Various Types Of Construction Research Articles

STUDY OF THE STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB USING HYDROSTATIC METHOD

The scientific article is devoted to a complex study of the stress-strain state of a monolithic slab, implemented using the author’s method of hydrostatic loading, which involves setting the load by the weight of water and regulating its value by the height of the water column. To implement the given procedure, we used a tank-shaped facility for field tests of structures for vertical short-term and long-term loads. To determine the deflections of the loaded slab system, we installed mechanical deflection gauges of the 6PAO brand under the slab at pre-planned places. The short-term loading of the selected section of the monolithic reinforced concrete slab involved three stages. The first two stages of loading were carried out step by step, with a load step of 1–2 kN/m2 and a time delay until the arrows of the deflection gauges stopped. The maximum load on the slab was 5 kN/m2. The maximum deflection was recorded for point 2 (conventional centre of the tank) and was equal to 1.27 mm. The third stage of slab loading proceeded by analogy with the previous two. The maximum load on the slab was 8 kN/m2. The maximum deflection was recorded for point 2 and equalled 1.57 mm. After completing the stepped loading, the water tank was left on the slab to track vertical deflections for 32 days. The study experimentally established that the displacement of the examined slab in the span and support zones under increased load did not exceed the normative values. We carried out numerical verification using finite-element modelling followed by calculations in a linear and non-linear model. The theoretical and experimental calculation results showed a qualitative and quantitative data match (the difference did not exceed 15–20%). The nature of the change in the deflections remained practically linear and closely correlated with the experimental data (the values of the maximum deflections were equal to 1.16 and 1.57 mm, respectively, which was less than the maximum allowable deflection of 30 mm). Based on the results of the comprehensive study, we have made proposals for further safe operation of the investigated slab system through the use of lightweight floor elements (lighter filling, reduction of screed thickness, and others) to limit the total load on the overlapping to 10 kN/m2 (taking into account dead weight of the slab, load from floor structure and partitions, load from people and various types of construction and other equipment). Keywords: hydrostatic loading, testing, concrete, calculation, deflection, modelling.

Research degradation of construction and building materials with use of vibration processes

Existing civil engineering structures, especially masonry structures are subjected to heavy loads dynamic, well reflected vibration in the generated processes. These vibrations can affect the condition of the works by reducing the comfort of people working there, as they can reach the level of endangering the safety of the structure. The effect of vibration on the structure manifests itself mainly as an additional stress in the present section, which add to the stress of static loads. In addition, there is often of the effects of climate-related environment, with fatigue - dynamize destruction of the object. Dynamic loads can cause devastating effects in buildings of various types of construction or lead to catastrophic destruction.
 This article presents a modern methodology for non-invasive testing of masonry structures using vibration processes. Here is shown the possibility of using modal analysis methods to assess the state of destruction elements and masonry using the process of vibration and vibration measurement. This is a new approach, using innovative research methods supported by information technologies, to examine the suitability of building materials, and the conditions for the construction of a diagnostic agent.

Application of borehole cameras in the field of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology

The use of borehole cameras in Bulgaria is increasingly used in hydrogeology and engineering geology. The resulting photographs and movies contribute to solving problems related to the study and assessment of the condition of water supply wells, as well as to obtain a clear picture on the assessment of rock massifs for their suitability for various types of construction. Borehole cameras on the territory of our country are more widely used in the field of hydrogeology compared to engineering geology. The purpose of this article is to present the possible applications of this technology, which has been improved over the years, for the study of rock massifs in their study for various infrastructure objects. Also. to shed light on the benefits of using boreholes in surveying the various water sources.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Agregat Kasar dan Metode Pemanasan Styrofoam Terhadap Beton Ringan

