Various Types Of Threats Research Articles

SELECTED TASKS OF THE PROVINCIAL COMMANDER OF THE STATE FIRE SERVICE IN TERMS OF ENSURING SAFETY DURING MASS SPORTS EVENTS IN POLAND

This article discusses the rights and obligations of the provincial commander of the State Fire Service, who has been equipped with the tasks of this entity in the field of safety of mass sports events. In accordance with the regulations of the Act of March 20, 2009, on the safety of mass events adopted by the legislator, the provincial commander of the State Fire Service plays a key role, among others, in assessing the safety status of the facility or area where a mass sports event is to be held. The commander also undertakes a number of direct activities aimed at preventing the occurrence of various types of threats during the events in question.

A Generalized Two-Level Ensemble Method for Spam Mail Detection

Email is the most cost-effective way to communicate with people across the world. It offers a simple and convenient way to send and receive messages. However, it is susceptible to various types of threats. The most significant risk to emailers is spam, which refers to unsolicited emails that are often sent in large numbers to multiple recipients. Malicious spam includes links to phishing websites. These links not only pose a threat to our system, but also make our personal information accessible to hackers. Spammers often create fake profiles and email accounts making it easier for them to deceive unsuspecting victims. In this paper, the content of the email is used to detect spam which provides more information than a URL. It has been found that several techniques have been proposed to efficiently identify spam emails but current email spam detection methods have not yet achieved high accuracy. It is necessary to improve their performance in spam detection, a generalized two-level ensemble technique is explored irrespective of the type of spam datasets. The proposed two-level ensemble algorithm compares with various machine learning techniques such as SVM, Regression, and kNN, along with their variants, Finally, a K-fold and voting algorithms are applied to make the final prediction.

An inter-ethnic interpretation of tourism conflicts and collaboration

Inter-ethnic conflicts are commonplace worldwide, but current tourism conflict theories seldom examine disputes within a host community of diverse ethnicities. Using concepts from inter-group threat theory (ITT), contact hypothesis in social psychology and power theories, a conceptual schema for comprehending the dynamics of inter-ethnic conflicts and collaboration in tourism destinations is proposed. An ethnographic case study then follows the discussion in Malaysia's Taman Negara National Park, where I make use of the conceptual schema to analyze how the three local ethnic groups (Malays, Malaysian Chinese, and Orangasli Batek) were negotiating various types of threats, as well as the ‘conditions’ leading to inter-group conflicts. Further supported by Barth's ethnic boundary theory, the evolution of ethnic boundaries and collaborative mechanisms in a three-group situation is also evaluated. The conceptual schema and findings from Malaysia have important implications for researchers and management advice for practitioners dealing with multi-ethnic host communities in destinations worldwide.

ЗАХИСТ ПРАВ СПОЖИВАЧІВ У ЕЛЕКТРОННИХ КОМЕРЦІЙНИХ ОПЕРАЦІЯХ: ПРАВОВІ ЗАСАДИ ТА МЕХАНІЗМИ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ В УКРАЇНІ

The relevance of the article is due to the fact that in modern conditions, consumers face various types of threats when buying or receiving services via the Internet. In such difficult conditions, the state must ensure the rights of consumers. The purpose of the study is to determine the mechanisms that the state should implement or has implemented to protect consumer rights in the field of electronic commerce in Ukraine. The article analyzes the legal field regulating the protection of consumer rights in the field of electronic commerce, describes and analyzes the mechanisms used by the state to protect consumer rights. Emphasizing that the study of consumer protection mechanisms is very important for improving the quality of life and increasing security in the field of e-commerce. The results of scientific research confirm that the state needs legislative norms regarding the provision of services and the introduction of remote work in the field of electronic commerce, namely: , it is necessary to establish the right to refuse the signing of an electronic contract by the consumer and to reimburse the costs associated with the consumption of low-quality goods or services received through online shopping; legal regulations on returning goods that do not ensure quality, correct description of goods and services presented on the seller's website, etc. Scientific research is of practical importance to law enforcement agencies, as it allows a better understanding of the measures that must be taken to ensure the protection of consumer rights in the field of electronic commerce. Keywords: e-commerce, protection of consumer rights, Internet store, Internet trade, business entity.

