Various Types Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Nanoparticles for the treatment of spinal cord injury

Abstract Spinal cord injuries lead to significant loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, presenting major challenges in neural regeneration. Achieving effective therapeutic concentrations at injury sites has been a slow process, partly due to the difficulty of delivering drugs effectively. Nanoparticles, with their targeted delivery capabilities, biocompatibility, and enhanced bioavailability over conventional drugs, are garnering attention for spinal cord injury treatment. This review explores the current mechanisms and shortcomings of existing treatments, highlighting the benefits and progress of nanoparticle-based approaches. We detail nanoparticle delivery methods for spinal cord injury, including local and intravenous injections, oral delivery, and biomaterial-assisted implantation, alongside strategies such as drug loading and surface modification. The discussion extends to how nanoparticles aid in reducing oxidative stress, dampening inflammation, fostering neural regeneration, and promoting angiogenesis. We summarize the use of various types of nanoparticles for treating spinal cord injuries, including metallic, polymeric, protein-based, inorganic non-metallic, and lipid nanoparticles. We also discuss the challenges faced, such as biosafety, effectiveness in humans, precise dosage control, standardization of production and characterization, immune responses, and targeted delivery in vivo. Additionally, we explore future directions, such as improving biosafety, standardizing manufacturing and characterization processes, and advancing human trials. Nanoparticles have shown considerable progress in targeted delivery and enhancing treatment efficacy for spinal cord injuries, presenting significant potential for clinical use and drug development.

Exploring dielectric properties and polarization relaxation processes in ionic liquid crystals with synthesized carbon and gold nanoparticles

The main goal is to study the structural and dielectric characteristics of advanced composite materials based on ionic metal alkanoates with various types of nanoparticles. The matrix Cd+2(C7H15COO)−2 formed as a result of the reaction of cadmium with the carboxylate groups of alkanoate (C7H15COO)−2 is used for the synthesis of nanoparticles. At room temperature, the matrix of the ionic crystalline material represents multilayer structure with each layer thickness of 1.8 nm. However, when heated in the temperature range from 100 °C to 180 °C, the matrix undergoes a phase transition into the liquid crystalline smectic A phase, preserved after cooling to room temperature. This transition opens up possibilities for the synthesis of carbon and gold nanoparticles. The temperature treatments of the matrix allow to control of the size and shape of nanoparticles during synthesis and create highly stable nanocomposites. The structural features and dielectric properties of these nanocomposites are studied using transmission electron microscopy, enabling to determine of the sizes of nanoparticles and their dispersion and impedance spectroscopy, respectively. Dielectric properties of nanocomposite materials were studied at different temperatures corresponding to two material phases. We carried out an analysis of the dielectric characteristics of the pure matrix in comparison with nanocomposite materials, containing carbon and gold nanoparticles to identify the role of the nanoparticles. Based on our experimental data, we proposed a model to explain the charge transfer process, taking into account relaxation processes and polarization of nanocomposite materials.

Development and Characterization Pioglitazone Hydrochloride Loaded Nanoparticle for Management of Diabetes Mellitus

The potential applications of nanoparticles as oral drug delivery systems for diabetes treatment are discussed in this research article. This paper discusses polymeric nanoparticles, polysaccharides, and polymeric nanoparticles in the oral administration of anti-diabetic drugs. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin deficiency. Diabetes treatments are numerous, and nanoparticles have several advantages. Several studies and research reports based on nanotechnological approaches in the formulation of anti-diabetic drugs have highlighted the fact that research in the formulation of nanodrugs improved diabetes-fighting strategies based on plausible molecular mechanisms of action of the drugs. Additionally, efforts have been made to determine the optimal drug concentration and time of exposure in order to recommend a scientifically validated drug dose response in the development of various therapeutic strategies for anti-diabetic drugs, various types of nanoparticles are available; polymeric nanoparticles are one of the most commonly used nanoparticles. Polymeric nanoparticles range in size from 10-1000 nm. Polymeric nanoparticles created by combining a drug and a polymer. The main advantages of polymeric nanoparticles are their ease of preparation, targeted delivery, dose minimization, and high therapeutic efficiency.