Concrete is a construction material that is widely used in various types of construction. One of the disadvantages of concrete is that its specific gravity is quite high, thus giving a big dead load on the structure. An alternative to overcome this weakness is using lightweight concrete. Therefore, in this study, lightweight concrete will be made with heated styrofoam. The styrofoam used is expanded polystyrene (EPS) type with a grain size of 4-5 mm. Heating of styrofoam the was done at 100°C for 15 minutes and 100°C for 25 minutes. The objective of this study is to evaluate the compressive strength and specific gravity of lightweight concrete using heated styrofoam material with different heating methods and the use of coarse aggregate in the lightweight concrete. Test sample in this study used heated styrofoam as 100% coarse aggregate replacement and 75% coarse aggregate replacement, while the remaining 25% uses coarse aggregate with a maximum grain size of 19.05 mm. To improve workability, a superplasticizer of 0.9% by weight of cement was used. The results of compressive test showed that the optimum value of compressive strength testing of 11.24 MPa in lightweight concrete with coarse aggregate and heated styroforom with the heating for 25 minutes at a temperature of 100°C. The concrete strength was classified into lightweight concrete lightweight structure. The specific gravity of the concrete is 1.578.38 kg/m3, which was classified into lightweight concrete based on SNI 03-3449-2002.

Mechanical properties of fine-grained carbonate concretes with a complex additive, including fine limestone filler and superplasticizer

The stress-strain properties of fine-grained carbonate concretes, despite the fact that they have proven themselves well in various types of construction, have not been studied to the same extent as the deformation and strength properties of traditional heavy concrete. The object of the study is to find ways to improve the physical and mechanical properties of fine-grained carbonate concretes by using a mineral complex additive consisting of a finely dispersed limestone filler and a superplasticizer in the composition of concrete. The relationship between the ultimate values of strength characteristics (cubic strength) and crack-initiating stresses and deformations for conventional and carbonate fine-grained concrete compositions were analyzed. Through the damping mechanism of the cracking process in concrete, due to the joint work of a superplasticizer and a carbonate microdisperse filler a composition of carbonate fine-grained concrete was obtained, capable of resisting static and dynamic loads, with a dense structure and increased reliability and durability.

NUMERICAL METHOD FOR ASSESSING EFFICIENCY OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERTOR INTEGRATED INTO COASTAL PROTECTION STRUCTURES

The use of wave energy by converting it into electricity depends on the efficiency of wave energy converters, which are negatively affected by marine factors. Many design flaws can be eliminated at the stage of design and testing of devices by using its numerical models based on the application of the hydrodynamic theory of propagation and interaction of waves with marine structures. The use of the modern computational methods of hydrodynamics to determine the influence of some design factors of wave energy converters incorporated into a submerged breakwater is considered in the paper. The results of numerical studies showed that if a submerged breakwater is located in the wave stream and with a transducer installed on its crest, there is a change in flow velocities and pressure in the transducer chamber, which affects the efficiency of energy extraction. Additional advantages arise as a result of the introduction of a complex structure with coastal protection and power supply functions. The obtained calculation results visualize the qualitative indicator of the influence of the design factors of the converter. Additional conclusions can be obtained by processing the numerical results. As a result of numerical experiments conducted with using REEF3D CFD computer system, the measures for selecting the parameters of the converters were proposed based on mathematical modeling of specific structures. The research related to the determination of the mechanisms of wave energy transformation when interacting with coastal protection elements focused on increasing the efficiency of the convertor by locating in deeper water, which includes detailed testing, investigations and improvement of various types of constructions, is carried out on the computing and laboratory base of Institute of Hydromechanics.