Особливості функціювання української мови в Україні на початку ХХІ ст.

The article is based on the starting point that state language is one of the main factors that ensure normal existence and functioning of any country. Therefore, adequate awareness of the various types of threats that impede the full functioning of Ukrainian is of particular relevance. Among such threats, various interferences pose a particular danger. The article contains a comparative analysis of such interferences and some negative consequences that they cause. The specificity of linguistic situation in Ukraine consists in the simultaneous coexistence of Ukrainian, Russian and other different minority languages. The minority languages have a local influence, limited by the area of their distribution. Meanwhile, Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism is widespread throughout Ukraine. The dominant position in this interaction used to belong to Russian. This factor leads to numerous types of deviations in the Ukrainian speech. One of the major types of such deviations is the so-called Ukrainian-Russian surzhyk, which especially spread throughout the eastern and southeastern Ukraine where the increased influence of Russian continued for almost 350 years. Meanwhile, the western part of Ukraine was under the influence of Russian for no more than 50 years. Such a short period could not have negatively affected the state of the Ukrainian language, which remains the first language for the vast majority of the population in this area. In recent years, significant changes in the vocabulary of Ukrainian appeared as a result of total globalization which led to the emergence of numerous borrowings from English. A significant part of the latter are designations of the special terms and new realities that were previously absent in everyday life. Meanwhile, there are a lot of cases when speakers prefer to use the anglicized hybrid forms instead of their adequate Ukrainian equivalents. Such phenomena cannot be assessed positively and require prescriptive measures to be taken by authorized and competent educational and government bodies.

ФИНАНСОВЫЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ: ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ УЧЕТНОЙ И АНАЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ПОДДЕРЖКИ

When forming the financial results of organizations, an important aspect is to maintain economic security at a sufficiently high level. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to conduct permanent analysis and forecasting of various types of threats, both external and internal, as well as various risks. It should be added that the provision of accounting and analytical support comes to the fore, since it allows you to increase control and show the actual level of achievement of planned results. If the desired result is obtained, the company notes an increase in profits. The resulting profit, in turn, allows you to replenish the financial resources of the organization and create the basis for expanding production (service provision) capabilities, as well as meet the financial and social needs of staff and management. It should be noted that profit is a kind of indicator that allows you to assess the cost recovery, return on capital, sales level, etc. This paper reveals the various points of view of Russian scientists on the definition of "financial result", examines the factors and conditions that influence it. The emphasis is placed on the fact that an important aspect of increasing the effectiveness of stability in the field of national economy and the growth of sustainability is the application and subsequent modernization of the accounting and analytical support system. The author's classification of threats to the economic security of an enterprise is given, based on the study of the works of economists conducting research in this field. The connection of accounting and financial reporting with the economic security of the enterprise is established. At the end of the study, it is concluded that the way the accounting and analytical system is organized affects the economic security of individual enterprises and institutions, and the social and economic spheres of the state, and hence the economy in the world. In this regard, accounting policy plays a significant role in shaping the financial results of organizations, therefore it is necessary to permanently analyze its impact and, if necessary, make adjustments.

