Various Regions Of China Research Articles

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice Patterns Relating to Sexual Dysfunction Among Urologists and Andrologists in China

Although sexual function is an indispensable part of overall human health, both male and female sexual dysfunction have been poorly addressed in China. To explore the self-reported knowledge, attitudes, and practice patterns related to sexual dysfunction among urologists and andrologists in China. This survey study enrolled urologists and andrologists from various regions in China. Urologists and andrologists from 100 selected medical centers were invited to participate in the survey. Responses from eligible urologists and andrologists were analyzed from July 20 to 30, 2022. The primary outcomes were the respondents' basic characteristics and knowledge, attitudes, and practice patterns related to sexual dysfunction for both male and female patients. Among 1687 urologists and andrologists (749 [98.7%] male; 375 participants [49.4%] aged 36-50 years) invited to participate, 759 were eligible, with 395 participants (52.0%) determined to have passing knowledge on diagnosis and treatment for male and female sexual dysfunction (defined as a score of 6 or more points) and 523 participants (68.9%) responding with positive attitudes, including interested in providing sex counseling and managing sexual issues for male and female patients. Moreover, of 395 individuals with passing knowledge, 289 participants (73.2%) were interested in providing sex counseling or sexual function care to patients; 336 participants (85.1%) thought they should routinely screen the spouse for sexual dysfunction when the partner was diagnosed with a sexual dysfunction. Among individuals with passing knowledge, 232 participants (58.7%) reported knowledge on the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of premature ejaculation and 162 participants (41.0%) reported knowledge on the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction, which were significantly higher than rates among 364 participants with limited knowledge (premature ejaculation: 140 participants [38.5%]; erectile dysfunction: 78 participants [21.4%]). Only a few urologists and andrologists could manage female sexual dysfunction following guidelines, although the proportions were higher in the group with passing knowledge (38 participants [9.6%]) compared with those with less knowledge (5 participants [1.4%]). Additionally, most participants felt confident to manage male sexual issues (569 participants [75.0%] reporting often or almost always), while most of them were not so confident on female sexual issues (274 participants [36.1%] reporting often or almost always), mainly due to lacking knowledge in this field (518 participants [68.2%]). The findings of this survey study suggest that urologists and andrologists in China lacked knowledge on sexual dysfunction, which in turn was associated with their attitudes and clinical practice patterns, especially for female sexual dysfunction. More training on sexual dysfunction should be undertaken to improve this situation.

An examination of the mitigation effect of vegetation restoration on regional water poverty: Based on panel data analysis of 9 provinces in the Yellow River basin of China from 1999 to 2019

Vegetation plays an important role in improving the water resource environment. Faced with the serious water poverty problem in various regions of China, whether vegetation restoration can further alleviate water poverty needs to be studied urgently. Taking 9 provinces in the Yellow River basin in China as an example, this paper first uses the framework of the existing water poverty index (WPI) to calculate the WPI of each province over the years from 1999 to 2019 and evaluate the water poverty status of each province. Later, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was used to analyze the vegetation restoration status of each area. Finally, using provincial panel data for the study area from 1999 to 2019, a comprehensive feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) model was used to analyze the impact of vegetation cover on water poverty. It was found that there was no pure linear relationship between vegetation cover and water poverty; instead, there was a significant U-shaped relationship. Moreover, the influence of vegetation cover on each component of the WPI has certain differences. This research advances knowledge on the relationship between vegetation cover and water poverty and provides ideas for effectively alleviating regional water poverty.

Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Population-Weighted PM2.5 Concentration and Its Influencing Factors in China from 2000 to 2021

The repeated occurrences of severe haze in China in recent years have drawn increased attention from the public and government departments to the impact of pollutants on public health. In order to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution patterns and risks of PM2.5 population exposure levels in various regions of China, based on population-weighted PM2.5 concentration data, spatial autocorrelation analysis and geographic detector methods are used to reveal its overall spatial and temporal evolution patterns and local variation characteristics. The specific influences and interactions of population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations in China are also studied in four dimensions: socio-economic, climatic, geographic environment and policy. Finally, projections of population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations in China from 2019 to 2021 are made based on the main influencing factors. The study shows that (1) China's population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations decreased year by year from 2000 to 2018. (2) Spatial clustering of population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations in China is evident. (3) The population-weighted PM2.5 concentration in China showed a spatially heterogeneous pattern between 2000 and 2018. (4) At the national scale, the factor with the greatest explanatory power of China's population-weighted PM2.5 concentration is the average temperature. The interactions between the factors mainly show two types of interactions: two-factor enhancement and non-linear enhancement. (5) A prediction model of China's population-weighted PM2.5 concentration was established to predict the population-weighted PM2.5 concentration from 2019 to 2021 with high accuracy.