Glass powder mortar – A study on alkali-silica reaction and environmental impact

Reuse and recycling of generated waste is a crucial step in achieving sustainability in the construction sector. Among various types of construction and demolition wastes, the amount of waste glass is huge, which can be recycled and reused as a partial substitute of cement. The alkalis present in the cement reacts with reactive silica content in the recycled glass and deteriorates the concrete by undergoing expansion induced by alkali-silica reaction. In this study, alkali-silica reaction of a mortar bar is tested to analyze the effect of glass powder used as a substitute of silica powder. Two different colors of glass powder blue and green were used in the study and compared with the reference mix consisting of silica powder (which is a substitute for cement by 27%). The result shows that on replacing 100% of silica powder by glass powder the expansion induced by alkali-silica reaction reduces. Along with finding the durability properties, the benefits and impacts of waste glass on the environment becomes an important aspect. To understand the consequence of waste glass powder on the environment, life cycle assessment is conducted. The result shows that glass powder has lower environmental impact in comparison with silica powder.

Analysis of FSW and TIG Aluminium 5052 Welded Joint Strength Due to The Effect of Working Temperature

Aluminium 5052 on ships can be used in LNG tanks, heat exchangers, bulkheads, and superstructures. Its characteristics that can be used in various types of construction in ships cause aluminium 5052 to meet various temperature conditions. The purpose of this research is to find out the strength of the FSW and TIG aluminium 5052 welded joints due to the effect of working temperature. The methods used are impact test and bending test of aluminium 5052 specimens immersed in liquid nitrogen at -160 0 C and heated in oven at 166 0 C. The average impact value of raw materials, FSW specimens, and TIG specimens immersed in liquid nitrogen at -160 0 C are 1.22 J/mm 2 , 0.2195 J/mm 2 , and 0.0663 J/mm 2 , respectively. The average impact value of raw materials, FSW specimens, and TIG specimens heated in an oven at 166 0 C are 1.3403 J/mm 2 , 0.1395 J/mm 2 , and 0.0870 J/mm 2 , respectively. The average bending stress of raw materials, FSW specimens, and TIG specimens immersed in liquid nitrogen at -160 0 C are 394.70 MPa, 85.82 MPa, and 299.49 MPa, respectively. The average bending stress of raw materials, FSW specimens, and TIG specimens heated in an oven at 166 0 C are 400.45 MPa, 148.58 MPa, and 318.55 MPa, respectively. Weld discontinuity observations shows that all raw material specimens do not have open discontinuities exceeding 3 mm, all FSW specimens have open discontinuities exceeding 3 mm, and TIG specimens shows varied results. The conclusion of this study shows that aluminium 5052 is a material that is resistant to temperature changes and is able to maintain its strength at various temperature conditions because aluminium is an FCC (Face Centered Cubic) material.

Improvement of concrete and building mortar technology using secondary mineral resources

Purpose. Improving the technology of concretes on the basis of secondary mineral resources (waste foundry sand of metallurgical and machine-building industry, ash-and-slag mixes of thermal power plants). Methodology. Generally accepted standard methods in the study of the basic properties of raw materials, concrete mixes and concretes are used in the work. The samples were moulded using specially made laboratory vacuum equipment. Findings. The study results on the main properties of concretes on the basis of secondary mineral resources confirmed the effectiveness of vibrovacuum technology. For example, the strength of ash-and-slag vacuum concrete is on average higher than the strength of vibrocompacted concrete from a mobile concrete mix by 610 MPa or by 60100% (depending on the cement consumption). Also, high-quality concretes with moderate cement consumption for various types of construction are obtained on the basis of waste foundry sand. Originality. Scientific and technical bases of the technology of vibrovacuum concrete on the basis of waste foundry sand and ash-and-slag mixes were developed. Practical value. Through the development of the technology of vibrovacuum products based on secondary mineral resources concrete, high-quality concretes (increased strength, frost resistance, etc.) were obtained for road and other types of construction. This technology allows applying the existing technological equipment without fundamental design changes, carrying out immediate dismantling of moulded products, which significantly reduces the metal consumption of the technology.

