Various Types Of Electrodes Research Articles

High micropore‐utilization carbon aerogel with controlled nanostructures via adjusting aggregation state of polyacrylonitrile for energy storage systems

AbstractDesigning and optimizing the pore structure of porous carbon electrodes is essential for diverse energy storage systems. In this study, an innovative approach spray phase‐inversion strategy was developed for the rapid and efficient fabrication of controlled porous carbon aerogel. Moreover, the aggregation structure of polyacrylonitrile is controlled by adjusting the Hansen's solubility parameter, thereby regulating the electrode material structure. Furthermore, the theoretical analysis of the spray phase‐inversion process revealed that this regulation process is jointly regulated by solvent hydrodynamic diameter and phase‐inversion kinetics. Through optimization, a novel porous carbon material was obtained that exhibited excellent performance as an electrode material. When utilized in supercapacitors for energy storage, it demonstrated a high specific capacitance of 373.1 F g−1 in a 6 M KOH electrolyte solution. Simultaneously, it has been observed that the preparation strategy for porous electrodes offers notable advantages in terms of excellent designability, broad universality, simplicity, and high efficiency, thereby holding promise for large‐scale fabrication of diverse porous electrode materials and various types of electrodes for diverse energy storage applications.

Computational analysis of electrode structure and configuration for efficient and localized neural stimulation.

Neuromodulation technique using electric stimulation is widely applied in neural prosthesis, therapy, and neuroscience research. Various stimulation techniques have been developed to enhance stimulation efficiency and to precisely target the specific area of the brain which involves optimizing the geometry and the configuration of the electrode, stimulation pulse type and shapes, and electrode materials. Although the effects of electrode shape, size, and configuration on the performance of neural stimulation have individually been characterized, to date, there is no integrative investigation of how this factor affects neural stimulation. In this study, we computationally modeled the various types of electrodes with varying shapes, sizes, and configurations and simulated the electric field to calculate the activation function. The electrode geometry is then integratively assessed in terms of stimulation efficiency and stimulation focality. We found that stimulation efficiency is enhanced by making the electrode sharper and smaller. A center-to-vertex distance exceeding 100µm shows enhanced stimulation efficiency in the bipolar configuration. Additionally, the separation distance of less than 1mm between the reference and stimulation electrodes exhibits higher stimulation efficiency compared to the monopolar configuration. The region of neurons to be stimulated can also be modified. We found that sharper electrodes can locally activate the neuron. In most cases, except for the rectangular electrode shape with a center-to-vertex distance smaller than 100µm, the bipolar electrode configuration can locally stimulate neurons as opposed to the monopolar configuration. These findings shed light on the optimal selection of neural electrodes depending on the target applications.

Single-Impact Electrochemistry for Bacterial Sensing

The main objective in the detection and analysis of bio-entities such as bacteria is a low detection limit, a short assay time and a high selectivity in identification, ideally combined with easy-handling and cheap instrumentation. In this way, the development of innovative analytical methods in terms of high sensitivity and spatial-temporal resolution allowing both qualitative and quantitative analysis at single-cell and subcellular levels is becoming a technological requirement. The main advantage of electrochemistry in biosensing applications is to combine high sensitivity and ease of use with the possibility of miniaturization at low cost. Especially, new electrochemical techniques and various types of electrodes have been recently developed offering the feasibility of analysis at the single-cell level with high sensitivity and selectivity. Nano-electrochemistry has been widely extended to various applications such as biosensing thanks to the continuous improvement of the instrumentation sensitivity, especially for individual entity electrochemical detection. Single-impact electrochemistry provides a low limit of detection (in principle, one single species) inherent to this electro-analytical method and the ability to study single entities (cells, viruses, bacteria, nanoparticles...) in real-time through a dynamic measurement [1]. The electrochemical nano-impacts method or discrete collisions technique (stochastic events) consists in detecting single impacts of various entities such as nanoparticles, cells, bacteria, vesicles, viruses, proteins in solution at a polarized ultramicroelectrode (UME) [2]. For each collision event, a specific signal is recorded in the chronoamperometry curve (current as a function of time) corresponding to an “impact” of the entity onto the UME surface. Crucial information can be reached from the analysis of the electrochemical impact event in the amperometry measurement, such as the concentration and the size of the colliding entity.Electrochemical nano-impacts (or collisions) of single bacteria are usually detected by recording a chronoamperometry measurement (i–t curve) at a UME biased at a redox potential of an electroactive species in an aqueous electrolyte containing between 106 and 109 bacteria per milliliter [1, 3]. Since 2015, most of the reports in this area concern Escherichia coli (E. coli) as a model bacterium but this sensitive electro-analytical technique has not proved to be efficient for selective detection yet, except for the discrimination between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In order to develop single-impact electrochemistry toward the identification of bacterial cells, several studies deal with the use of redox mediators for probing the electrochemical activity of the bacterium. Also, an original and recent approach is to detect the virulence factors released by pathogenic bacteria rather than the cells themselves, based on redox liposomes single-impact electrochemistry [2, 4].