Research on the Practice of Art Education in Colleges for the Elderly under the Background of Aging Society

With the development of society, China is now showing the characteristics of an aging population. As a link to adult education, senior citizen education is the later stage of the development of lifelong education. Therefore, elderly education is an essential educational link for China to build a learning society and strengthen the cultivation of the ideological and cultural quality of the whole people. The continuous improvement of the elderly education work is of great significance to enrich the ideological and cultural life of the elderly and to realize the construction of a learning-oriented society. With the rapid development of the senior colleges in various regions of China, when they optimize and reform the senior education curriculum, they should strengthen art education in old teaching. Through the study of art, the elderly can not only experience a colorful life but also help to enrich their spiritual world, cultivate their sentiments, and be conducive to the development of physical and mental health. This paper takes the current social aging as the research background and explores the problems in the art education work of elderly universities. In addition, through continuous optimization of the teaching system and in-depth education reform, the feasibility of art education in colleges and universities for the elderly has been strengthened.

Permian-Triassic insect diversity revealed by fossils from China

Most of the research on Paleoentomology focuses on describing morphology and classification of one species of fossil insects. However, there is little information on the temporal diversity of insects during the Permian and Triassic periods. The end-Permian mass extinction (EPME) was the greatest biological and ecological crisis of the Phanerozoic Eon on Earth, while the pattern of recovery of terrestrial ecosystem is still unclear. In this paper, the population and distribution of insects in various regions of China before and after the fifth mass extinction were studied by counting the fossil literature data of insects from the Permian to Triassic. We found the genus diversity of the proto-orthoptera decreased after the mass extinction. The Blattoidea (cockroach) showed a brief trend of extinction after the mass extinction, but soon returned to prosperity; Hemiptera’s population was less affected by mass extinctions, with only minor fluctuations in diversity and subsequent prosperity beyond the Permian; The order Mecoptera is speculated to be an emerging species of the Triassic. Specific trend changes for the above four purposes may be affected by volcanic activity. Insect diversification can reflect changes in terrestrial ecology, providing a reliable example of changes in our current climate environment: scientists can predict the possible ecological impact of global warming through previous records, and take preventive measures to prevent the mass extinction of species again.

Blood donation in China from 2017 to 2021: A cross-sectional study

Objective: The objective of this cross-sectional study is to examine the essential demographic characteristics of blood donors in China from 2017 to 2021 and to analyze the impact of various factors on blood donation in China, including the blood donor’s attitudes towards family replacement/mutual blood donation (FRMBD) and the effects of policy changes on blood donation. Design: This study is a cross-sectional review comparing the demographic characteristics of blood donors from 2017 to 2021. Setting and participants: The study included 1164 participants who were randomly sampled across China. The data were collected by trained staff and entered into a standard electronic data framework. Results: The number of blood donations observed in China generally increased from 2017 to 2021. Among the 1164 respondents, 785 were non-blood donors and 379 were blood donors. Most people’s awareness of blood donation comes from organizations. Univariate analysis showed significant relationships between being a blood donor and being aged 30 or above ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]), being a doctor ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]), having Ph.D. degrees ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]), or being familiar with blood donation policy ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]). There was no significant difference in recognition between family FRMBD and voluntary non-remunerated blood donation (VNRBD). The study also investigated the impact of canceling FRMBD blood donation policies on the selection of blood donation methods. The results showed that the percentage of VNRBD was 57% and 41% in 2017 and 2021, respectively. This indicates that canceling FRMBD policies will not affect people’s choice for blood donation methods. Conclusions: The results of the univariate analysis showed that people over 30 years of age, those with a Ph.D. or postgraduate degree, and those with knowledge of blood donation policies were more likely to be blood donors. People’s reasons for banning the abolition of FRMBD may be due to the fact that it may not be possible to achieve an adequate supply of blood only through VNRBD. Through comparing the data of 2017 and 2021, it is found that the cancellation of the FRMBD blood donation policy will not have an impact on people’s blood donation ways, and most people agree to cancel the FRMBD. Strengths and limitations of this study Strengths: This study analyzed factors related to decisions about blood donation in various regions of China. For the first time, we analyzed changes in perceptions of blood donation and donation rates before and after the abolition of FRMBD. • This survey did not record changes in the dynamics of the number of blood donations counted over consecutive years. • The individual donor factors such as gender and regional differences in blood donation awareness and facilities, which contribute to regional differences in people’s blood donation behavior, were not investigated.