A Linguistic Study of Topicalisation in Selected USA Newspapers: North Korea Nuclear Weapon as a Case Study

This research focuses on surveying Topcalisation phenomenon in political texts, and investigating the utilizations of its types. It aims to inspect Topicalisation in construing various types of constructions in the texts of political discourse and display how this phenomenon can construe non-canonical and complex sentences' structures. To achieve these goals, Verma’s division (1976) of Topicalization types is adopted as a model of analysis. Additionally, Quirk et.al (1985) is adopted as a complementary modal. The data of the present study are 17 selected political editorials that are chosen in a random way from three of the most famous American newspapers: The Washington Post, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal. According to Verma’s division, Topicalisaion types are divided into four basic types: passivization, pseudo-cleft, Cleft, and Extraposition. The study hypothesized that: Topicalisation transforms the syntactic construction of simple sentences into complex one, still it is utilized in political editorials in order to grant prominence to specific sentences' items to grab the attention of readers and convince him or her in a specific point of view. Cleft, which offers a highly levels of flexibility by drawing two or more sentences from a simple ones, is utilized heavily in political editorials. From a syntactic perspective, topicalisation supplies diverse syntactic structures, which have rhetorical effective. From a semantic perspective, It clarifies and unambiguously expresses the desired meaning. Data analysis has displayed that Topicalisation provides editorialists with various syntactic constructions for various purposes, involving pique the reader's interest and try to persuade him in a particular view. It has shown that passivization has been the most dominant type used in political discourse. In addition, the analysis has shown that syntactic and semantic aspects of Topicalisation phenomenon produce sentences with effective constructions and unambiguous meaning. The study comes up with the conclusion that Topicalisation has various structures which can serve various purposes. For example, when New piece of information appears at the beginning of the sentence, passivization process can be utilized to reorganize the sentence in order to agree with Given-New principle via postponing it.

Американский беби‐бум и советский пионерский лагерь: враги и «скрытая угроза» в детском кино СССР и США 1930–1960‐х

In the article the evolution of the image of the enemy in two cinemas is examined on the material of the Soviet and North American children’s and family films of 1936–1966 years in the following areas: representations of images of a political enemy in the movie, the critics of the axiological analysis of the discourse of a hostile culture, representation of the axiological discourse of their own culture. The analysis of publications on the topic is carried out and the concepts of “children’s cinema” and “family cinema” are clarified. The article reveals various types of construction in feature films for young audience of the “hidden threat” of the Cold War period. Based on the analysis of antagonist markers, archival materials and iconographic analysis of the films, the author identifies various modifications of the image of the enemy in children’s cinema. The article records the loss of interest in clichés by the mid-1960s. However, at the same time, the phenomenon of the spy film for the young audience in the USSR is of special interest, in particular, the militaristic aspect of the image of the internal and external enemy. In addition, the author focuses on the ways of constructing the space of childhood in two cinematographies, the social and cultural context, in particular, the role of social institutions and the family, the representation of social problems in different genres of children’s film. The author reveals that the evolution of the border violation motive in children’s films is associated with the peculiarities of the foreign policy of both countries, which also characterizes the interest in the cultural heritage of other peoples, cultural codes and formulas developed in literature and popular culture.

Ways to Increase the Efficiency of Thermopressiometry

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to identify the ways to increase the efficiency of engineering research, based on the significant amount of exploration work required in the creation of modern man-made objects, taking into account the shortcomings of existing instruments and equipment used to measure soil stress, and in relation to the need to improve the design of thermopressiometers, which are aimed to facilitate the study of frozen soils. Methodology. The ways to improve the blade thermopressiometer for the study of frozen soils with different aggregates were selected by the comparative-analytical method and the method of analogy. Thawing depth, absolute soil sediment, deformation modulus etc. were determined by thermal-technical calculations. Findings. The application issues of concern of the existing thermopressiometers (limited research of soils of a certain type, complexity and insufficient accuracy of readings) identified can be overcome by the proposed improved design of a blade thermopressiometer for testing frozen sandy-clay soils. It is based on the improved heating circuit, the applicationd of quality materials and changing the form of the blades and body. The device is intented for use on permafrost and natural frozen soils of the world, including Ukraine. Originality. For the first time we offered a model of an advanced thermopressiometer with an improved body shape made of high-quality corrosion-resistant materials, including non-metallic ones. It has the reduced number of blades to one retractable sector blade-stamp (square or round) and one heating blade-stamp. A special probe design with mechanical/hydraulical sensor drive with a thermocouple (or with two fork probes to improve the measurements) was proposed. It was also recommended to introduce an electric conductive system designed for thawed soils, with a rod for measuring the retractable blade-stamp. The possibility of using a thermopressiometer during the study of seasonally frozen soils is established. Practical value. Improving the device model should facilitate its application in engineering and geological research for various types of construction, including transport, hydraulic engineering, which use the methods of deep freezing of weak and unstable soils.