Volatile carbonyl metabolites analysis of nanoparticle exposed lung cells in an organ-on-a-chip system

The evaluation of nanoparticles (NPs) cytotoxicity is crucial for advancing nanotechnology and assessing environmental pollution. However, existing methods for NPs cytotoxicity evaluation suffer from limited accuracy and inadequate information content. In the study, we developed a novel detection platform that enables the identification of cellular carbonyl metabolites at the organ level. The platform is integrated with a cell co-culture lung organ chip (LOC) and a micropillar concentrator. Notably, our work represents the successful measurement of the amounts of cellular metabolites on LOC system. The volatile carbonyl metabolites (VCMs) generated by cells exposure to various types of NPs with different concentrations were captured and detected by high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). Compared with conventional cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis, our method discerns the toxicological impact of NPs at low concentrations by analyzed VCM at levels as low as ppb level. The LOC system based metabolic gas detection confirmed that low concentrations of NPs have a toxic effect on the cell model, which was not reflected in the fluorescence detection, and the effect of NP material is more significant than the size effect. Furthermore, this method can distinguish different NPs acting on cell models through cluster analysis of multiple VCMs.

Different therapeutic approaches in melasma: advances and limitations.

Melasma is a chronic hyperpigmentation skin disorder that is more common in the female gender. Although melasma is a multifactorial skin disorder, however, sun-exposure and genetic predisposition are considered as the main etiologic factors in melasma occurrence. Although numerous topical and systemic therapeutic agents and also non-pharmacologic procedural treatments have been considered in melasma management, however, the commonly available therapeutic options have several limitations including the lack of sufficient clinical effectiveness, risk of relapse, and high rate of unwanted adverse drug reactions. Recruitment of nanotechnology for topical drug delivery in melasma management can lead to enhanced skin penetration, targeted drug delivery to the site of action, longer deposition at the targeted area, and limit systemic absorption and therefore systemic availability and adverse drug reactions. In the current review, first of all, the etiology, pathophysiology, and severity classification of melasma have been considered. Then, various pharmacologic and procedural therapeutic options in melasma treatment have been discussed. Afterward, the usage of various types of nanoparticles for the purpose of topical drug delivery for melasma management was considered. In the end, numerous clinical studies and controlled clinical trials on the assessment of the effectiveness of these novel topical formulations in melasma management are summarized.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity and Cytotoxic Effect of Strontium Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Mimosa Pudica.

Nanotechnology is emerging as a promising approach in the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Nanoparticles, due to their unique physicochemical properties and small size, have the potential to improve the delivery of therapeutic agents, enhance their bioavailability, and increase their efficacy. Among various types of nanoparticles, strontium nanoparticles have gained attention due to their potential antidiabetic activity and cytotoxic effects against cancer cells. Mimosa pudica, also known as "Sensitive Plant" or "Touch-Me-Not," is a medicinal plant known for its diverse pharmacological activities, including antidiabetic and anticancer properties. Recent research has focused on the synthesis of strontium nanoparticles by using Mimosa pudica as a green and sustainable approach. These nanoparticles have shown promising results in terms of their antidiabetic activity and cytotoxic effects against cancer cells. Thus, in this study, the antidiabetic effect was studied using the alpha-amylase inhibitor assay, and the cytotoxic effect was studied using the brine shrimp lethality assay. In these assays, increasing concentration of Mimosa pudica-mediated strontium nanoparticles exhibited increasing antidiabetic and cytotoxic effects, which was similar to the standard used, which is acarbose. Hence, this can be used as a novel antidiabetic and cytotoxic agent in the future.

The Impact of Nanomaterials on Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Mechanisms in Gramineae Plants: Research Progress and Future Prospects.

As global food security faces challenges, enhancing crop yield and stress resistance becomes imperative. This study comprehensively explores the impact of nanomaterials (NMs) on Gramineae plants, with a focus on the effects of various types of nanoparticles, such as iron-based, titanium-containing, zinc, and copper nanoparticles, on plant photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and antioxidant enzyme activity. We found that the effects of nanoparticles largely depend on their chemical properties, particle size, concentration, and the species and developmental stage of the plant. Under appropriate conditions, specific NMs can promote the root development of Gramineae plants, enhance photosynthesis, and increase chlorophyll content. Notably, iron-based and titanium-containing nanoparticles show significant effects in promoting chlorophyll synthesis and plant growth. However, the impact of nanoparticles on oxidative stress is complex. Under certain conditions, nanoparticles can enhance plants' antioxidant enzyme activity, improving their ability to withstand environmental stresses; excessive or inappropriate NMs may cause oxidative stress, affecting plant growth and development. Copper nanoparticles, in particular, exhibit this dual nature, being beneficial at low concentrations but potentially harmful at high concentrations. This study provides a theoretical basis for the future development of nanofertilizers aimed at precisely targeting Gramineae plants to enhance their antioxidant stress capacity and improve photosynthesis efficiency. We emphasize the importance of balancing the agricultural advantages of nanotechnology with environmental safety in practical applications. Future research should focus on a deeper understanding of the interaction mechanisms between more NMs and plants and explore strategies to reduce potential environmental impacts to ensure the health and sustainability of the ecosystem while enhancing the yield and quality of Gramineae crops.