ALKALINE WATER ELECTROLYSIS WITH ANION EXCHANGE MEMBRANES AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTRODES

The article is devoted to the creation of a new generation element base for aqueous alkaline electrolyzers with anion-exchange membranes. As a result of the research, two new membranes and various types of electrodes have been proposed, which significantly increase the purity of the generated electrolysis gases and the operating outlet pressure directly at the outlet of the electrolysis module while maintaining low values of specific energy consumption. In this case, the electrolysis module consists entirely of electrode-membrane blocks. Their composition includes components tested in industrial alkaline electrolysis, which distinguishes them from known analogues in chemical resistance. Various types of catalysts that can be used as part of membrane-electrode blocks are considered separately. The results of express tests of electrodes made of stainless steel 12X18H10T are presented, the oxidation process of chromium, which is part of the alloy, is shown, which leads to a decrease in its corrosion resistance. When testing electrodes based on a steel mesh coated with a protective layer of nickel, extensive pitting corrosion was detected on the anode during its operation at high current densities. As an alternative, electrodes made of nickel mesh are proposed. These samples showed excellent corrosion resistance and high adhesion to electrodeposited catalysts. Catalytic coatings consisting of nickel or nickel-cobalt powder with additionally chemically precipitated phosphorus were investigated as catalysts.

Research progress of organic liquid electrolyte for sodium ion battery.

Electrochemical energy storage technology has attracted widespread attention due to its low cost and high energy efficiency in recent years. Among the electrochemical energy storage technologies, sodium ion batteries have been widely focused due to the advantages of abundant sodium resources, low price and similar properties to lithium. In the basic structure of sodium ion battery, the electrolyte determines the electrochemical window and electrochemical performance of the battery, controls the properties of the electrode/electrolyte interface, and affects the safety of sodium ion batteries. Organic liquid electrolytes are widely used because of their low viscosity, high dielectric constant, and compatibility with common cathodes and anodes. However, there are problems such as low oxidation potential, high flammability and safety hazards. Therefore, the development of novel, low-cost, high-performance organic liquid electrolytes is essential for the commercial application of sodium ion batteries. In this paper, the basic requirements and main classifications of organic liquid electrolytes for sodium ion batteries have been introduced. The current research status of organic liquid electrolytes for sodium ion batteries has been highlighted, including compatibility with various types of electrodes and electrochemical properties such as multiplicative performance and cycling performance of electrode materials in electrolytes. The composition, formation mechanism and regulation strategies of interfacial films have been explained. Finally, the development trends of sodium ion battery electrolytes in terms of compatibility with materials, safety and stable interfacial film formation are pointed out in the future.

Activated cashew carbon-manganese oxide based electrodes for supercapacitor applications

The current global energy challenge which affects most developing countries in particular, is of major source of concern today. The availability of less expensive techniques of storing excess generated energy is critical to the success of the renewable energy roadmaps implementation. In this study, hydrothermal and chemical leaching methods have been used to synthesize MnO2 nanoparticles using KMnO4 and MnSO4 as precursors at 140 °C and from natural local manganese ore. Activated Carbon (ACF) have also been produced from agricultural Cashew biomass waste, through a physical carbonization and KOH activation process using temperatures of 700 °C – 900 °C for periods between 1 and 2 h. The as-prepared materials have been characterized via XRD, Raman, FTIR, SEM. Electrochemical performance measurements (CV, EIS and GCD) were carried out on the prepared electrodes. The specific capacitance values obtained were in the range of 2.8 F/g - 6.5 F/g at different scan rates of 20 mV -50 mV respectively in a potential range of -0.4 to +0.4 V and -0.4 to +0.6 V for the various types of electrodes.

