Various Types Of Poultry Research Articles

Review Jurnal: Efektivitas Penggunaan Kuning Telur Berbagai Jenis Unggas Sebagai Pengencer Semen pada Ternak

A method is needed that can be used to maintain sperm quality in order to produce superior seeds. The use of poultry egg yolk as a diluent is of course widely used because poultry eggs can maintain the good quality of cattle sperm. This research aims to determine the level of effectiveness of egg yolks of various types of poultry as a sperm diluent on the motility and viability of cattle sperm. The method used in this research is the literature review method and the descriptive method. The results showed that the use of free-range chicken egg yolk and quail egg yolk as sperm diluent showed the highest motility values. The highest percentage of viability was in purebred chickens, while the lowest abnormality was in dilution with goose yolk eggs.

Serologic and Molecular Prevalence of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Among Poultry in the Republic of Korea.

Background: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by Dabie bandavirus, which belongs to the genus Bandavirus, family Phenuiviridae, and order Bunyavirales. It has been found in tick species, various animals, and humans. The aim of this study was to detect RNA of antigens and antibodies against SFTS virus (SFTSV) among poultry such as chickens, ducks, and wild geese from five provinces in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Materials and Methods: A one-step reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR and nested PCR were performed after viral RNA extraction. The phylogenetic tree was constructed after sequencing data were analyzed and aligned. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a neutralization test (NT) were performed to test for IgG antibodies of SFTSV. Results: Of a total of 606 poultry serum samples collected, 568 and 539 serum samples were used to perform ELISA and NT, respectively. Of a total of 606 serum samples tested by RT-PCR targeting the S segment, 15 (2.5%) were positive for SFTSV. From the 15 positive serum samples for the SFTSV antigen, three from chickens, three from ducks, and one from wild geese were classified as genotype B-2; one from chickens was classified as genotype B-3; and three from chickens and four from wild geese were classified as genotype D. Of the 568 serum samples tested by ELISA, 83 (28.0%) from chickens, 81 (32.9%) from ducks, and 8 (30.8%) from wild geese were seropositive. Of the 539 serum samples for which an NT was performed, 113 (38.6%) from chickens and 75 (30.5%) from ducks were positive for SFTSV antibodies. Conclusions: The results of this study provide useful information regarding detection of SFTSV RNA and antibodies among poultry and the possibility of SFTSV transmission in various types of poultry, including chickens, ducks, and wild geese, in the ROK.

A Review: The Use of In Ovo Feeding in Various Types of Poultry

In ovo feeding is one way to increase poultry productivity by providing additional nutrition during the incubation period and can increase embryo growth. Many implementations of in-ovo feeding techniques have been carried out on various types of poultry, but a summary of the use of in-ovo feeding on various types of poultry has never been reported, therefore this study was conducted. This review article aims to determine the use of in-ovo feeding in various types of poultry. This study was conducted based on literature studies by analyzing secondary data and synthesizing research from various data sources originating from nationally accredited journals and reputable international journals that discuss the use of in-ovo feeding in various types of poultry. The study shows that the implementations of in-ovo feeding for various types of poultry have been mostly applied to broiler chickens and native chickens, but only a few in geese, ducks, and quails. In-ovo feeding has several advantages for enhancing nutrition and health, including preserving normal physiological status and preventing disease, so that poultry productivity can be increased.

Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Peacocks in Palembang City, South Sumatra

Introduction: Newcastle Disease (ND) is an infectious disease in various types of poultry caused by the Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). Cases of ND in Indonesia have been reported in commercial and backyard chickens, pigeons, ducks and geese, even in eagles and peacocks. Peacock is a wild bird protected by Indonesia's Government Regulation No. 7 of 1999. This study aims to identify, isolate and characterize the NDV molecularly in cases diagnosed as ND in peacocks. Method: Samples were obtained from organs (lungs and spleen) of peacocks which showed neurological symptoms, diarrhoea and then died. Real-time RT-PCR ND was used to identify the cause of death of the peacock. Virus isolation and observation of embryonic changes and death were carried out on embryonic chicken eggs. Sequencing was carried out to characterize the F and HN entire genes of the NDV. The nucleotide sequences were analyzed using MEGA-X software, including amino acid prediction, analysis of genetic variation at the amino acid level, homology and construction of the phylogenic tree. Result: The results of the sample identification were positive for the Newcastle disease virus. Observations of chicken embryos are stunted, have few feathers, are haemorrhagic, and die in less than 60 hours. Virus isolation was obtained with a titer of 26. Molecular analysis showed that the RRQKRF cleavage site pattern in the F gene had homology of 95.8-97.6% and was in the same branching area as the previous ND virus in Indonesia. There were no amino acid mutations at the antigenic site, glycolysis and neutralization epitopes in the HN gene. Conclusion: The virus isolated from the peacock is a velogenic strain of NDV, subgenotype VII.2 and has a close genetic range to the NDV that has been previously reported in commercial and domestic poultry. This result shows that ND is also a threat to protected wild birds.

Quality of poultry meat- the practical issues and knowledge based solutions

Abstract Animal protein is the most demanded and expensive source of nutritive protein, globally. Taking into account various types of poultry, the broiler (meat-type poultry) is widely accepted by various religious societies and relatively cheap amongst others animal protein sources. In particular, the chicken and turkey product is perceived to be healthier and of better quality due to a low content of fat, cholesterol and sodium compared to red meat. In order to maintain an unabated development and competitiveness of poultry industry, the priority is to focus on quality and safety of meat, during whole production and processing route. Consumers awareness of what should be considered a high quality product is constantly increasing, especially in the light of European and worldwide strategies to meet the common societal and environmental challenges, i.e. addressing the Zero Hunger goals, Green Deal and One Health concept. In this chapter, a common area of interest for a dialogue of poultry scientists and industrial practitioners is drawn from the background given on the consumer (demands and health)-centered issues.

The efficiency of grain treatment with natural disinfectants for the prevention of aspergillosis in birds

In the structure of mycosis pathologies of birds, the top place is occupied by aspergillosis. The main pathogenicity factor is Aspergillus spp., which quickly penetrates the lungs' alveoli and causes a pathological process. Because the level of the fodder base contamination with fungi of the genus Aspergillus is quite significant, an essential link in the technological process of growing young poultry is to prevent contamination and increase the economic efficiency of production. The paper examines the effectiveness assessment of grain treatment with natural disinfectants in the framework of aspergillosis prevention in poultry farming. Moreover, the advantages of using natural disinfectants for their use in modern eco-production of animal-origin products are described in the paper. Antifungal properties of infusions of medicinal plants are due primarily to the presence of biologically active substances synthesized by the plant. Black walnut and walnut (leaves and fruits of milk-wax and full ripeness), rosehips (dried fruits and roots), carnation (fruits), calendula (flowers), turmeric, chamomile (flowers) were used as the studied plants for the disinfectants production. The shortcomings of the existing synthetic means used in poultry farming are emphasized separately. In particular, phenolic resins have heterogeneous antifungal activity against fungal spores and are incompatible with some detergents. It was found that there is a significant difference in the number of live birds after 30 days of feeding grain treated with various disinfectants and when feeding grain without prior treatment. Thus, for group 1, which was fed grain treated with an infusion of walnut fruits and leaves, the absence of Aspergillus fumigatus fungi was noted even after 30 days of feed treatment. A similar result was obtained after processing grain with an infusion of black walnut fruits or leaves. In group 2, the control group, a significantly higher degree of withdrawal of young birds caused by aspergillosis was observed. The medicinal plants selected also did not demonstrate satisfactory results in all cases because turmeric infusions from the fruits and roots of rosehips and calendula flowers did not demonstrate a sufficient indicator of effectiveness. On the 20th day after grain processing, Aspergillus fungi were recorded in the samples. Further research on the effect of medicinal plant infusions on the fodder base of various types of poultry is promising because the prevention of aspergillosis is more economically feasible than the treatment of sick young animals.