Ideas about the future in the collective consciousness of Russians

The article discusses the interpretation of the image of the future in the views of Russians. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of the formation of the image of the future in conditions of political instability. It is shown that citizens' ideas about the future of their loved ones and the state are influenced by current social problems and contradictions. However, we are not talking about the mechanical transfer of actual experiences of respondents to an idealized future. The factors determining the complex and multi-stage process of constructing the image of the future in the public consciousness are revealed. It is shown that trust in political institutions and state power is one of the main factors in the process of forming a relatively consistent and positive image of the future. The reasons for the weak reaction of society to various types of threats, including corruption and social inequality, are analyzed. Ideological concepts and the stereotypes that have manifested themselves in recent years in the minds of Russian citizens. The role of mass media in the construction of collective ideas about threats to the existence of the state in the medium term is noted. The evolution of conservative political attitudes in the mass consciousness under the influence of the official political narrative is traced. The fact of the growth of anxiety and alarmist ideas about the near future in various social groups is noted, as a psychological reaction of individuals to incomplete information about the ongoing political changes in society. At the same time, there is an obvious trend towards preserving democratic institutions and values that modern Russian society is not going to abandon. The article is descriptive and abstract in nature. The method of secondary analysis is applied. The conclusions are based on the publications of the Institute of Socio-Political Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1992-2022 , and according to the data of the All-Russian monitoring "How are you living, Russia?" (1992-2022), a comprehensive sociological study "Forecasts and alternatives for the development of Russia through the eyes of Russians" (2021). On the basis of the conducted research, criteria are identified that ensure the reproduction of stereotypical ideas about the future in the analyzed social groups. The study of the features of the formation of the image of the future can be useful for making political decisions aimed at the development of the state-political system, the improvement of civil society and the consolidation of modern Russian society based on the adoption of national values and ideals. The factors hindering the construction of a holistic image of the future in present-day Russia are considered. The relevance of the studied topic is explained by the fact that the analysis of the structural features of the formation and functioning of collective ideas about the future of the state contributes to the understanding of complex socio-psychological processes.

지능정보 시대의 사이버 테러 대응 전략과 과제

In the era of intelligent information, the technological development of the 4th industrial revolution is transforming all functions of the state, such as administration, economy, and industry, into cyberspace, which increases cyber threats such as hacking and crime in virtual space as well as positive functions. In recent years, cyber terrorism has been increasing in various types of threats, such as industrial property theft, system paralysis, cyber warfare, and virtual currency theft, due to the expansion of the attack surface due to the expansion of the digital domain. The forms of attack are becoming more sophisticated. Now, the response to cyber terrorism should not be limited to the technological domain of information and communication, such as vaccine and defense program development, recovery system construction, and cyber forensic have to build Under this recognition, this paper aims to respond to cyber terrorism with strategies and tasks. First, unification of cyber terrorism response system and strengthening information sharing among response organizations through the enactment of the 'Framework Act on Cyber terrorism' in terms of laws and institutions. Second, cyber security experts Third, raising cyber security awareness and strengthening practice Fourth, establishing a cyber security inspection system and backup system Fifth, suggesting an AI-dedicated department and enactment of AI-related laws to actively respond to new vulnerable factors caused by the development of artificial intelligence technology.

Sensitive Research: a Trial of Retrospective Analysis and Conceptualizations

The article is devoted to understanding the problem of sensitivity in survey research. A retrospective analysis of the formation and development of the field of scientific knowledge, which in western sociology in the 1990’s was refereed to as “sensitive research”, is presented. A brief historical outline of the study of sensitive issues is given with an emphasis on the most prominent schools in world sociology and the most renowned authors who have made a significant contribution to the study of this topic (representatives of the Chicago School, A. Kinsey, S. Warner, G.S. Becker, R. Lee, C. Renzetti, R. Tourangeau, T. Yang and others). The early and modern conceptualizations of sensitivity are critically analyzed, the weaknesses and shortcomings of both expansive (J. Sieber and B. Stanley) and restrictive (N. Farberow) interpretations of this concept are shown. A multifactorial approach developed by R. Lee and K. Renzetti is considered as an alternative, one that takes into account various types of threats that determine the sensitive nature of the questions asked and the answers received. The social nature of sensitivity is discussed. It is shown how the socio-cultural context and the specifics of respondents’ perception of questions influence the results of survey studies. The main consequences of using sensitive issues in sociological research are also analyzed. At the same time, there are three most dangerous effects that have a detrimental effect on the quality of empirical data: weakening cooperation on behalf of respondents, the increase in the number of missing questions (non-answers) and the emergence of socially desirable (insincere) answers. The factors causing these effects are identified, and methods are proposed to help neutralize them. Conclusions are drawn about the socio-cultural conditionality of question sensitivity, its contextual and situational nature.