The effect of anodic dissolution of various types of electrodes on the antibacterial effect during transcanal endodontic direct current exposure

The aim of the work was to study the antioxidant efficiency of anodic dissolution of silver-copper and copper electrodes, cases of near-canal endodontic effects in Tocom disease, in relation to mixed cultural transgenic pathogens infected with root diseases when examining chronic forms of pulpitis. The results of the study showed that the anodic dissolution of both silver-copper and copper electrodes has a pronounced and, in general, unidirectional antibacterial effect. It was found that the anodic dissolution of the copper electrode showed a more pronounced effect on mixed cultures of pathogenic microorganisms S. constellatus + F. nucleatum and Streptococcus sanguis + Enterococcus faecium. The data obtained indicate that in apex-phoresis in teeth with partially obliterated root canals, along with anodic dissolution of silver-copper electrodes, anodic dissolution of copper electrodes can be used.

Analysis of Current and Electrode Types on Welding Defects in ASTM A36 Mild Steel

The purpose of this study is to analyze the welding defects that occurring in the SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) process. This study used experimental method to investigate the various types of electrodes and welding current. The welding process in this study used ASTM A36 low carbon steel with specimen dimensions of 8 mm thick, 80 mm wide, and 100 mm long. The welding process was carried out in an underhand position (1G) using a V-seam layer with a SMAW welding machine, which a sliding adaptive two axis system with speed control. The types of electrodes used were E6013 and E7018 electrodes with a diameter of 3.2 mm. The current variations used 90 A, 105 A and 120 A. The test methods used the Penetrant Test, Visual Test (Non Destructive Test) and Tensile Test (Destructive Test). The results of this study were: 1) the welding defects that often occurring at the E6013 electrode due to undercut and at the E7018 electrode caused by the porosity, 2) at a current of 120 A the occurrence of welding defects was minimal, and 3) the tensile strength of E7018 was greater than E6013.

Electrochemically fabricated molecule–electrode contacts for molecular electronics

Connecting molecules to electrodes is key for a range of applications. Conventional methods typically involve a spontaneous reaction of thiol/disulfide-terminated molecules with metal surfaces. Although modifying metal surfaces with thiol chemistry is simple, it is limited to forming a specific S–metal bonding, which is labile and hence there are concerns regarding its mechanical instability. In addition, spontaneous grafting requires long processing times to achieve high molecular coverages on the surface, which adds challenges for manufacturing devices comprising molecular films. Electrochemical methods for forming molecular films on surfaces offer powerful advantages over traditional methods, including reaction acceleration, molecular coverage control, and guiding the chemical bonding at the molecule‒electrode interface. Electrochemical grafting enables connecting molecules to various types of electrodes including those that cannot be functionalized by other methods. More recently, electrochemical approaches were expanded to enable connecting 2D materials to electrodes, opening a realm of possibilities for hybrid technologies. In this opinion, we survey the recent progress in electrochemical methods for connecting (bio) molecules to electrodes for advancing molecular and bioelectronics.

Ductile Cast Iron 350/4 using SMAW

Abstract: This article examines the weldability of ductile cast iron when the root weld is applied with a tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process employing an Inconel 625 source rod, and when thefiller welds are applied with electrodes coated with 97.6% Ni. The welds were performed on ductile cast iron specimen test plates sized 300 mm × 90 mm × 10 mm with edges tapered at angles of 60◦ . The plates were subjected to two heat treatments. This article analyzes the influence on weldabilityof the various types of electrodes and the effect of preheat treatments. Finally, a microstructure analysis is made of the material next to the weld in the metal-weld interface and in the weld itself. The microstructure produced is correlated with the strength of the welds. We treat an alloy with 97.6% Ni, which prevents the formation of carbides. With a heat treatment at 900 ◦C and 97.6% Ni,there is a dissolution of all carbides, forming nodules in ferritic matrix graphite.

Electrophysical parameters of AC plasma system

Experimental results related to main characteristics of an underwater discharge with a frequency of 50 Hz and various types of electrodes were reported. The data on 1) discharge geometry; 2) current-voltage characteristics; 3) gas temperature and reduced electric field strength; 4) plasma emission spectra were obtained. Based on these data, the plasma modeling provided the information on densities of plasma active species.

Antibacterial efficiency of anodic dissolution of various types of electrodes used for direct current trans-channel effects

Antibacterial efficiency of anodic dissolution of various types of electrodes used for direct current trans-channel effects

Effect of initial switch-on within 24\xa0hours of cochlear implantation using slim modiolar electrodes