Matrix- and Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Methods for Urological Cancer Biomarker Discovery-Metabolomics and Lipidomics Approaches.

Urinary tract cancers, including those of the bladder, the kidneys, and the prostate, represent over 12% of all cancers, with significant global incidence and mortality rates. The continuous challenge that these cancers present necessitates the development of innovative diagnostic and prognostic methods, such as identifying specific biomarkers indicative of cancer. Biomarkers, which can be genes, proteins, metabolites, or lipids, are vital for various clinical purposes including early detection and prognosis. Mass spectrometry (MS), particularly soft ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and laser desorption/ionization (LDI), has emerged as a key tool in metabolic profiling for biomarker discovery, due to its high resolution, sensitivity, and ability to analyze complex biological samples. Among the LDI techniques, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) should be mentioned. While MALDI methodology, which uses organic compounds as matrices, is effective for larger molecules, SALDI, based on the various types of nanoparticles and nanostructures, is preferred for smaller metabolites and lipids due to its reduced spectral interference. This study highlights the application of LDI techniques, along with mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), in identifying potential metabolic and lipid biomarkers for urological cancers, focusing on the most common bladder, kidney, and prostate cancers.

Integrating natural compounds and nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems: A novel strategy for enhanced efficacy and selectivity in cancer therapy.

Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, necessitating the development of innovative and more effective treatment strategies. Conventional cancer treatments often suffer from limitations such as systemic toxicity, poor pharmacokinetics, and drug resistance. Recently, there has been growing attention to utilizing natural compounds derived from various sources as possible cancer therapeutics. Natural compounds have demonstrated diverse bioactive properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects, making them attractive candidates for cancer treatment. However, their limited solubility and bioavailability present challenges for effective delivery to cancer cells. To overcome these limitations, researchers have turned to nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles, with their small size and unique properties, can encapsulate therapeutic agents and offer benefits such as improved solubility, prolonged drug release, enhanced cellular uptake, and targeted delivery. Functionalizing nanoparticles with specific ligands further enhances their precision in recognizing and binding to cancer cells. Combining natural compounds with nanotechnology holds great promise in achieving efficient and safe cancer treatments by enhancing bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and selectivity toward cancer cells. This review article provides an overview of the advancements in utilizing natural substances and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. It discusses the benefits and drawbacks of various types of nanoparticles, as well as the characteristics of natural compounds that make them appealing for cancer therapy. Additionally, current research on natural substances and nanoparticles in preclinical and clinical settings is highlighted. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives in developing natural compound-nanoparticle-based cancer therapies are discussed.

Nanoparticle-mediated dsRNA delivery for precision insect pest control: a comprehensive review.

Nanoparticle-based delivery systems have emerged as powerful tools in the field of pest management, offering precise and effective means of delivering double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a potent agent for pest control through RNA interference (RNAi). This comprehensive review aims to evaluate and compare various types of nanoparticles for their suitability in dsRNA delivery for pest management applications. The review begins by examining the unique properties and advantages of different nanoparticle materials, including clay, chitosan, liposomes, carbon, gold and silica. Each material's ability to protect dsRNA from degradation and its potential for targeted delivery to pests are assessed. Furthermore, this review delves into the surface modification strategies employed to enhance dsRNA delivery efficiency. Functionalization with oligonucleotides, lipids, polymers, proteins and peptides is discussed in detail, highlighting their role in improving stability, cellular uptake, and specificity of dsRNA delivery.This review also provides valuable guidance on choosing the most suitable nanoparticle-based system for delivering dsRNA effectively and sustainably in pest management. Moreover, it identifies existing knowledge gaps and proposes potential research directions aimed at enhancing pest control strategies through the utilization of nanoparticles and dsRNA.