Blockchain and Deep Learning for Secure Communication in Digital Twin Empowered Industrial IoT Network

The rapid expansion of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) necessitates the digitization of industrial processes in order to increase network efficiency. The integration of Digital Twin (DT) with IIoT digitizes physical objects into virtual representations to improve data analytics performance. Nevertheless, DT empowered IIoT generates a massive amount of data that is mostly sent to the cloud or edge servers for real-time analysis. However, unreliable public communication channels and lack of trust among participating entities causes various types of threats and attacks on the ongoing communication. Motivated from the aforementioned discussion, we present a blockchain and Deep Learning (DL) integrated framework for delivering decentralized data processing and learning in IIoT network. The framework first present a new DT model that facilitates construction of a virtual environment to simulate and replicate security-critical processes of IIoT. Second, we propose a blockchain-based data transmission scheme that uses smart contracts to ensure integrity and authenticity of data. Finally, the DL scheme is designed to apply the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) against valid data retrieved from blockchain. In DL scheme, a Long Short Term Memory-Sparse AutoEncoder (LSTMSAE) technique is proposed to learn the spatial-temporal representation. The extracted characteristics are further used by the proposed Multi-Head Self-Attention (MHSA)-based Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) algorithm to learn long-distance features and accurately detect attacks. The practical implementation of our proposed framework proves considerable enhancement of communication security and data privacy in DT empowered IIoT network.

Implementation of Machine Learning and Deep Learning for Securing the Devices in IOT Systems

Objectives: To fix the security issues of devices in internet of things (IOT) systems that arise when Machine learning (ML) and Deep Learning algorithm (DLA) are implemented in the IOT systems. Methods: Each packet of IoT threats has been filtered by using suitable attack model for primary attack detection. In deep learning, network traffic field’s information is extracted from of packet and is used as the training features. Attack is proposed to be detected by the use of database-based features of attack. If attack is found then packet will be discarded along with update feedback to filtering stage for primary attack detection. Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) dataset is used in this study. Different types of Mirai attack are considered for classification. The performance of the proposed method has been compared in terms of accuracy and execution time with earlier work using traditional ML-DL methods. Findings: The proposed technique is seen to achieve high accuracy level at the least computational time, concurrently with much higher recall and G-mean values Several algorithms are used to secure the IOT devices from various types of threats and a comparison is depicted with their accuracy and execution time. Results show that the proposed methodology using Convolution neural network (CNN) for classification, can achieve the accuracy ~0.9976 with execution time1.30 sec and G-mean 0.7865 only. Novelty: The proposed method is essentially a judiciously configured ML- DL technique which is novel and exhibits better performance in terms of mitigating IoT threats. Keywords: IOT devices and threats; Machine Learning; Deep Learning; KDD; Security and privacy

A METHOD FOR SYNTHESIZING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE TOOLS TO ENSURE THE STABILITY OF A CORPORATE COMPUTER NETWORK

The paper represents a method for ensuring the resilience of a corporate computer network under the influence of various types of threats. This article will provide an overview of the aspects of resilience and existing approaches to ensuring resilient routing. This article is the result of many studies and experiments, and evaluating the final result, it can be noted that this method can successfully reflect the possible importance of a node when it comes to epidemic dynamics for various network models to ensure network resilience. A possible way to solve the problem was to use the theory of linear stationary systems and the phenomenon of propagation in networks as the basis of the method. Complex interdependencies between their elements characterize various systems. The method of synthesizing hardware and software means of ensuring the stability of a corporate computer network consists of such steps as representing networks as a linear stationary system, modelling the stability of a computer network in the context of epidemics by using virtual network expansion, studying the stability of a computer network in the context of uncertain data transmission and virtual network expansion, processing input data received from the modelled computer network, etc. To solve the problem, the method involves the theory of linear stationary systems and the use of the NiR metric, which can successfully reflect the possible importance of a node when it comes to the dynamics of an epidemic for various network models to ensure network resilience. The method is tested by simulations, the results of which show a high correlation with the actual propagation dynamics modeled by SI and SIR processes. NiR also shows a small variance, which means it is reliable for different computer network topologies. The method also involves finding the most critical nodes in a computer network, for which a cascading failure model was used, which models overloaded nodes as non-functional.

