Various Types Of Power Plants Research Articles

Comparative Assessment of the Prospects for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

Today, road transport is one of the main environmental pollutants. It accounts for more than half of all emissions. In this regard, the issue of developing measures to reduce the impact of cars on the environment is gaining relevance. There are various approaches to solve this issue, but the most promising direction is the use of electric vehicles. It should be noted that we cannot talk about their absolute environmental friendliness, since there is still an indirect impact on the environment.The paper examines the prospects for the use and disadvantages of two types of electric vehicles powered, respectively, by battery or hydrogen fuel cells. Currently, production of battery electric vehicles is a more popular direction, which is largely due to development of technologies in the field of battery production. At the same time, one should not completely exclude other areas, such as hydrogenfuelled vehicles. Such vehicles are distinguished by good environmental friendliness, which is determined by the nature of the combustion product and the possibility of obtaining this type of resource. However, the use of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines is not relevant. Development of a car with an electrochemical generator is more promising. Today, a fairly large number of the world’s leading car manufacturing companies are advancing in this direction.The electric vehicles considered in the work have similar emissions of harmful substances, which, under equal conditions, approach zero. However, both types of vehicles leave a carbon footprint, the bulk of which comes from electricity generation and hydrogen production. The study carried out a comparative assessment of the quality characteristics, carbon footprint and operating costs of electric vehicles with various types of power plants under Russian operating conditions. Based on the comparison, the main advantages, and disadvantages of those types of electric vehicles have been identified. Actions are proposed to increase the environmental friendliness of electric vehicles and solve problems that complicate their operation.

Multi-Objective Optimal Power Flow Calculation Considering Carbon Emission Intensity

In keeping with China’s dual carbon goals, optimal low-carbon power system dispatch has become a necessary component of the greening of the power system. However, typically, research considers only the economics of such efforts. Based on our power flow analysis of the power grid and the correlation properties of carbon emission flow, an optimal power flow calculation model targeting the total carbon emission rate of the power system’s power generation cost, active network loss, and load and network loss was constructed. Next, the NSGA-III algorithm was used to solve the model, and the decision was to coordinate and optimize the output schemes of various types of power plants, such as wind, water, and thermal. The modified IEEE39 node simulation system was built with Matlab software (MATLAB R2020b). The results of the calculation showed that, compared to the traditional method of determining the optimal power flow, the proposed method reduced the system carbon emissions by 20% while the power generation cost increased by less than 2%, which proves the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method.

Pressure Vessel Design for High Temperature and Pressure Testing on Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Abstract Supercritical carbon dioxide CO2 has been proposed as working fluid in various types of power plants, thanks to its potential higher efficiency and cost reduction with respect to well-known technology of steam cycles. However, the high operating temperature and pressure conditions pose significant concerns in terms of compatibility of supercritical CO2 with the high-temperature sections of the power block. Typically, to address this problem, experiments are proposed, where samples of different materials are kept in contact with the supercritical CO2 in a pressure vessel in order to test the material compatibility. This research deals with designing an innovative openable pressure vessel capable of withstanding the high temperatures (700 °C) and the pressures (100 bar) typical of those power plants. The results obtained by analytical calculation and the finite element method are consistent. The results obtained with both methods are generalizable and the methodology is applicable to any removable pressure vessel that must withstand 100 bar of pressure and a temperature of 700 °C, application field that is outside the ASME B&PV Code Section VIII division 1, standard usually used for the design of nonnuclear pressure vessels. It is important to emphasize that the use of a removable container allows to reduction of the costs of compatibility tests since otherwise, after each test, the pressure vessel would be disposed of. In addition, this allows a reduction of the environmental impact due to the fact that the new container will not be disposed of after each use.

The net economic benefits of power plants: International evidence

Using unique emissions data and prices for carbon dioxide (CO2), this study examines whether the economic benefits of electricity consumption outweigh the environmental cost. Our dataset consists of power plants from 33 countries between 2007 and 2018. We also investigate the net benefits of renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, and hydropower. We find that more environmentally friendly energy has lower CO2 emissions costs and raises electricity consumption. In addition, renewable and nuclear power plants have more economic benefits than thermal ones. All three renewable energy sources have lower CO2 emissions costs and more economic benefits than thermal energy. We also find that the benefit-cost ratio is at least 30 times higher for nuclear and renewable energy than for thermal energy. Our results show that, among the various types of renewable energy, wind and solar power plants show the highest benefit-cost ratio, despite having higher initial investment costs. Our study provides important insights for policy makers that can help them understand the net benefit of various types of power plants and implement appropriate policies and regulations to encourage the use of renewable energy sources as part of achieving their climate change agenda.