Reducing electrode impedance is an important factor in improving the functional benefits of cochlear implants (CIs). The immediate effect of early switch-on within 24 h of surgery on impedance among CI recipients with various types of electrodes has been reported previously; however, the immediate change and the evolution of electrode impedances of slim modiolar electrodes after early switch-on within 24 h of implantation has not. Therefore, the focus of this retrospective cohort study of CI patients was to compare the effect of early switch-on (n = 36) and conventional switch-on (n = 72) 2–4 weeks post-operation on impedance. Compared with impedance measured intraoperatively, our results demonstrate a significant decrease in impedance from 11.5 to 8.9 kΩ (p < 0.001) at 2–4 weeks after implantation in the early switch-on group, which sharply contrasted with elevated impedance values for conventional switch-on 2–4 weeks after implantation (from 10.7 to 14.2 kΩ, p = 0.001). Notably, a comparatively lower impedance than the conventional switch-on protocol was observed for up to 2 months post-operation. Most importantly, a much earlier stabilization of impedance can be achieved with the early switch-on protocol coupled with the slim modiolar electrode array compared to the conventional switch-on protocol, offering the advantage of reducing the number of required mapping sessions in the early stages of rehabilitation.

Investigation of electrical characteristics using various electrodes for evaluating the moisture content in wood

Electrical resistance and resistivity were measured with various types of electrodes to evaluate the moisture content of wood. The conventional two-pin method, electrically conductive fabrics, and multi-pin electrodes were used to measure the electrical resistance of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) wood, and a four-pin probe was used for resistivity measurements. The resistance in the longitudinal direction measured with the two-pin electrode was slightly affected by the dimensions of the wood sample, whereas the resistance measured with the conductive fabric and multi-pin electrodes was clearly affected by the end surface area in contact with the electrode and the length between electrodes. The resistivity calculated from the relationship between the electrical resistance and sample dimensions also showed differences based on the sample dimensions. The least squares regression model trained with the resistance data based on the two-pin method predicted the moisture content with a high coefficient of determination of 0.986. The four-pin probe produced the most stable resistivity regardless of the sample dimensions, making it a feasible approach for the moisture evaluation of large wood members.

Kinetika Reaksi Reduksi Ion Logam Tembaga pada Limbah Industri Elektroplating dengan Proses Elektrokoagulasi

The electroplating process not only produces useful products but also produces waste. Copper is one of the elements contained in waste. Waste containing copper has a major impact on the environment and human health if there is no prior treatment. One way to reduce copper levels in electroplating waste is the electrocoagulation process. This study aims to investigate the efficiency of reducing the concentration of waste at various concentrations and types of electrodes and to determine the reaction rate constants of the first and second order reactions. 60, 80 and 100 mL electroplating waste were diluted with distilled water in a 500 mL measuring flask. The two plates were clamped using a statif and a 3/4 plate immersed in wastewater. The cathode and anode are connected to a 12 volt power supply with a distance between the electrodes of 2 cm and a stirring speed of 200 rpm. Samples were taken every 0; 40; 80; 120; and 160 minutes to test Cu content with AAS. Repeating the same steps for various types of electrodes, namely Al, Fe, and CuZn. The highest efficiency at various concentrations of 80 mg/L and types of electrodes of Fe were 67.66% and 92.82% in that order. The rate constants of the first and second order reactions are 0.0096 s-1 and 0.0058 ppm1 .s-1 respectively

Kekuatan tarik logam hasil pengelasan dengan las listrik dan las LPG

Steel welding, especially soft steel with carbon content ranging from 0.3%, which is installed in the construction of fishing vessels, often using various types of electrodes including kobe steel RB, 26 Niko steel RD 260 Esap steel OK 46,64, Philips steel PH 68 JIS D 4314, AWS E 6013 and others, while LPG Las only uses bait welding from welding wire with a size of 3-5 mm. The purpose of this study is to examine the tensile strength of metal welding results between welds of Electricity with LPG Welding. The variable observed in this study is the amount of tensile strength in two types of electric welding machines and LPG welding. From the data obtained from the test results, then the magnitude of the tensile strength is sought by distributing the results of observations with cross sections of test specimens used in the form of stretch loads, mouth strength, maximum load, maximum tensile strength, broken load and elastic modulus. From the results of the tensile testing performed, it turns out that there is a difference in the welding power of Electric with LPG Gas welding where the electric welding strength is greater than the welding strength of LPG Gas. The electric weld tensile strength is 69.13 Kgf / mm² and LPG Gas welding is 26.20 Kgf / mm²

The Electrical properties of nanomaterials derived from durian skin waste by using a various types of electrodes for bio-battery application

This research aimed to show on electricity from Durian skin waste nanomaterials. The compounds that abundant in Durian skin waste are phosphate compounds (PO4). This phosphate compound makes the Durian skin waste has a high and unique electrical properties. Durian skin waste was synthesized using co-precipitation method to obtain LKD nanopowder with an average crystal size of 5 nm. LKD was dried at 250 °C and then washed with 100 ml distilled water and measured the electrode with variations of Pb, Al, Zn, Fe and Cu. Obtained the electrical properties as much five times greater than before, which is an average of 6.5 Volts. It was concluded that the electrical properties of Durian skin waste will increase when the crystal size is smaller and Durian skin waste can be as bio-batteries. From electrode variations was obtained that the Zn electrode had a greater electrical voltage than the Al, Fe, Pb and Cu electrodes.