Soft robotic fabric design, fabrication, and thermoregulation evaluation

Usually, traditional insulation materials have a constant thermal resistance value that cannot change within the ambient temperature and will decrease as ambient humidity or external stress increases. Humans heavily rely on heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to meet the thermal comfort requirements of their bodies, giving rise to energy waste and global warming. As an infinitely available natural resource, air is one of the most efficient thermal retaining substances known to science. Inspired by soft pneumatic robotics, we propose an architecture for air-driven thermoregulation fabrics called soft robotic fabrics (SRF). By changing the thickness of trapped air layer in fabric system through SRF, wearers could modify garments’ thermal insulation performance. A fabrication method is introduced to rapidly manufacture low-cost pneumatic structures using various types of construction and dimensions. With excellent ductility, elasticity, and compression resistance, the thickness of SRF increases by 12 times or more after inflation, and the fabric even can lift an object 270 times heavier than its weight. The excellent deformability can effectively increase stable air layer between clothing and skin. Based on the Predicted Mean Vote–Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied model, the thermoregulation capability of SRF helps HVAC expand the temperature setpoint range by 3–8 times when compared with traditional fabrics, and has far-reaching significance in saving energy.

Analysis of measuring apparatus errors using the FAM-C and FDM-A methods

Abstract The article discusses the errors of the electronic measuring apparatus built at AFIT using the FAM-C and FDM-A methods, dedicated to monitoring the technical condition of aircraft power units. The basic components and variants of the use of the built electronic apparatus are presented: the optimization of the selection of construction parameters and the change of the error level in the selection of various types of construction of a given system. The influence of external factors on errors of the measuring system was also described, including changes in the amplitude of the electrical power generator output signal and the influence of the carrier frequency depending on the phase configuration of the measuring system. The method of comprehensive checking of electronic measuring equipment for FAM-C and FDM-A methods in laboratory conditions was presented.

FEATURES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THERMOMODERNIZATION PROJECTS

Organizational bases for the preparation and implementation of thermal modernization projects are defined by separate legislative acts and regulations, but they do not take into account certain features. Despite the sufficient number of publications on the solution of certain issues related to the thermal modernization of existing and new facilities, further research is needed in the organization and management of the processes of thermal modernization of existing facilities. As we have defined in previous publications, thermal modernization can be carried out during various types of construction - reconstruction, overhaul, technical re-equipment, but in contrast to these types of construction can be carried out without relocation of residents or suspension of operation of other facilities. time of construction works or its parts (provided they are autonomous). One of the first stages of thermal modernization is the inspection of the technical condition of the object, which determines the list of measures necessary to restore its normal serviceability. Significant costs for these measures may lead to the rejection of the idea of thermal modernization or the involvement of other than cost savings for energy consumption of the facility. The current regulations provide for the inspection of the building before or during the energy audit, but does not explicitly state that the development of thermal modernization measures should take into account the measures developed at the stage of technical inspection, as they have a constructive and technological impact. combined into a single integrated project. The article presents the procedure for organizing the preparation of the thermal modernization project is presented. The organization of preparation of projects to improve energy efficiency should primarily ensure the reliability of calculations of environmental and economic efficiency of the project, depending on the reliability of technical data and calculations collected and identified at different stages of its preparation depending on systematization and their consistent collection.