Impact of bior and butofanon some parameters of lipid metabolism in adult quail placed in reconditioning

Taking into account the current trends in the development of the most developed branch of animal husbandry – poultry farming, it should be noted that the use of ecologically clean biological preparations based on plant raw materials is a relevant topic for research in the cultivation of various types of poultry, in particular quail. The purpose of the study is to analyze the effect of the BioR preparation, made according to the original technology from the biomass of cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis, on the physiological and metabolic status of groups of quail that are subject to recovery. The biological material was 150 quail at the end of the laying cycle divided into 3 batches of 50 birds. The tested preparation was administered intramuscularly to the quails two times consecutively at the onset of the study and secondly 14 days after the first administration at a dose of 0.5 ml/head. In another experimental batch, the commercial product Butofan was administered to compare the obtained results. Birds of the control group received 0.5 ml of the solution of NaCl of 0.9% in both terms. The birds included in the study were analogous in terms of race, age, body weight, and physiological status. During all time of the study, quails were monitored: clinical parameters, body weight, and the number of eggs. In addition, for laboratory investigations, blood was collected from five quails at the start of the study before the tested preparations were administered and then 2 times during the study. It has been established that the tested remedies do not cause adverse reactions or deviations in quails’ health. Moreover, BioR showed adaptive properties, reflected in body temperature lower by 0.32ºC than the control group and 0.18ºC than the group treated with Butofan. Similar manifestations were also found in birds’ breathing. Biochemical research performed on quails that have benefited from the BioR remedy reveals a true decrease in total lipids in one investigation and an increase in triglycerides at this stage and their decrease at the end of the study. Additionally, both BioR and Butofan remedies induced an increase in the blood serum of ß-lipoproteins at both stages of research, while cholesterol values did not show any essential changes. In conclusion, we can state that the BioR product has a beneficial effect on quail, including lipid metabolism. It has been proven that due to the use of the drug, a pronounced normalizing effect on the lipid metabolism of the experimental group of quails was obtained, due to a decrease in total lipids, which caused a slight increase in cholesterol in the blood of birds

Multiphasic poultry growth models: method and application

Growth and development are complex phenomena. To date, most growth modeling research has focused on a single growth phase, which is sufficient and useful for describing ad libitum fed animals processed at a prepubertal age, such as broilers or turkeys produced for meat. However, multiphase growth models are necessary to describe and predict growth and further to hypothesize about optimizing growth of reproducing animals such as broiler breeder hens. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to develop and evaluate multiphasic models to describe the growth of various types of poultry raised to reproductive age. Coefficients for monophasic, diphasic, and triphasic Gompertz model forms were estimated using a variety of BW trajectories published by primary breeders. The fit of these models was evaluated for a representative laying line hen, broiler breeder hen and rooster, and turkey hen. The coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error, and the Bayesian information criterion were used to evaluate the fit of each model. The diphasic model was found to be the best fit for the turkey hen, while the triphasic model was the most suitable model for all the chicken lines studied. Hypotheses can be formulated based on any of the continuous model parameters, and the resulting BW trajectories can be implemented and evaluated in a systematic way. The biological relevance of the continuous parameters in multiphasic Gompertz models provides an opportunity to implement a robust hypothesis-based approach for future optimization of growth curves.