Nanoparticle-based electrochemical sensing

Electrochemical sensing has emerged as a potent technique for detecting and quantifying various analytes due to its inherent sensitivity, simplicity, and potential for miniaturization. Leveraging their distinctive physicochemical properties, nanoparticles have sparked a revolution in electrochemical sensing, enhancing sensing platforms’ sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. This paper presents the background and significance of nanoparticle-based electrochemical sensing, along with the diverse applications of nanoparticles in science and engineering. The fundamental principles of nanoparticles in electrochemical sensing are explored, highlighting their unique advantages in electrocatalysis, charge transfer facilitation, and signal amplification. The applications of various types of nanoparticles in electrochemical sensing are discussed, elucidating the role of nanomaterials in designing advanced conduction strategies such as impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and amperometry.Furthermore, this review delves into the applications of nanoparticle-based electrochemical sensors across domains, including gas detection, environmental monitoring, and the field of biosensors. The practicality of these sensors in real-world scenarios is showcased through case studies, emphasizing their rapid response, high specificity, and potential for multi-analyte detection. The challenges and prospects of this field are also examined. Addressing nanoparticle stability, reproducibility, and scalability issues is crucial for the successful commercial translation of these sensing platforms. In conclusion, this review underscores the transformative impact of nanoparticles on the landscape of electrochemical sensing. Their multifunctionality, coupled with evolving conduction methodologies, promises to develop ultra-sensitive and reliable sensing platforms that contribute to advancements across various application domains. With the continuous evolution of nanoparticle synthesis techniques, electrochemical sensing is poised to achieve new frontiers of sensitivity and specificity.

A comprehensive study on applications of nanomaterials in petroleum upstream and downstream industry.

Nanotechnology has emerged as a revolutionary technology that has been applied in the oil and gas industry for over a decade, spanning the upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors. Nanotechnology has made significant contributions to the exploration of crude oil and natural gas, both in underground and deep-water environments. It has also played a crucial role in improving the drilling process, enabling the extraction of oil and gas resources from beneath the Earth's surface. Nanoparticles, with their unique physical and chemical properties, such as high specific surface area, high pore volume, and small size, have demonstrated considerable potential in the oil industry. Extensive research has been conducted to explore various types of nanoparticles for advanced applications, including oil exploration, drilling, production, and enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Moreover, nanomaterials have found applications in downstream and intermediate sectors, such as crude oil refining, natural gas processing, and transportation and storage of petroleum products. Ongoing advancements in nanomaterial synthesis methods, the exploration of new nanomaterial uses, and understanding the remarkable properties of nanomaterials will continue to make them increasingly valuable in the oil and gas sector. The oil and gas industry recognises the potential of nanotechnology and nanoparticles and is investing significantly in research and development in this area. This comprehensive review aims to summarise successful applications of nanotechnology while addressing associated challenges. It serves as a valuable resource for future research and application endeavours in the field, highlighting the potential of nanotechnology in the oil and gas industry.

Intelligent Nano‐Colloidal Electrolytes for Stabilizing Lithium Metal Anodes: A Review

AbstractAlthough Li‐metal has been revisited as the most attractive anode in building high‐energy‐density batteries owing to its superiority, such as ultimate theoretical capacity and lowest working voltage, notorious Li dendrite growth has plagued its practical uses. Since dendritic Li electroplating is mostly caused by poor Li+ transport and inferior stability of solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI), an innovative reframing of the electrolyte is crucial to the success of Li‐metal anodes (LMAs). This review presents a new class of electrolytes, nano‐colloidal electrolytes (NCEs), providing a new avenue for next‐generation Li‐metal batteries (LMBs). Without searching for new salts/solvents or their compositional tuning, NCEs exploiting multi‐functional nanoparticles dispersed in liquid electrolytes can promote Li+ transport and reinforce the SEI of liquid electrolytes that are solely used. This review discusses various types of nanoparticles and their key roles in demonstrating excellent suppression of Li dendrite growth and enhancing the cycling stability of LMBs. Unraveling the underlying design principles of NCEs offers practical solutions for stabilizing LMAs, paving the way for developing intelligent battery systems.

The Cellular and Organismal Effects of Nitroxides and Nitroxide-Containing Nanoparticles.

Nitroxides are stable free radicals that have antioxidant properties. They react with many types of radicals, including alkyl and peroxyl radicals. They act as mimics of superoxide dismutase and stimulate the catalase activity of hemoproteins. In some situations, they may exhibit pro-oxidant activity, mainly due to the formation of oxoammonium cations as products of their oxidation. In this review, the cellular effects of nitroxides and their effects in animal experiments and clinical trials are discussed, including the beneficial effects in various pathological situations involving oxidative stress, protective effects against UV and ionizing radiation, and prolongation of the life span of cancer-prone mice. Nitroxides were used as active components of various types of nanoparticles. The application of these nanoparticles in cellular and animal experiments is also discussed.