Identification of Two Novel Linear B Cell Epitopes on the CD2v Protein of African Swine Fever Virus Using Monoclonal Antibodies.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly infectious viral pathogen that endangers the global pig industry, and no effective vaccine is available thus far. The CD2v protein is a glycoprotein on the outer envelope of ASFV, which mediates the transmission of the virus in the blood and recognition of the virus serotype, playing an important role in ASFV vaccine development and disease prevention. Here, we generated two specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 6C11 and 8F12 (subtype IgG1/kappa-type), against the ASFV CD2v extracellular domain (CD2v-ex, GenBank: MK128995.1, 1-588 bp) and characterized their specificity. Peptide scanning technology was used to identify the epitopes recognized by mAbs 6C11 and 8F12. As a result, two novel B cell epitopes, 38DINGVSWN45 and 134GTNTNIY140, were defined. Amino acid sequence alignment showed that the defined epitopes were conserved in all referenced ASFV strains from various regions of China including the highly pathogenic, epidemic strain, Georgia2007/1 (NC_044959.2), with the same noted substitutions compared to the four foreign ASFV wild-type strains. This study provides important reference values for the design and development of an ASFV vaccine and useful biological materials for the functional study of the CD2v protein by deletion analysis.

Analyzing Express Revenue Spatial Association Network’s Characteristics and Effects: A Case Study of 31 Provinces in China

In recent years, China’s express delivery industry has experienced significant regional differences in income, which may endanger the sustainable development of the economy and affect the sustainable development of society. To study the development setup and influencing factors of the express delivery industry in various regions of China, based on the income data of provincial express delivery, we constructed a spatial correlation network of provincial express revenue in China using the social network analysis method and analyzed its network characteristics and evolution rules. Additionally, the relationship between network structure parameters and express revenue was tested using the spatial Durbin model. The results reveal that the spatial correlation network of China’s provincial express revenue changes from decentralization to agglomeration, and the connection between the express industry in each province is constantly strengthened. The provinces in the eastern coastal areas exhibit a higher degree of centrality and effective scale in the network, and the limit system is smaller, which indicates that these provinces have higher importance and control ability in the network. Simultaneously, a moderating effect exists between network structure parameters and express income, indicating that network structure parameters affect express income through human capital input. This study provides theoretical research and empirical support to promote the coordinated and sustainable development of the express delivery industry.

Understanding China's metro development: A comparative regional analysis

Economic growth and infrastructure development in China has appeared to be regionally imbalanced for many years during the post-reform period since 1978. The significant differences in transport infrastructure and facilities among various regions in China can be depicted as “stairs” descending gradually from the higher eastern coastal region to the lower west of China. Metro systems have been developed in both coastal and inland provinces, and they are now present in the four different economic regions of China. The findings in this paper show that the distribution of metro systems from the perspective of spatial and regional development in China tends to be mixed and diverse. Considering the length, numbers of lines and stations, there is a consistent pattern in the medians of the datasets for different regions, with no significant differences in the levels of metro development between coastal provinces and inland provinces, and among the four economic regions. However, the Eastern Region not only has the largest number of cities with extensive metro systems; it also has many prefecture-level cities and non-provincial capital cities with developed metro systems. The analysis also shows that economic and population factors are positively and significantly correlated with the scale of metro development in both coastal and inland regions, and these factors have stronger influence on the scale of metro systems in cities in the inland region compared with cities in the coastal region. In summary, the evidence suggests that the spatial and regional layouts of metro development in China are influenced by economic, population, and institutional and policy factors; the latter having an important role to play in reducing regional imbalances in metro infrastructure development.

Epidemiological trend in scarlet fever incidence in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: A time series analysis.