Changes in goslings’ blood pattern under the influence of different doses additives of selenium in forages

According to many scientists, the list of trace elements that are currently used in compound feeds for various types of poultry is clearly insufficient. In recent years, applied research has been conducted to determine the physiological needs of poultry for certain mineral elements that perform important biochemical functions in the body. This also applies to such biotic ultramicroelement as selenium. Scientific research of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of physiology, biochemistry, medicine and veterinary medicine has proved that selenium is a trace element with a fairly wide range of physiological and biochemical effects. When developing and theoretically justifying optimal norms for introducing selenium into poultry feed, it is necessary to evaluate not only its productive qualities, but also the blood picture. The question of the influence of selenium on changes in blood parameters in the poultry body is a great theoretical and practical significance because it allows us to expand our knowledge of its biological role and explain the data obtained in experiments. In scientific and economic experience has been studied the influence of additives of different doses of selenium in compound feed on the morphological and biochemical parameters of the goslings' blood raised for meat. During the experiment, feeding of goslings of all groups were carried out with dry feed mixes in accordance with existing norms. The goslings of the first control group did not receive selenium supplementation. The poultry of the second experimental group were additionally fed selenium at the rate of 0.2 mg/kg, the third of 0.3 and the fourth of 0.4 mg/kg. It is established that the additive in the feed of different doses of selenium stimulate hemocytopoiesis are added to different compound feeds, this is achieved by a homogeneous tendency per day, within physiological values in the goslings' peripheral blood number of red blood cells (by 1.7–3.9 %), white blood cells (by 2.1–3.2 %) and hemoglobin (by 2.4–8.6 %). Immune defense mechanisms are activated, which is manifested in an increase in the level of total protein (by 1.4–3.8 %) and the concentration of immunoglobulins in the blood serum (by 3.2–9.7 %). It is found changes in the content of total glutathione and its reduced form in the blood indicate a positive effect of selenium on the non-enzymatic element of the antioxidant defense system of the poultry's body. The addition of selenium to compound feed at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg had a significant effect on the morphological and biochemical parameters of the goslings' blood raised for meat.

Production of Various Types of Poultry in Bulgaria for the Period 2010-2018

Poultry farming has always been a major part of animal husbandry in every country. Bulgaria is no exception and has a long-standing tradition in the breeding and production of various types of poultry. In reality, our country was mainly producing chickens, laying hens and eggs in the beginning, but was also successful in the breeding of ducks, turkeys, geese, yurts and other feathered more extravagant species, such as quails, ostriches, pheasants, etc. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the production of different types of poultry in Bulgaria for a sufficiently long period of 9 years, to be able to predict trends and changes that may occur in different types of poultry in the country and to determine not only which ones shall have a leading role for specific regions in Bulgaria, but also the ways to increase their effective production in the direction of closing the production and sales cycle with poultry products processing and reaching the end customer. The article uses methods of situation analysis, time series analysis, induction, deduction, extrapolation, trend derivation and logical dependencies, method of adding value and creating a final product.

ANALYSIS OF PHYSICO-MORPHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND INCUBATION ABILITY OF EGGS OF DUCKS BREEDS SHAOXING IN DIFFERENT AGES