Hazard assessment of hot water boiler at thermal power plant

Our world and every person require a huge amount of energy, both electric and thermal, which are produced mainly at various types of power plants, but mostly on thermal. During the production of electricity and heat at the thermal power plants different potential hazards are occurring: chemical, environmental, fire or explosion. In accordance with the identified hazards on thermal power plants, possible six emergency situation scenarios are suggested. The failure tree method was used for determining the potential danger of a hot water boiler being one of the elements of thermal power plant. Given the conditional probabilities of events, it is obtained that the failure of the hot water boiler is possible. For reducing the probability of failure and improving the hot water boiler safety – safety barriers (functional and symbolic) are proposed. After the safety barriers are inserted, the probability of a hot water boiler failure in our case is almost incredible. Many people live near thermal power plants, which may have a potential risk of harm to their health. An approach for determining the potential risk indicator of the health harm (R) near thermal power plants is proposed. It is provides the division of risk levels into four classes: extremely high degree of potential hazard – R>0.1; high degree of potential hazard – 0.1>R>0.001; average degree of potential hazard – 10−3>R>10−5; low degree of potential hazard – R>10−5.

MAIN DIRECTIONS OF RESEARCH ON THE USE OF TES ASH IN THE PRODUCTION OF BUILDING MATERIALS

Formulation of the problem. The basis of modern energy − various types of power plants, of which thermal power plants is about 40 %. The technology of electricity production at thermal power plants is harmful due to the generation of large amounts of waste. They account for more than 30 % of emissions of harmful substances from the total emissions of industrial enterprises. Increased demand for electricity causes an increase in their production, which leads to an increase in the amount of ash and slag waste and emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. The purpose of the article . In Ukraine, 160 thousand hectares out of 60 million hectares of total area are dumps of industrial waste, or as they are called by-products. About 8 million tons of ash and slag waste are generated in Ukraine every year, and their storage is accompanied by a number of extremely negative consequences for the environment and human health. With ash and slag dumps containing toxic elements polluting the ground water and underwater, require exclusion of large areas. The volume of already accumulated waste reaches more than 300 million tons and occupies huge areas of land. At the same time, almost all ash and slag dumps of Ukrainian coal-fired and thermal power plants are almost full, so more and more areas are needed to continue the work. Analysis of recent research and publications. According to European researchers, this type of waste disposal costs about 60 euros/ton. The average thermal power plant spends about 12…36 million euros a year just for the maintenance of ash dumps.

Multi-aspect efficiency measurement of multi-objective energy planning model dealing with uncertainties

In this study on energy planning, a combination of multi-objective optimization and efficiency measurement is proposed as a means for determining an efficient energy mix that considers the multi-dimensional nature of energy planning and its associated uncertainties. Various multi-objective functions are appended to the proposed optimization model to meet requirements related to energy need, cost, environmental impact, security, social impact, and social benefit. A slacks-based measure methodology is applied to determine the best energy mix from the alternatives produced by the appended model. The energy efficiency of each energy mix is measured from the linear combination of its defined inputs and outputs. The outputs to be maximized include total generated electricity, direct employment, and percentage of generated electricity from renewable energy, while the inputs to be minimized consist of total economic cost, carbon dioxide emission, total social cost, and power-plant-type dependence score. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model, a case study of Thailand’s power development plan is featured. Various types of power plants, both fossil fuel-fired and renewable energy-driven are considered in the empirical analysis. The results show that the proposed method can contribute significant improvements, including a reduction in total emissions and in the power-plant-type dependence score (by 31.41% and 25.59%, respectively). It also increases total employment and the proportion of generated electricity from renewable energy plants (by 25.73% and 47.39%, respectively), with marginal tradeoffs of total costs and total social costs (which increase by 8.94% and 13.89%, respectively). Quantitative results from the model could help policy makers efficiently determine an appropriate energy policy—one that optimizes all the various aspects, under a given set of constraints and scenarios of uncertainty.