Over the past decade, scarlet fever has caused a relatively high economic burden in various regions of China. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are necessary because of the absence of vaccines and specific drugs. This study aimed to characterize the demographics of patients with scarlet fever, describe its spatiotemporal distribution, and explore the impact of NPIs on the disease in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. Using monthly scarlet fever data from January 2011 to December 2019, seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA), advanced innovation state-space modeling framework that combines Box-Cox transformations, Fourier series with time-varying coefficients, and autoregressive moving average error correction method (TBATS) models were developed to select the best model for comparing between the expected and actual incidence of scarlet fever in 2020. Interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) was used to explore whether NPIs have an effect on scarlet fever incidence, while the intervention effects of specific NPIs were explored using correlation analysis and ridge regression methods. From 2011 to 2017, the total number of scarlet fever cases was 400,691, with children aged 0-9 years being the main group affected. There were two annual incidence peaks (May to June and November to December). According to the best prediction model TBATS (0.002, {0, 0}, 0.801, {<12, 5>}), the number of scarlet fever cases was 72,148 and dual seasonality was no longer prominent. ITSA showed a significant effect of NPIs of a reduction in the number of scarlet fever episodes (β2 = -61526, P < 0.005), and the effect of canceling public events (c3) was the most significant (P = 0.0447). The incidence of scarlet fever during COVID-19 was lower than expected, and the total incidence decreased by 80.74% in 2020. The results of this study indicate that strict NPIs may be of potential benefit in preventing scarlet fever occurrence, especially that related to public event cancellation. However, it is still important that vaccines and drugs are available in the future.

Predicting daily global solar radiation in various climatic regions of China based on hybrid support vector machines with meta-heuristic algorithms

Accurate prediction of global solar radiation (Rs) is vital for investment decisions and solar energy distribution. In this study, three hybrid models (ACO-SVM, CS-SVM, and GWO-SVM) based on ant colony optimization (ACO), cuckoo search (CS) and grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithms were proposed to optimize support vector machine (SVM) for predicting Rs in four climate zones of China (temperate continental zone TCZ, mountain plateau zone MPZ, temperate monsoon zone TMZ, and subtropical monsoon zone SMZ). They were compared with the standalone backpropagation neural network model, decision tree, and support vector machines. The results demonstrated that among the standalone models, support vector machines performed best with the highest accuracy in Rs estimation in each climate zone of China, followed by the decision tree and backpropagation neural network models, with a coefficient of determination (R2) in 0.707–0.882, 0.694–0.881, and 0.681–0.850, respectively. In contrast, the hybrid models exhibited higher accuracy than standalone support vector machines in four climatic regions of China, with the coefficient of determination (R2) increasing by 5.361%, 5.476%, 7.382%, and 10.965%, respectively. Among hybrid models, GWO-SVM performed better than CS-SVM, and both had higher accuracy than ACO-SVM, with the coefficient of determination (R2) in 0.809–0.927, 0.804–0.926, and 0.793–0.930, respectively. Therefore, the hybrid models (ACO-SVM, CS-SVM, and GWO-SVM), especially GWO-SVM and CS-SVM, can significantly improve the accuracy for predicting Rs in various regions of China.

Research on the Fan Composition and Consumption Behaviour of CUBA and NCAA

Since China successfully hosted the CUBA China University Basketball League for the first time in 1998, China’s college basketball development has achieved breakthrough achievements. Among the major colleges and universities in all regions of the country, the CUBA league has brought Basketball, a sport full of competitive sports charm and passion, into the lives of more and more students. However, because the league has only a history of more than 20 years since its establishment, the level of basketball competition among universities in various regions in China is seriously uneven. The gap is large, and the CUBA league is still in its infancy and early development stages. The various competition systems of the league, Management approaches, and how talent is introduced and balanced still need to be improved. This paper deeply analyzes the problems existing in CUBA through specific typical case analysis methods, literature research methods, and other methods. The results show that CUBA lacks venue interiors, technology, and other hardware facilities. The league system is too chaotic and inconvenient to manage; the difference in strength between leagues at all levels and universities is too great, resulting in low fans watching the game and other issues that CUBA should learn from the NCAA. This paper also makes strategic analyses and suggestions for the CUBA league, such as adjusting the competition system, delegating power to the government, increasing the infrastructure construction of venues, and balancing the average strength of players in various colleges and universities.