The main biological functions of eggs include its ability to create optimal conditions for embryos, which, accordingly, contributes to the preservation and reproduction of the species. It is recommended for incubation to take eggs from physiologically healthy, mature birds, because the quality of the incubation eggs depends on the yield of the young, the vitality and productivity of the poultry. A prerequisite for a successful incubation is the assessment of eggs for a variety of morphological characteristics, but this can not be done without taking into account the biological features of incubation eggs associated with breed, crossbreed and bird age. It is known that with the age of the bird, the morphological parameters of the egg and its incubation capacity are changing. In particular, the weight and shape of the egg vary during the period of increasing the bird's egg-laying. The chicken egg has been extensively studied in the world and national scientific literature, its quality and composition, but over the past decades eggs of various types of poultry have been entered into the field of research: turkeys, guinea fowl, quails, ostriches and ducks. The Shaoxing Species (Shaoxing) belongs to the main Chinese egg rocks. Ducks of this breed are characterized by high performance, such as early maturity (130–140 days), long-term peak period of laying eggs (8–10 months) and good breeding (290–310 eggs for 500 days). Such indicators are some of the best for egg bird. That is why the purpose of the work was to determine the effect of the physico-morphological indices of the egg, the age of the bird and the color of the shell on the incubation properties of the eggs of the ducks of the Shaoxing breed. Three comparative analyzes of morphological parameters and their influence on the incubation capacity of eggs were selected from three experimental groups of ducks of the Shaoxing of different ages. Group number 1 carried eggs from females age 41 week, group number 2–63 weeks, and females group number 3 had an age of 71 weeks. The study of changes in the physico-morphological parameters of eggs and incubation ability was investigated within three months. A total of 360 eggs were analyzed. As a result of the experiment, the mass of experimental eggs ranged from 65.83 g (group 1) to 71.13 g (group 3). Between these indicators, a significant difference was found (p ˂ 0,01). Comparison of the studied physico-morphological characteristics of the groups number 1, number 2 and number 3 showed that there is a significant difference between the indices of longitudinal and transverse diameters in the eggs of the studied groups (p ˂ 0,01). Investigation of the thickness of the egg shell has shown that, according to the results, this ostentatious decreases with age (p ˂ 0,05). The obtained data coincide with the results of other researchers. After analyzing the data of the egg shape index, it was found that in the birds of the three studied groups, the average figures were in line with the norm. However, a significant difference was found between the characteristics of groups 1 and 3 (p ˂ 0.1). After analyzing the results of the incubation of eggs from the experimental groups of ducks, we found that the highest fertility of the eggs of group 3 was 92.5%, compared with the group 2–89.16% and 1–87.5%. According to the index of egg output and ducklings, the leader, the group was 3 (75.0%). The results obtained fully correspond to the data obtained from these physical and morphological studies of these eggs. The worst indices of both egg and duckin removal were in group 1. It should also be noted that this group had the largest number of choked (6.67%) and unfertilized eggs (15 pcs.), But these parameters decreased with the age of bird. Consequently, we have established that with the age of birds there is a change in the physical and morphological parameters of eggs (increase in weight, decrease in the thickness of the shell and increase in the index of suitability of eggs for incubation). The general tendency to reduce the embryonic viability of the duckies associated with the mass (group 1) and the form index (group 2) has also shown that eggs of medium size that are not below the standards for the breed standard by mass and index should be selected for incubation forms (group 3). There was a correlation between the incidence of egg incubation and the index of form in group 3, which had a direct impact on incubation and egg output.

Newcastle Disease Virus Detection from Chicken Organ Samples Using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Newcastle disease (ND) is a systemic, viral respiratory disease that is acute and easily transmitted which affects various types of poultry, especially chickens. Diagnosis of ND which generally involves virus isolation and subsequent identification with serological assays has limitations that needs more time. This research was aimed to detect Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) in chickens suspected with ND using the Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Nine chicken organ samples such as lien, trachea, and lungs were collected from chicken farms diagnosed with ND. The organ samples were processed and the targeted viral RNA was extracted using the RNA extraction kit. Genome amplification was performed with RT-PCR using specificprimers to target the F gene. Amplification results produced an amplicon product of 565 base pairs (bp). PCR product samples were then visualised using agar gel electrophoresis and viewed using the unified gel documentation system. Amplification results show nine samples positive for the DNA bands corresponding to the targeted band of the NDV F gene fragment. The results of this research confirm that the RT-PCR method is applicable for NDV detection from chicken organ samples.