DefectDet: A deep learning architecture for detection of defects with extreme aspect ratios in ultrasonic images

Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a set of techniques used for material inspection and detection of defects. Ultrasonic testing (UT) is one of the NDT techniques, commonly used to inspect components in the oil and gas industry, aerospace, and various types of power plants. Acquisition of the UT data is currently done automatically using robotic manipulators. This ensures the precision and uniformity of the acquired data. On the other hand, the analysis is still done manually by trained experts. Since the acquired UT data can be represented in the form of images, computer vision algorithms can be applied to analyze the content of images and localize defects. In this work, we propose a novel deep learning architecture designed specifically for defect detection from UT images. We propose a lightweight feature extractor that improves the precision and efficiency of the detector. We also modify the detection head to improve the detection of the objects with extreme aspect ratios which are common in UT images. We tested our approach on an in-house dataset with over 4000 images. The proposed architecture outperformed the previous state-of-the-art method by 1.7% (512 × 512 px input resolution) and 2.7% (384 × 384 px input resolution) while significantly decreasing the inference time.

Evaluation of the Comparative Efficiency of CCGT in Variable Modes

The purpose of the research is to select the priorities for the development of various types of power plants and to substantiate the structure of generating capacities. An improved method has been developed for the selection of priorities for the development of various types of power plants, taking into account the service life and economic performance of the main equipment of power plants in variable modes based on equivalent operating hours. The influence of variable modes of combined-cycle gas installations on the service life of the main equipment (steam and gas turbines) is studied. The comparative efficiency of CCGT-450 in variable modes is calculated, taking into account the wear of the main equipment. As a result of calculations, it was found that with the minimum forecast prices for natural gas, the most efficient power plant (among those considered) is combined cycle power plant, which provides the lowest prime cost of electricity when operating in the base mode and the least increase in the prime cost of electricity when operating in an alternating mode.

SELF EMF GENERATOR

— Electricity is the basic essential need in current trend of world. Each and everything need power in order to run. Technology is directly proportion to the usage of electricity. The more the advancement in technology is the more the usage of electricity is. The basic sources of electricity are powerplants, there are various types of powerplants like hydroelectric power plant, thermal power plant, nuclear power plant etc.…. each and every electricity generating plant uses turbines which work on the principle of electro-magnetic induction. So instead of using different energies to generate electricity, why can’t we use its own reverse principal in generation of electricity. In this paper we can see about theoretical emf generation concepts which can be used to generate electricity without the use of external source.

Chinese Export to the African Countries: Links with Chinese Energy Projects

The article examines the relationship between China’s exports to African countries and the implementation of energy projects by Chinese companies. The structure of Chinese exports to Africa and trends in the development of bilateral trade is analyzed. Key factors explaining the close correlation between exports and project implementation are: first, the significant volume of tied financing provided by Chinese banks for the construction of energy infrastructure in African countries, second, the need of these countries to purchase a lot of high-tech equipment in the absence of relevant industries on their territory. The dynamics of supplies of specialized equipment from China used for the construction of various types of power plants - hydroelectric power plants, thermal power plants, wind power plants and solar power plants - is considered in detail. The article provides examples of energy projects of Chinese companies in African countries, for which the supply of equipment is directly found in the imports of the respective countries from China. The tendency for Chinese companies to open production facilities in African countries, in particular cement plants and a photovoltaic modules plant, is noted. The author concludes that the African market remains extremely promising for the implementation of energy projects and the sale of relevant Chinese products despite some negative factors.

Unit-level cost-benefit analysis for coal power plants retrofitted with biomass co-firing at a national level by combined GIS and life cycle assessment

To avoid the irreversible impact of global climate change on human society, many countries have recently put forward ambitious goals to accelerate the low-carbon transition of energy systems. Among low-carbon measures, retrofitting existing coal power plants with biomass co-firing is regarded as a promising cost-efficient option to mitigate greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions. However, the life-cycle economic cost or environmental benefit of this coal-to-biomass retrofit is not identical for various types of power plants in different regions. To facilitate a more efficient biomass utilization strategy in an energy system, it is necessary to carry out a large-scale and high-resolution cost-benefit assessment for the co-firing of biomass and coal in retrofitted plants. Taking China as an example, this study utilized a bottom-up approach and geographic information system, combined with the latest available datasets, to develop a unit-level cost-benefit analysis framework for the coal-to-biomass transition. The results indicate that the coal-to-biomass retrofit costs US$18.3–73.0 for each ton of carbon reduction, and US$21.6–806.5 for each kg of SO2 reduction, at a 25% blending ratio. Installed capacity, operating year, and transportation distance are important influencing factors of cost-benefit heterogeneity. The priority of power unit retrofitting in terms of carbon reductions mainly depends on the cost preference, while that for SO2 reduction is mainly determined by benefit preference. The analytical framework proposed in this study can be used in other countries to formulate an efficient biomass development strategy.