Changes in Fish Assemblage Structure after Pen Culture Removal in Gehu Lake, China

The removal of the net enclosure has been used as a lake management strategy in various regions of China as ecological development is given more attention. Nevertheless, little is known about the substantive impact of this measure on fish communities in inland lakes. To this end, the fish community composition and structural features after the removal of the net enclosure in Gehu Lake were explored and evaluated in this study from 2021 to 2022 and compared to the investigation before the net enclosure removal from 2017 to 2018. Belonging to 7 orders, 10 families, and 46 species, a total of 17,151 fish were collected, with pelagic, sedentary, and omnivorous species dominating. In comparison, the number of species increased by 10 after removal, and fish alpha diversity increased. The Index of Relative Importance (IRI) revealed that the composition of dominating species remained constant, including Coilia nasus, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and Hypophthalmichthys nobilis; Parabramis pekinensis, Megalobrama amblycephal, and Culter mongolicus were upgraded from common species to general species. Culter alburnus, Hemiculter bleekeri, and Pseudobrama simoni were downgraded from general species to common species. Elopichthys bambusa had become a common species (IRI = 109.35), which was not discovered before removal. According to the hierarchical clustering (HC) and non-metric multidimensional sequencing (NMDS), the fish community of the northern reserve was highly aggregated. As the Abundance Biomass Comparison (ABC) curve and biodiversity index indicated, the fish community structure of the whole lake was in a state of moderate anthropogenic disturbance with reduced stability, while that of the northern reserve was in a state of light anthropogenic disturbance with greater stability. The number of fish species increased in this survey compared to the period before removal, species and dominant species composition altered dramatically, and total lake stability declined. This study demonstrates that the fish diversity in Gehu Lake increased after the removal of the net enclosure. Meanwhile, the stability of the fish community structure was decreased temporarily. Lake restoration is a long-term process, and the underlying impact of the removal of the net enclosure still requires continuous monitoring and further studies.

Potential of residential building integrated photovoltaic systems in different regions of China

Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) is a promising solution for providing building energy and realizing net-zero energy buildings. Based on the developed mathematical model, this paper assesses the solar irradiation resources and BIPV potential of residential buildings in different climate zones of China. It is found that roofs are the first choice for BIPV installation, followed by south façades, especially in high-latitude cities, and then east and west facades. North façades could be recommended in some cities with frequent clouds. The photovoltaic (PV) contribution of a combined rooftop and south façade BIPV system to building energy is highlighted, where the PV covers 50 % of the roof and 40 % of the south façade area. The system can meet the net load of a 4, 8, 7, 6, 4, and 4-storey building in Harbin, Urumqi, Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu, and Guangzhou, respectively. In areas with sufficient irradiation and low demand, such as Lhasa and Kunming, the proposed system is most likely to achieve net-zero energy consumption in high-rise residential buildings. Different from previous study, this study proposes a comprehensive research framework for assessing the potential of residential BIPV system in various regions of China, considering partial shading effects. Since many provinces have issued relevant policies to promote distributed PVs, the findings can provide guidance for BIPV deployment in China.

An empirical study on the moderating effect of environmental audit on the impact of economic development and ecological environment.

Environmental audit is a new thing. As an important part of national audit, it is an important environmental governance supervision and control mechanism in China, but what is the macro environmental governance effect of environmental audit? Can environmental audit promote regional pollution control? Does environmental audit play a role in regulating the effect of environmental pollution control on the basis of economic development? The research on these issues has great practical and theoretical significance. Through questionnaire, 217 valid data were finally obtained as research samples. Using correlation analysis, partial correlation analysis, full regression, and stepwise regression analysis, on the basis of testing the explanatory power of economic development and environmental audit on ecological environment quality, the paper further tested the impact of the interactive multiplier of environmental audit and economic development on ecological environment quality. The study found that: not only do economic development and environmental auditing each have a significant positive correlation on the quality of the ecological environment; moreover, economic development and environmental auditing interact with each other to influence the ecological environment, and the degree of correlation and influence of environmental auditing on the ecological environment is greater than the degree of correlation and influence of economic development on the ecological environment. Environmental auditing has a significant positive moderating effect on economic development in the process of improving ecological and environmental quality, and on the basis of economic development, environmental auditing by the government has a more significant effect on the improvement of ecological and environmental quality. Studying this problem is not only conducive to guiding the government audit department to take on the role in the ecological environment governance, but also to more effectively control the environmental pollution problem, realizing the cooperation and mutual penetration of the role of government environmental audit in economic development and ecological environment protection policies. It provides reference for future empirical research using micro survey data, and also provides policy suggestions for economic construction, environmental audit, and ecological environment governance in various regions of China, and provides empirical evidence support for contingency theory.