The complexity of ensuring safety in inland waterway transport

Legal analysis of inland waterway transport security and transport safety is of theoretical and practical importance. The following issues are relevant: uniform interpretation of the terms used in the Russian legislation what concerns ensuring security, in general, and transport industry, in particular; systematizing multiple entities aimed at providing and participating in the protection and defence of river transport facilities and infrastructure; improving preventive mechanism of protection from unlawful interference acts. The growth of accident rate entails the need to refine the current administrative law mechanism. The research goal is an attempt to work out proposals aimed at improving protection effectiveness of river traffic of passengers and hazardous goods. The objectives of the research are to conduct a legal analysis of the legal framework designed to ensure the safety of inland waterways and transport safety on inland water transport; to systematize a variety of definitions used while regulating safety issues. Based on the analysis, the author singled out the following types of inland waterway transport security: navigation security, and security of inland waterways and their infrastructure. The fact there are no legal norms regulating transport security in the Inland Water Transport Code of the Russian Federation testifies to the lack of both comprehensive security and the stipulated legal mechanism that can be used to protect this type of transport from various types of threats, including acts of unlawful interference. In order to boost the security of vessels and river ports, the author suggests to add the transport security passport of a ship to the documented system of measures used to manage ship security; to review the mandatory requirements established to ensure the safety and transport security of vessels in order for such demands not to overlap and not to impose unreasonable burden on business entities; to compare control and supervision activities on inland water transport by objects of protection in terms of navigable hydraulic structures.

IDENTIFICATION OF CYBERSECURITY RISKS AND THREATS TO ENSURE THE INTEGRITY OF THE FINANCIAL SECTOR

The article discusses possible threats and risks for the country's financial institutions associated with information leakage. Various measures are proposed to reduce and neutralize such risks and increase the awareness of employees in the basics of cybersecurity. The article also offers various tools, such as protective IT systems, to reduce these types of risks and threats. Since every year potential threats increase, it is necessary to ensure the security of financial institutions. For the functioning of the company, these risks are the probability of the worst scenario, and the threat is everything that can negatively affect the scenario from the outside. These risks negatively impact the company's ability to operate properly and generate financial returns. In some cases, risks can even lead to the bankruptcy of the company. Therefore, identifying these risks allows companies to prepare their organizational structures for various types of threats and minimize the impact of adverse events. It is a standard procedure and a key element of business planning. In addition, the article describes the most commonly used cyber attacks; company security methods; conducted a financial analysis of cybersecurity in general. TRANSLATE with x English Arabic Hebrew Polish Bulgarian Hindi Portuguese Catalan Hmong Daw Romanian Chinese Simplified Hungarian Russian Chinese Traditional Indonesian Slovak Czech Italian Slovenian Danish Japanese Spanish Dutch Klingon Swedish English Korean Thai Estonian Latvian Turkish Finnish Lithuanian Ukrainian French Malay Urdu German Maltese Vietnamese Greek Norwegian Welsh Haitian Creole Persian   //   TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW Back EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster Portal Back //     Язык этой страницы: Английский   Перевести на Русский         Азербайджанский Албанский Амхарский Английский Арабский Армянский Африкаанс Бенгальский Бирманский Болгарский Валлийский Венгерский Вьетнамский Греческий Гуджарати Датский Иврит Индонезийский Исландский Испанский Итальянский Казахский Каннада Каталанский Китайский (традиционный) Китайский (упрощенный) Корейский Креольский (гаити) Курманджи Кхмерский Лаосский Латышский Литовский Малагасийский Малайский Малаялам Мальтийский Маори Маратхи Немецкий Непальский Нидерландский Норвежский Панджаби Персидский Польский Португальский Пушту Румынский Русский Самоанский Словацкий Словенский Тайский Тамильский Телугу Турецкий Украинский Урду Финский Французский Хинди Хорватский Чешский Шведский Эстонский Японский   Всегда переводить Английский на РусскийPRO Никогда не переводить Английский Никогда не переводить jpcsip.kaznu.kz

