single-cell and multi-cell sandwich aluminum plates filled with aluminum foam

The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact resistance and energy dissipation capacity of a new type of multi-cell sandwich aluminum alloy plate filled with aluminum foam, in comparison to the single-cell structure. To achieve this goal, 30 sandwich aluminum alloy plates were tested using a drop hammer test machine, varying impact velocity, wall thickness, and the number of internal diaphragms. The results were analyzed and finite element analysis was conducted to explore the energy dissipation mechanisms and the effect of aluminum foam on multi-cell plates. The findings revealed three failure modes and three stages of the impact force time history curve. Multi-cell plate exhibited showed much better specific energy absorption compared with the single-cell plate. Taking an example displacement of 22.5 mm, which differentiates the specific energy absorption the most between the two types of structures, the multi-cell plate exhibited an average increase of 332% in specific energy absorption compared to the single-cell plate. The numerical simulations were consistent with experimental results and highlighted the contribution of different components to energy dissipation in both structures.

Experimental Investigation of Slurry Erosion Wear Analysis of Epoxy Resin Reinforced with Aramid Woven Fabric with Taguchi Experimental Design

Abstract: Fibre reinforced polymer composites as hybrid composites are commonly used for certain applications in which erosion wear and fracture are serious issues. These composites have engineering/structural applications in which they are subjected to sand slurries and dusty environment. Composites with different fibre loading are used to evaluate steady state erosion behavior for different operating conditions on slurry jet erosion testing machine. In this chapter Slurry jet erosion test rig is used for experimental investigation of steady state erosion rate of aramid composite samples as per ASTM standards. Steady state erosion test is conducted by defining certain control factors and fixed parameters. Test is conducted in two cases. In first case by varying impact angle and keeping impact velocity and discharge rate constant and in second case by varying impact velocity and keeping impact angle and discharge rate constant. Steady state erosion rate is calculated for both the cases. The Taguchi experimental design (orthogonal array) is used to optimize the design parameters and used to analyse the effect of control factors on output parameters, which reduces overall testing time and cost. To understand the effect of control factors and their iterations ANOVA (analysis of variance) is used. Results of steady state erosion rate and Taguchi experimental design are analysed to selection best suitable material for turbine blade application based on minimum erosion rate

Ballistic response of sandwich shell panels: A comparative study

The present work was carried out to explore the impact response of hemispherical (HSS), cylindrical (CSS) and flat sandwich structures (FSS) subjected to high-velocity impact through experimental and numerical simulations. All three-sandwich structures comprised of Al 1100-H12 face skins and Al -3003 H12 honeycomb core. For the direct comparison, the radius and thickness of all three-sandwich structures were kept identical. The high velocity impact tests were performed by using a pneumatic air gun. The hemispherical and conical shape projectiles were impacted typically at the centre (axis) of the sandwich structures with varying impact velocity. The finite element simulations were carried out through commercially available software Abaqus/explicit. The numerically obtained test results were validated through the experimental results to check the accuracy of the modelling. The response of all three structures was examined by comparing their ballistic resistance, failure mechanics and energy absorption characteristics. In addition, the parametric study was conducted numerically by changing the face skin thickness, cell length and cell wall thickness to find out their influence on the impact response of all three structures. The results revealed that the hemispherical structures showed higher impact resistance in terms of higher ballistic limit velocity and energy absorption. The ballistic limit of the HSS structure was 14.6% and 36.5% higher than the CSS and FSS structure respectively against hemispherical nosed projectile whereas the corresponding value against conical projectile was 9.9% and 20.6% respectively.

Axial Deformation of Shells at Higher Strain Rates using Buckling Initiators

Deformation mode of cylindrical shells and their peak load reduction is of prime importance in impact damage mechanics. In this study, numerical investigation is carried out for triggering mechanism induced in the thin-walled axially compressed short stubby shells, considering the damage occurred in vehicle crash or in any other protective equipment. The shells are studied for their initial buckling response under varying impact velocities for two different triggering configurations. Explicit simulation is carried out using ABAQUS/Explicit® to study the initial buckling of the shells by modelling Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) test setup. Initially, numerical scheme is validated using previously available study. Present analysis is carried out using diamond shaped triggering notches and these are configured in such a way that the shell will deform in particular buckling mode, under the impact of three different velocities i.e. 9 m/s, 20 m/s and 40 m/s. Effect of these notches and their pattern of arrangement on reduction in peak load and energy absorption characteristics are studied. Moreover, comparison is made between commonly used circular hole and diamond notch type cut-outs, in order to study the effect of above said parameters along with the energy absorbed, energy efficiency and specific energy absorption for the shells considered herein. By numerically impacting the shells in SHPB, it is observed that peak load reduction is higher in diamond notched shells as compared to circular hole shells. This was due to the geometry and size of the cut-outs considered in this study. Parameters like peak collapse load, energy absorbed, energy efficiency along with stress concentration around the notch are also observed and studied in this work in order to observe and compare the two shapes of cut-outs.