ЗАМКНУТЫЕ МИКРОГАЗОТУРБИННЫЕ ДВИГАТЕЛИ С ОКИСЛИТЕЛЕМ-ВОЗДУХОМ В ЭНЕРГОУСТАНОВКАХ ПОДВОДНОЙ ТЕХНИКИ

Under the conditions of the Arctic, in the development of deposits on the shelf of the seas and oceans, a significant role is assigned to underwater equipment, which must have both sufficient power supply and the ability to work for a long time in isolation from the places of permanent deployment. Among the various types of power plants for these purposes, closed micro-gas turbine plants (CMGTP) with a high specific power are of interest. The paper analyzes the characteristics of the operating cycles of various CMGTP schemes, and CMGTP with heat recovery was chosen as the base one, as it is more economical compared to a simple cycle CMGTP and capable of operating in a single-circuit scheme on organic fuel using air as an oxidizer. A mixture of nitrogen, fuel combustion products and oxygen are used as a working medium of the engine. The surplus working medium is removed from the cycle by the compressor overboard. A further increase in the efficiency of a simple cycle by deep utilization of the heat of exhaust gases in a turbocompressor utilizer (TCU) consisting of an overexpansion turbine driving a booster compressor and a regenerator with a gas cooler located between them is proposed. It has been established that the efficiency of CMGTP with TCU and heat regeneration is 1.15... 1.25 times higher than that of the base CMGTP with regeneration, and the specific power increases 1.3... 1.5 times with the optimal compressor pressure ratio in the engine.

Оцінка вартостей експлуатації транспортних засобів з різними типами силових установок

The article presents a methodology of operating cost calculation for vehicles with various types of power plants. The initial data have been determined and the calculation of the operating cost elements for vehicles with gasoline, hybrid power plants, and electric vehicles has been carried out. It was shown that the expediency of using various types of vehicles depends on the cost of the vehicle itself and the cost of various components of operation, such as fuel, electricity, labor, operating materials, features of tax legislation, etc., and should be determined in accordance with the conditions of each country. In many cases, the total cost of using electric vehicles is greater than that of combustion-engine vehicles and hybrids. If you do not take into account the cost of the car and the associated depreciation costs, then the operation of electric vehicles is 3–5 times cheaper than the operation of hybrids, and 5–8 times cheaper than the operation of cars with internal combustion engines. Further research should be aimed at expanding the number of factors that will take into account the operating conditions of the vehicle in more details. It is also worth continuing to work on the development of a database of calculation results in order to identify the most economically viable vehicles for various operating conditions.

Modelling Load-Changing Attacks in Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are present in many settings addressing a myriad of purposes. Examples are Internet-of-Things (IoT) or sensing software embedded in appliances or even specialised meters that measure and respond to electricity demands in smart grids. Due to their pervasive nature, they are usually chosen as recipients for larger scope cyber-security attacks. Those promote system-wide disruptions and are directed towards one key aspect such as confidentiality, integrity, availability or a combination of those characteristics. Our paper focuses on a particular and distressing attack where coordinated malware infected IoT units are maliciously employed to synchronously turn on or off high-wattage appliances, affecting the grid's primary control management. Our model could be extended to larger (smart) grids, Active Buildings as well as similar infrastructures. Our approach models Coordinated Load-Changing Attacks (CLCA) also referred as GridLock or BlackIoT, against a theoretical power grid, containing various types of power plants. It employs Continuous-Time Markov Chains where elements such as Power Plants and Botnets are modelled under normal or attack situations to evaluate the effect of CLCA in power reliant infrastructures. We showcase our modelling approach in the scenario of a power supplier (e.g. power plant) being targeted by a botnet. We demonstrate how our modelling approach can quantify the impact of a botnet attack and be abstracted for any CPS system involving power load management in a smart grid. Our results show that by prioritising the type of power-plants, the impact of the attack may change: in particular, we find the most impacting attack times and show how different strategies impact their success. We also find the best power generator to use depending on the current demand and strength of attack.