The Principle of Organization of Motivational Behavior and Automatic Goal Setting of Autonomous Intelligent Mobile Systems

The expediency of organizing the motivational behavior of autonomous intelligent mobile systems focused on solving various complex problems in unstable a priori undescribed problematic environments is substantiated. That need is due to the fact that this type of goal-seeking behavior allows intelligent systems of various purposes to ensure safe and efficient activity in unstable operating conditions. A model of knowledge representation of autonomous intelligent mobile systems is proposed without regard to a specific subject area and built on the basis of active fuzzy semantic networks. In such networks, vertices are labeled with slots that have many characteristics, which enables in the process of goal-seeking activity to label active vertices with objects and events occurring in the problematic environment that meet their requirements. Edges in such networks are labeled with generalized fuzzy values of corresponding conditions that must be met in a problematic environment between an autonomous intelligent mobile system, various objects, and occurring events. This model of a formalized description of various situations and subsituations of the problematic environment allows intelligent systems to adapt to a priori undescribed operating conditions and, on this basis, automatically plan goal-seeking activities under conditions of uncertainty. To control the motivational behavior and self-organization of autonomous intelligent mobile systems, tools have been developed intended to identify threats to productive activities that arise in a problematic environment. A generalized production-based model of knowledge representation has been built without regard to a specific subject area, which allows intelligent systems to quickly respond to various types of security threats that arise in a problematic environment and maintain operability in the process of performing complex tasks. In conclusion, one of the effective ways of further development of the proposed principle of organizing the safe and efficient operation of autonomous intelligent mobile systems is outlined, which is related to the management of their collective activities in the process of performing a complex task with changes occurring spontaneously in a problem environment, accompanied by the emergence of various types of threats in it that prevent their effective operation.

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The article analyzes the content of the main measures to modernize the engineering and technical equipment of the border of Ukraine. The purpose of the article was to determine the features of the strategic planning of the engineering and technical equipment of the state border of Ukraine based on the analysis of regulatory and legal documents. A detailed analysis of the Integrated Border Management Strategy and the correspondingly adopted Action Plan, containing three stages with the specification of relevant measures, was carried out. When determining the spectrum of requirements for separate technical equipment of the border, the following essential factors of their operation conditions and the situation in the area of responsibility of the border protection unit should be taken into account. It should be noted that according to forecasts of the future development of the situation in the border area, there is a high probability of the existence of a general trend of real and potential threats from Russia. In general, the border agency as a component of the Security Forces of Ukraine counters threats of a military and terrorist nature in cooperation with other military and law enforcement formations of the security and defense sector. It can be argued that a state-wide system of border protection has been formed in Ukraine, which belongs to the system of ensuring Ukrainian national security. Factors in the development of the system of protection and protection of the Ukrainian state border as an integral component of the national security system are various types of threats that exist in the border area. The main threats to modern Ukraine are the war of the Russian Federation against the Ukrainian state, as a result of which part of the territory of Ukraine was occupied, manifestations of terrorism appeared, and the smuggling of weapons, ammunition and means of terror increased. The presented article presents the main measures of strategic planning of the engineering and technical arrangement of the Ukrainian border thanks to the implementation of the monitoring system of the border area. Conclusions and promising directions of scientific research are formulated.