Large direct shear testing to evaluate the interaction behaviour of murrum soil and geosynthetics for the reinforced soil construction

Soil is being considered to be a natural resource as a construction material. At few circumstances, it exhibits poor performance due to inadequate engineering properties. In this regard, many researchers have been making constant endeavours to put forth innovative ideas to make the soil to function as per the requirement. These research works are effective in suggesting new techniques to improve its properties to make poor soils suitable for various types of constructions. The ‘Reinforced Soil’ technique was first conceived by Henry Vidal in 1966. It is considered to be a cost effective solution in the field of construction. The simple mechanism of reinforced soil and economy in cost of construction and less time for project implementation has made it an instant success. The technique is well appreciated by many researchers and field engineers alike for ease of making a variety of temporary as well as permanent structures. Further, with the advent of new reinforcing materials such as geosynthetics, there has been increasing usage of application of this technique for various types of infrastructure facilities. Soil–reinforcement interaction is one the governing factors in the design of reinforced soil structures. This interaction between soil and geosynthetic materials is influenced by interfacial frictional forces developed between soil and geosynthetic material. In this paper an attempt was made to investigate the effectiveness of three different types of reinforcing materials viz., woven geotextile, non–woven geotextile and geogrid by taking into consideration of the interfacial frictional forces developed with individually with murrum soil. A laboratory study was undertaken with large direct shear box to evaluate interaction behaviour and the development of interfacial frictional forces by considering shear stress. The experimental study could offer a probable solution for relative performance of three different types of geosynthetic reinforcement with varied tensile strength in terms of the shear stress parameters.

Înterpretare versus construcție în dreptul penal

In the present study, I will discuss the distinction between interpretation and construction in the context of criminal law. To that end, in the first part of the study I will elaborate the distinction in question by presenting in contrast the characteristics of interpretation and construction. Thus, I will distinguish between interpretation as a process of identifying the linguistic meaning of the legal norm and construction as a process aimed at the transformation of that linguistic meaning into legal content. Regarding the aforementioned distinction, I will conclude that interpretation is value neutral whereas construction involves the implementation of different values when offering a legal content to the interpreted norm. In the second part of the study, I will present the main situations in which the construction of legal norms is necessary, using examples of criminal law provisions to illustrate various types of construction. At the end of the study, I will relate the distinction between interpretation and construction to the methods of statutory interpretation, which will lead to the conclusion that only the literal method of interpretation constitutes a tool specific for interpretation, in a restrictive sense. The historical, logical, systematic and purposive methods are actually tools specific for construction. At the same time, I will underline that construction has the nature of a secondary process of rule creation carried out by the interpreter.

İKİ ODA ARASINDAN YÖNETİM MERKEZİNE: BİR MİMARLIK TERİMİ OLARAK “MȂBEYN”

Mimarlığın temel konularından olan mekânın anlamı, kişilerin kullanımı ve algılama biçimi ile farklılaşır. Söz konusu farklılıklar sebebiyle var olan mekân zaman içinde dönüşerek farklı biçimlerde karşımıza çıkabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada kelime anlamı iki şeyin arası olan “mâbeyn” sözcüğünün bir mimarlık terimi olarak ekonomik, siyasi, sosyal ve kültürel faktörlerden etkilenerek mekânsal kullanım biçiminin değişiminin terimin anlam çeşitliliğine verdiği katkılar incelenmiştir. Osmanlı’da konut, köşk, konak ve saraydaki durumu değerlendirilen ve üç önemli saray yapısında da kullanımlarının izi sürülebilen mabeynin kullanım çeşitliliği bazı veriler sunmaktadır. Bir mekân olarak mabeynin konuttaki kullanımlarından yola çıkılarak saray yapılarındaki konumu ve bir yapıya dönüşmesine ilişkin süreç, çeşitli yapı türleri üzerinden değerlendirilerek, terimin zaman içindeki anlamsal katmanlaşması ve sözlüklerin dışında yer alan tanımları makalede ele alınmıştır.