Power plants of mobile agricultural machinery using vortex exhaust ejectors

Environmental protection is one of the most important problems of the modern world, since life on Earth, the health and well-being of mankind depend on its solution. Every year the world economy emits into the atmosphere 350 million tons of carbon monoxide, more than 50 million tons of various hydrocarbons, 150 million tons of sulfur dioxide. Carbon dioxide is accumulated in the atmosphere and at the same time, the amount of oxygen decreases, and the «contribution» of motor vehicle emissions to the atmosphere is up to 90 % for carbon monoxide and 70 % for nitric oxide. A vortex exhaust ejector allows to improve the parameters of internal combustion engines (ICE) and diesel engines of mobile agricultural machines: their power increase and fuel consumption, as well as toxicity and noise reduce. Due to the aerodynamics and flow characteristics of the swirl flow, a vortex ejector is capable of creating a higher zone of reduced pressure in the near-axial area of the flow than a straightjet one, and it is capable to operate in a wide range of pressures of the gas inlet flow, and has all the modes. Constructive options of a vortex exhaust ejector for various types of power plants of mobile agricultural machinery are proposed. The experimental bench and field studies of various vehicles confirmed an increase in the effective power of ICE and diesel engines by 12 %, a decrease in hourly fuel consumption of up to 20%, and a decrease in toxicity of exhaust gases by 10-15 %

Technological aspects of state regulation of the development of power engineering

The article discusses the reasons for the unsatisfactory state of the technical, technological and sectoral structure of power engineering. The importance of power engineering as the most important branch of the domestic industry, providing the release of high-tech equipment for various types of power plants and industrial energy, is substantiated. It is revealed that ensuring timely progressive transformations in this industry is the most important task of state regulation of the economy.

Development of an intelligent system of experimental control in the energy sector

The article presents a completed project of an experimental control system in the energy sector. An intelligent experimental control system can be used at various types of power plants, including nuclear power units. The developed complex includes design schemes for operational monitoring and registration of rapidly changing neutron-physical and technological parameters of a nuclear power unit at the stages of commissioning of a power unit. Automated process control systems allow the collection and registration of analog parameters with a frequency of not more than 1 second, which is insufficient for correct calculations during neutron-physical experiments and power unit tests. The presented intelligent experimental control system allows the reception and registration of analog signals with a frequency of not more than 100 millisecond. A patented software implementation has been developed that provides unlimited possibilities for realizing customer requirements for operator functionality and interface, as well as the ability to avoid tight binding to specific hardware components.

Protecting Environment through Technology Innovation

Environmental issue associated with various types of power plants, is an international problem. The situation of the environment in developing countries, that it is being damaged and Pakistan is no exception. Energy is produced by different sources, and is creating a range of pollution problems. Consequently, environmental degradation is due to the production of harmful pollution constituents at the source of the energy. The purpose of this research is to determine solutions to such environmental problems and minimize pollution by using environmentally friendly equipment. This paper includes the practical example of ‘Tiefstack Thermal Power station’ in Germany, which is a modern power station with minimum population hazards to the environment. Considering today’s projects of setting up power plants, methods of using sophisticated equipment are chosen to limit the use of landfill and solid waste in the combustion process. Waste minimization measures are produced by modern technology applications, such as improved and efficient furnaces that are economical in fuel use. Increasing the sulphur content in the atmosphere, causing Acid fog, Acid rain, and other factors creating the situation of global warming is examined. Several methods of controlling compounds of sulphur and particulate emissions are described. Various types of nuclear waste are discussed and different types of disposal methods are illustrated. In the end, measures, recommendation and conclusions are drawn, concisely.

Strategic Development Outlook for the Energy Complex of Russia

The article discusses the long-term development of the energy complex and its role in the Russian economy in the context of the restructuring of world energy markets and considering the draft Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period through to 2035. Using the SCANER modelling and information complex, representative scenarios for the evolution of world energy markets have been developed, as well as relevant scenarios for the development of Russia’s economy and energy, including the dynamics of domestic consumption of major fuels and energy in view of energy conservation, as well as effective volumes and directions of basic fuel exports. Based on this, the dynamics of extraction and processing of basic fuels, the use of renewable energy resources, and electricity production by various types of power plants are optimized, and the necessary capital investments and returns on the dynamics of domestic prices for fuel and energy are determined. Changes in the main macroeconomic indicators of the contribution of the energy complex to the development of the Russian economy, corresponding to these scenarios, indicate a possible relatively rapid decrease in its dependence on energy exports.