Анализ уязвимости и живучести группы летательных аппаратов при воздействии внешних факторов

The base specificity of controlling a group of small-sized aircraft and the use of an intellectual control system for making an effective decision when performance the chosen target are proposed. The possibilities of scenario analysis and a system approach for modeling the control system оf an aircraft group under the influence of external factors are considered. A conceptual model is proposed for conducting a scenario analysis of vulnerability and survivability of an aircraft group in prediction and planning object control tasks. Scenario characteristics are considered and justified, an analysis of various types of threats from the influence of external factors is proposed.

Federated Learning Based Privacy Ensured Sensor Communication in IoT Networks: A Taxonomy, Threats and Attacks

Our daily lives are significantly impacted by intelligent Internet of Things (IoT) application, services, IoT gadgets, and more intelligent industries. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is anticipated to have a substantial impact on training machine learning algorithms on IoT devices without sharing data. As data privacy has become a serious societal concern, Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a hot research area for enabling the collaborative training of machine learning models across many smart IoT devices while adhering to privacy constraints. Although, FL is utilized for preserving privacy in IoT networks, but it is also facing some challenges such as privacy, effectiveness, and efficiency. In this article, a taxonomy of FL-based IoT systems is proposed and an analysis of related works on FL-based IoT systems is presented. Further, a comprehensive study of various types of threats, attacks, and frameworks is done. In addition to this, a taxonomy on privacy-preserving FL techniques for IoT networks is also devised. Finally, the study is concluded by highlighting the various open research challenges in FL-based IoT networks.

A Survey on Cyber Situation-awareness Systems: Framework, Techniques, and Insights

Cyberspace is full of uncertainty in terms of advanced and sophisticated cyber threats that are equipped with novel approaches to learn the system and propagate themselves, such as AI-powered threats. To debilitate these types of threats, a modern and intelligent Cyber Situation Awareness (SA) system needs to be developed that has the ability of monitoring and capturing various types of threats, analyzing, and devising a plan to avoid further attacks. This article provides a comprehensive study on the current state-of-the-art in the cyber SA to discuss the following aspects of SA: key design principles, framework, classifications, data collection, analysis of the techniques, and evaluation methods. Last, we highlight misconceptions, insights, and limitations of this study and suggest some future work directions to address the limitations.

Module for expected losses assessing in the information security risk management system of a construction company

The article examines the problem of the expected losses effective assessment in a construction company upon materialization of information security threats. One of the ways to partially solve this problem is proposed. It is suggested to improve the capabilities of the respective module of the risk management system, which provides the user with a human-machine toolkit for expert assessment of expected losses. This toolkit consists of several stages. The toolkit considers the most effective evaluation scenario given the existing situational decision-making conditions. In order to ensure the operation of the module, the informational and logical connections between the evaluation stages are also defined and the apparatus for the formation of various evaluation scenarios is designed. In addition, to increase the accuracy of the results and increase the flexibility of the proposed algorithm, the possibility of selecting the evaluation scenario by the user with the appropriate role is provided. Since the paper considers the problem of multi-criteria evaluation, the hierarchy of criteria is formalized, and the weight of their influence on the calculation results is also taken into account. When building a logical-mathematical apparatus, the possibility of realizing various types of threats to various information assets (IA) of the enterprise is also considered. The assessment of the consequences of information security threats can be carried out at different levels: general and distributed, taking into account various indicators such as violations of confidentiality, integrity and availability of information. The methods of direct expert evaluation, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), Delphi, linear convolution of criteria, probabilistic modeling are used in the development of the logico-mathematical apparatus. A qualitative-quantitative scale is used to formalize expert judgments. The necessary roles of experts for effective evaluation have been defined. Summarization of experts' assessments is carried out with control of the adequacy of the degree of logic and dispersion of the opinions of each expert, in accordance with the established requirements for the degree of agreement of the opinions of a group of experts. Competence of the experts is also taken into account during assessment.