Organic Matter Removal and Membrane Fouling Control of Secondary Effluents Using a Combined Nanofiltration Process

For cities and various types of constructions, the recycling and reuse of wastewater can be an important and unconventional water source. However, water quality must meet relevant standards, especially with respect to organic matter. In this study, secondary effluents from a large sewage plant in a northern city in China were analyzed. The removal efficiencies for soluble organic matter and the characteristics of nanofiltration (NF) membrane fouling of UV-TiO2 photocatalysis and GAC adsorption were studied, and a combined UV-TiO2/GAC/NF process was developed. The removal of organic matter and the controlling effect of membrane fouling in the combined UV-TiO2/GAC/NF process was evaluated. The types and molecular weights of organic matter, which influenced the degree of membrane fouling, were analyzed. The results indicated that both the UV-TiO2 and GAC techniques can alleviate irreversible NF membrane fouling and reduce the attenuation rate of membrane flux to some extent. Compared to individual UV-TiO2 or GAC processes, the degree of irreversible membrane fouling in the combined UV-TiO2/GAC process was reduced by 48.7% and 61.4%, respectively. Protein-like and humus-like components were dominant in the irreversible membrane fouling, and organic components with relative molecular mass of less than 3×103 and between 30×103 and 100×103 were dominant in causing a decrease in NF membrane flux. Organic content was efficiently removed using UV-TiO2/GAC/NF combined process, achieving a removal rate for COD, DOC, and UV254 of 45.7%, 74.5%, and 89.2%, respectively. This study provides technical support for the advanced treatment and multi-path reuse of unconventional water sources for cities and various types of constructions.

ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ РОБОТИ СПОРУД З ҐРУНТОВИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ, ПІДСИЛЕНИХ ГЕОРЕШІТКАМИ, З ВРАХУВАННЯМ СЕЙСМІЧНИХ ВПЛИВІВ

В статті розглянуто застосування синтетичних матеріалів, які представлені геотекстилем, геосітками, геомембранами, геокомпозитами та георешітками, що використовуються в різних сферах будівництва. Особливу увагу приділено георешіткам, особливостям їх роботи та використання як армуючих елементів в спорудах з ґрунтових матеріалів різноманітного призначення, в різних галузях народного господарства. Обґрунтовано ефективність та надійність їх роботи, включаючи роботу в сейсмічних регіонах. Головна мета застосування георешіток – підвищення міцності і надійності конструкції, її експлуатаційних показників, особливо в умовах сейсмічних впливів. Представлені розрахунки армованих споруд з ґрунту, які виконуються в два етапи: етап 1 включає розрахунок загальної (зовнішньої) стійкості споруди, при якому визначаються габаритні розміри споруди з армованого ґрунту та довжина георешіток. Етап 2стосується розрахунку на місцеву (внутрішню) стійкість (метод«подвійного клину»), при якому перевіряється міцність та вертикальний крок георешіток, міцність з’єднання георешіток з облицюванням. При влаштуванні споруд в сейсмічних районах в розрахунках стійкості враховуються сейсмічні дії. Зроблений аналіз роботи георешіток в різних спорудах, особливо при підсиленні ними споруд з ґрунтових матеріалів, а також при багаточисельних натурних випробуваннях в різних умовах при сейсмічних впливах. Визначені основні сфери застосування геосинтетиків. Представлені результати натурних випробувань споруд з ґрунтових матеріалів, підсилених георешітками, в умовах сейсмічних впливів та позитивний довід їх експлуатації в багатьох сейсмічних регіонах різних країн, які можуть бути використанні при прийнятті технічних рішень з підвищення ефективності роботи таких споруд і з вибору конструктивних рішень їх захисту від сейсмічних впливів.