Targeted Nanoparticles: the Smart Way for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a widespread cancer that starts in the digestive tract. It is the third most common cause of cancer deaths around the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates an expected death toll of over 1 million cases annually. The limited therapeutic options as well as the drawbacks of the existing therapies necessitate the development of non-classic treatment approaches. Nanotechnology has led the evolution of valuable drug delivery systems thanks to their ability to control drug release and precisely target a wide variety of cancers. This has also been extended to the treatment of CRC. Herein, we shed light on the pertinent research that has been performed on the potential applications of nanoparticles in the treatment of CRC. The various types of nanoparticles in addition to their properties, applications, targeting approaches, merits, and demerits are discussed. Furthermore, innovative therapies for CRC, including gene therapies and immunotherapies, are also highlighted. Eventually, the research gaps, the clinical potential of such delivery systems, and a future outlook on their development are inspired.

Assessment of possible biomedical applications of green synthesized TiO2NPs-an in-vitro approach

Biomedical applications for various types of nanoparticles are emerging on a daily basis. Hence this research was performed to evaluate the antifungal (Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Trichophyton sp., Candida sp., and Penicillium sp.), cytotoxicity (MCF10A cell lines), and antioxidant (DPPH) potential of Coleus aromaticus mediated and pre-characterized TiO2NPs were studied with respective standard methodology. Interestingly, the TiO2NPs exhibited significant antifungal activity on pathogenic fungal strains like Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp. (31 ± 1.4), Penicillium sp. (31 ± 1.9) Trichophyton sp. (27 ± 2.1), and Candida sp. (26 ± 2.3) at high concentration (250 μg mL−1). However, the considerable levels of zone of inhibitions on fungal pathogens were recorded at 100 μg mL−1 of TiO2NPs as well as it was considerably greater than positive control. It also demonstrated dose based anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities. The plant-mediated TiO2NPs demonstrated a maximum DPPH scavenging efficiency of 91% at a dosage of 250 μg mL−1, comparable to the positive control's 94%. Furthermore, TiO2NPs at 100 μg mL−1 concentration did not cause cytotoxicity in MCF10A cell lines. At higher concentrations (250 μg mL−1), the nanoparticles showed the lowest cytotoxicity (17%). These findings suggest that C. aromaticus-mediated TiO2NPs have significant biomedical applications. However, in-vivo studies are needed to learn more about their (C. aromaticus-mediated TiO2NPs) potential biomedical applications.

Nanomedicine for cancer targeted therapy with autophagy regulation.

Nanoparticles have unique physical and chemical properties and are currently widely used in disease diagnosis, drug delivery, and new drug development in biomedicine. In recent years, the role of nanomedical technology in cancer treatment has become increasingly obvious. Autophagy is a multi-step degradation process in cells and an important pathway for material and energy recovery. It is closely related to the occurrence and development of cancer. Because nanomaterials are highly targeted and biosafe, they can be used as carriers to deliver autophagy regulators; in addition to their favorable physicochemical properties, nanomaterials can be employed to carry autophagy inhibitors, reducing the breakdown of chemotherapy drugs by cancer cells and thereby enhancing the drug's efficacy. Furthermore, certain nanomaterials can induce autophagy, triggering oxidative stress-mediated autophagy enhancement and cell apoptosis, thus constraining the progression of cancer cells.There are various types of nanoparticles, including liposomes, micelles, polymers, metal-based materials, and carbon-based materials. The majority of clinically applicable drugs are liposomes, though other materials are currently undergoing continuous optimization. This review begins with the roles of autophagy in tumor treatment, and then focuses on the application of nanomaterials with autophagy-regulating functions in tumor treatment.

Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery System: A Comprehensive Exploration from Classification to Neurodegenerative Therapies

Nanoparticles, defined as particles ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers, exhibit unique physical and chemical properties, distinct from their larger counterparts. Found widely in nature, nanoparticles have become the focus of interdisciplinary studies, including chemistry, physics, geology, and biology. This diverse class includes non-spherical shapes like prisms, rods, and cubes, with gold, silver, and platinum nanoparticles gaining significance for their optical properties. The exploration of nanoparticles began in the 1950s, evolving into practical applications such as drug delivery systems pioneered by Tatzkenitz Bangham in the mid-1960s, introducing liposomes. Various types of nanoparticles, including carbon-based, ceramic, metal, semiconductor, polymeric, and lipid nanoparticles, have been classified based on size, morphology, and physical properties. The role of nanoparticles in treating neurodegenerative disorders is promising, leveraging their unique features for targeted drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, antioxidant properties, gene therapy, biosensors for early detection, and neuroregeneration support. Despite the advantages, nanoparticles come with challenges such as biocompatibility concerns, potential toxicity, complex manufacturing processes, and regulatory hurdles. However, ongoing research aims to address these limitations, making nanoparticles a forefront technology in therapeutic interventions.

Biomedical Application of Gold Nanoparticles in Different Cancers

Nanoparticles (NPs) have significantly advanced traditional cancer diagnosis, offering enhanced efficiency and expeditious processes. Their exceptional characteristics, including larger surface area, increased volume proportion, and superior targeting capabilities, contribute to their prominence. NPs exhibit low toxicity on healthy cells, thereby improving bioavailability and half-life. This is attributed to their effective penetration of epithelial fenestrations and tissues. Consequently, NPs have garnered considerable attention across diverse disciplines, emerging as highly promising materials in biomedical applications, particularly in the realm of disease diagnosis and treatment. In contemporary biomedical practices, numerous drugs are either presented in nanoparticle form or coated with them, facilitating precise targeting of tumors or afflicted organs while minimizing harm to normal tissues or cells. Various types of nanoparticles, encompassing metallic, magnetic, polymeric, metal oxide, quantum dots, graphene, fullerene, liposomes, carbon nanotubes, and dendrimers, exhibit significant potential in the domain of cancer treatment and diagnosis. Notably, nanoparticles have demonstrated intrinsic anticancer activity in several studies, exerting antioxidant effects and impeding tumor growth. Furthermore, they enable controlled drug release, enhancing efficiency and minimizing side effects. In the context of cancer diagnosis, nanomaterials like microbubbles serve as molecular imaging agents for ultrasound imaging. This comprehensive review delves into the diverse types of nanoparticles commonly employed in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, elucidating their multifaceted applications and contributions to the field.

Green Synthesis Silver Nanoparticles Using Sembung (Blumea balsamifera) Leaf Extract as an Antibacterial and Antioxidant

Silver Nanoparticles essentially focuses on the synthesis of nano-sized particles produced through chemical, physical and biological processes, which contribute significantly to the control of plant and animal diseases and have shown considerable promise in improving the quality of living conditions and human health. Currently, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have shown their potential as an alternative antibacterial and antioxidant agent in many studies. The method for making silver nanoparticles, namely Green synthesis, involves the use of plants for the synthesis process of various types of nanoparticles. Green synthesis has the advantages, namely that the method is simple, environmentally friendly, non-polluting, antitoxic and cost-effective. The aim of this research is to determine the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of AgNPs. In this research, the nanoparticle solution was visually determined by the yellow-brown color change. In the spectrophotometer absorption spectrum appears at a wavelength of 425 nm. The results of determining the size distribution of silver nanoparticles using PSA show that the particle size distribution obtained has an average value of 40.5 nm and 59.6 nm for silver nanoparticles for AgNO3 concentrations of 1 mM and 2 mM, respectively. FTIR measurements are used to determine the presence of bioactive molecules that may be responsible for the stabilization that acts as a capping agent. Absorption spiked at 3.280; 2.919; 1.583; 1.379; 1.239 and 1.068 cm−1 were determined for sembung leaf extract, while silver nanoparticles showed an absorption spike at 3.368; 2.850; 1.594; 1.369; 1.244 and 1.108 cm−1. The results of XRD analysis of AgNP show that it has been successfully synthesized which can be seen from the formation of a narrow peak indicating the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles formed. The results of TEM analysis of AgNPs in this study are mixed shapes such as spherical, hexagonal and triangular shapes of silver nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity test of silver nanoparticles with sembung leaf extract with varying concentrations of AgNO3 solution was successful as indicated by the formation of an inhibition zone for Eschericia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The results show that the antioxidant activity of AgNPs shows that the percentage of inhibition increases as the concentration of AgNPs increases from 100 to 500 ppm and ascorbic acid increases from 1 to 5 ppm.