Electrochemical Properties of Uranium and Zirconium on Solid and Liquid Electrodes in 3LiCl–2KCl Based Melts

Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) reprocessing for fast neutron reactors can be organized by employing high temperature pyrochemical methods. Fused salts and liquid metals or alloys are the working media in the pyrochemical processes. Electrochemical deposition and electrochemical separation of uranium from fission products is an important stage of pyrochemical SNF reprocessing. Reliable data on electrochemical properties of uranium and fission product elements are required for development and optimization of the pyrochemical processes. Uranium and zirconium have very close electrode potentials and separating uranium (fissile material) from zirconium (fission product) is an important and difficult to solve task in the pyrochemical reprocessing. This work devoted to studying electrochemical properties of zirconium and uranium employing cyclic voltammetry method in 3LiCl–2KCl eutectic based melts containing uranium and zirconium chlorides. Various types of electrodes were tested to determine uranium and zirconium deposition potentials aiming to finding the cathode material with the largest difference of uranium and zirconium potentials. Tungsten was used as a solid cathode, and liquid alloys based on Ga, Al, Zn, Sn and their mixtures were tried as low-melting liquid cathodes. Electrochemical measurements were made in temperature range of 450–800 0C. On the basis of the results of electrochemical measurements the possibility of separating uranium and zirconium employing liquid metal alloys was elucidated. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project No 17–73–20156).

Update on Peripheral Nerve Electrodes for Closed-Loop Neuroprosthetics.

In this paper various types of electrodes for stimulation and recording activity of peripheral nerves for the control of neuroprosthetic limbs are reviewed. First, an overview of interface devices for (feedback-) controlled movement of a prosthetic device is given, after which the focus is on peripheral nervous system (PNS) electrodes. Important electrode properties, i.e., longevity and spatial resolution, are defined based upon the usability for neuroprostheses. The cuff electrode, longitudinal intrafascicular electrodes (LIFE), transverse intrafascicular multichannel electrode (TIME), Utah slanted electrode array (USEA), and the regenerative electrode are discussed and assessed on their longevity and spatial resolution. The cuff electrode seems to be a promising electrode for the control of neuroprostheses in the near future, because it shows the best longevity and good spatial resolution and it has been used on human subjects in multiple studies. The other electrodes may be promising in the future, but further research on their longevity and spatial resolution is needed. A more quantitatively uniform study protocol used for all electrodes would allow for a proper comparison of recording and stimulation performance. For example, the discussed electrodes could be compared in a large in vivo study, using one uniform comparison protocol.

Analysis of Consistency of Transthoracic Bioimpedance Measurements Acquired with Dry Carbon Black PDMS Electrodes, Adhesive Electrodes, and Wet Textile Electrodes.

The detection of intrathoracic volume retention could be crucial to the early detection of decompensated heart failure (HF). Transthoracic Bioimpedance (TBI) measurement is an indirect, promising approach to assessing intrathoracic fluid volume. Gel-based adhesive electrodes can produce skin irritation, as the patient needs to place them daily in the same spots. Textile electrodes can reduce skin irritation; however, they inconveniently require wetting before each use and provide poor adherence to the skin. Previously, we developed waterproof reusable dry carbon black polydimethylsiloxane (CB/PDMS) electrodes that exhibited a good response to motion artifacts. We examined whether these CB/PDMS electrodes were suitable sensing components to be embedded into a monitoring vest for measuring TBI and the electrocardiogram (ECG). We recruited N = 20 subjects to collect TBI and ECG data. The TBI parameters were different between the various types of electrodes. Inter-subject variability for copper-mesh CB/PDMS electrodes and Ag/AgCl electrodes was lower compared to textile electrodes, and the intra-subject variability was similar between the copper-mesh CB/PDMS and Ag/AgCl. We concluded that the copper mesh CB/PDMS (CM/CB/PDMS) electrodes are a suitable alternative for textile electrodes for TBI measurements, but with the benefit of better skin adherence and without the requirement of wetting the electrodes, which can often be forgotten by the stressed HF subjects.