Isolation and Identification of Avian Influenza in Different Species of Poultry by Means of Serological and Molecular Methods

The purpose of this research was to identify avian influenza (AI) virus using serological and molecular methods on poultry which suspectedas AI infected in Aceh province. This study used 37 samples of tracheal and cloacal swabs and organs from various species of poultry that werecollected from several districts/cities in Aceh. Samples were collected and put into transport media and stored at 4° C before sending to thelaboratory. Samples were inoculated in specific pathogen-free of embryonated chicken egg with the age of 9-11 days for further serological andmolecular examination. From 37 samples which infected to embryonated chicken egg then followed by hemagglutinin agglutinationtest/hemagglutinin inhibition revealed that 7 samples were positively infected with AI virus. The amplification result of specific matrix geneprimer was followed by electrophoresis on 2% agarose gel which were obtained in the form of a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) band at 276 bp formatrix gene and 1.725 bp for H5 gene for all isolates test. In conclusion, the virus which caused the death of various types of poultry in Acehprovince is avian influenza A virus subtype H5.Key words: avian influenza virus, H5N1, serologic, matrix, heamaglutinin

Analysis of viral protein-2 encoding gene of avian encephalomyelitis virus from field specimens in Central Java region, Indonesia.

Aim:Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) is a viral disease which can infect various types of poultry, especially chicken. In Indonesia, the incidence of AE infection in chicken has been reported since 2009, the AE incidence tends to increase from year to year. The objective of this study was to analyze viral protein 2 (VP-2) encoding gene of AE virus (AEV) from various species of birds in field specimen by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification using specific nucleotides primer for confirmation of AE diagnosis.Materials and Methods:A total of 13 AEV samples are isolated from various species of poultry which are serologically diagnosed infected by AEV from some areas in central Java, Indonesia. Research stage consists of virus samples collection from field specimens, extraction of AEV RNA, amplification of VP-2 protein encoding gene by RT-PCR, separation of RT-PCR product by agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing and data analysis.Results:Amplification products of the VP-2 encoding gene of AEV by RT-PCR methods of various types of poultry from field specimens showed a positive results on sample code 499/4/12 which generated DNA fragment in the size of 619 bp. Sensitivity test of RT-PCR amplification showed that the minimum concentration of RNA template is 127.75 ng/µl. The multiple alignments of DNA sequencing product indicated that positive sample with code 499/4/12 has 92% nucleotide homology compared with AEV with accession number AV1775/07 and 85% nucleotide homology with accession number ZCHP2/0912695 from Genbank database. Analysis of VP-2 gene sequence showed that it found 46 nucleotides difference between isolate 499/4/12 compared with accession number AV1775/07 and 93 nucleotides different with accession number ZCHP2/0912695.Conclusions:Analyses of the VP-2 encoding gene of AEV with RT-PCR method from 13 samples from field specimen generated the DNA fragment in the size of 619 bp from one sample with sample code 499/4/12. The sensitivity rate of RT-PCR is to amplify the VP-2 gene of AEV until 127.75 ng/µl of RNA template. Compared to Genbank databases, isolate 499/4/12 has 85% and 92% nucleotide homology.

Beagle dogs have low susceptibility to BJ94-like H9N2 avian influenza virus

In China, dogs are considered significant intermediate hosts of influenza viruses and have been reported to be infected with H9N2; additionally, a reassortant H9N2 virus has been isolated in dogs. Currently, there are three different lineages of H9N2, including BJ94-like, G1-like, and Y439-like lineages; BJ94-like H9N2 has been circulating in various types of poultry in southern China. Additionally, a number of studies have reported that H9N2 evolves rapidly and is frequently reassorted with H5N1, H7N9, or H10N8 to generate novel reassortants, which is significant for poultry and humans. In this study, two groups of beagles were inoculated either intranasally or intratracheally with the BJ94-like H9N2 virus. However, only four of the seven beagles in the intranasal group and five of the seven beagles in the intratracheal group displayed a mild fever; similarly, only two of the five beagles in the intranasal group and three of the five beagles in the intratracheal group underwent seroconversion. However, no viruses were detected from nasal swabs or rectal swabs or in the lungs of any of the inoculated beagles. Our results demonstrated that beagles have low susceptibility to the BJ94-like H9N2 avian influenza virus, which is the main virus circulating in southern China, indicating that the BJ94-like H9N2 virus does not currently threaten the health of dogs.