The optimization research on the coupled of active and passive energy supplying in public institutions in China

The building sector is one of the largest energy user and carbon emitters globally. To increase the utilization rate of renewable energy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, the optimal technical scheme of active public institutions and coupled utilization of renewable energy is studied. In this study, the energy consumption of three types of public institutions in various regions of China was simulated by using DeST building energy consumption software, combined with energy conversion efficiency and data released by the National Bureau of Statistics, and the total energy demand and total energy supply of public institutions were predicted using the load density method. Based on the coupling mechanism of the MARKAL model, the optimal proportion of renewable energy in the energy supply of public buildings in different regions is determined. Through the study of the number of public institutions in various regions of China, energy consumption characteristics, construction area, and other related data, the reverse energy flow method is creatively proposed, and the active and renewable energy coupling algorithm from the energy demand side of public institutions to the energy supply side is established. The results show that the central region has the highest utilization rate of renewable energy in the public sector, reaching 36.18%. The use of renewable energy in public buildings in hot summer and warm winter zones decreased to 35.08%, and it was 12.82% in cold zones. By 2025, the proportion of renewable energy resources in China is expected to reach 29.2%. The energy coupling model and algorithm constructed in this paper can provide a basis for the coupling macro configuration of renewable energy in public institutions in China.

A survey study of Chinese adolescents' mental and interpersonal quality: Evidence from COVID-19 pandemic.

Since 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic, as a global public health emergency, has led to stringency measures (such as lockdown) of various degrees worldwide. As these measures such as social distancing measures and mandatory lockdown are intended to minimize social mobility, they have exerted remarkable impact on individuals' mental health, particularly, adolescents and children. The mental health problems caused include fear, anxiety, sense of isolation and development of more maladaptive behaviors due to prolonged lockdown and restricted interpersonal contact. However, well adaption status and stable interpersonal relationships play an important role in maintaining and promoting the mental health of adolescents and children. This study aims to gain a new sight of understanding of the mental health quality of Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic in terms of adaptation and interpersonal quality. The study is based on a survey on a total of 7,318 junior and senior high school students aged 12-18 years in various regions of China, and intended to examine the differences in adolescent mental health quality by sociodemographic variables such as gender, grade, urban and rural areas, only child, and parental education level. Our study finds that Chinese adolescents show an overall good adaptation and interpersonal quality during the lockdown. However there exists disparity across different categories in developmental patterns of adaptation and interpersonal quality. In addition, good family environment, moderate financial and emotional support, higher parental education level, etc. contribute to the cultivation and improvement of adolescents' mental health quality. Finally, we suggest that the government and researchers should pay more attention to adolescents' mental health issues in terms of adaption status and interpersonal relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for disadvantaged social groups such as girls, younger students, and low-income family students.

Integrated Spatial-Temporal decomposition analysis for life cycle assessment of carbon emission intensity change in various regions of China

The paper uses a Spatial-Temporal decomposition approach to production to examine the relative environmental performances of eight geographic regions of China for the period 2006–2014. The study results show that the effects of the economic and energy usage efficiency are high, and their values indicate above-average performance. In terms of the effects of carbon intensity, GDP gap, and economic efficiency, the results indicate that most regions show below-average performances. Special attention should be given to the energy use production structure and product innovation to achieve a desirable level of output and the level of technical efficiency.

Multi-scale analysis of the impacts of meteorology and emissions on PM2.5 and O3 trends at various regions in China from 2013 to 2020 3. Mechanism assessment of O3 trends by a model

A multiscale analysis of meteorological trends was carried out to investigate the impacts of the large-scale circulation types as well as the local-scale key weather elements on the complex air pollutants, i.e., PM2.5 and O3 in China. Following accompanying papers on synoptic circulation impact and key weather elements and emission contributions (Gong et al., 2022a; Gong et al., 2022b), an emission-driven Observation-based Box Model (e-OBM) was developed to study the impact mechanisms on O3 trend and quantitatively assess the effects of variation in the emissions control over 2013–2020 for Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou and Shanghai. Compared with the original OBM, the e-OBM not only improves the performance to simulate the hourly O3 peak concentration in daytime, but also reasonably reproduces the maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) O3 concentrations in the four cities. Based upon the sensitivity experiments, it is found that the meteorology is the dominant driver for the MDA8 O3 trend, contributing from about 32 % to 139 % to the variations. From the mechanistic point of view, the variations of meteorology lead to the enhancement of atmospheric oxidation capacity and the acceleration of O3 production. Further evaluation to the emission changes in four cities shows that the O3-precursors relationships of the four cities have been changed from the VOC-limited regime in 2013 to the transition regime or near-transition regime in 2020. Though the NOx/VOCs ratios have been obviously decreased, the emission reductions up to 2020 were still not enough to mitigate O3 pollution in these cities. It is emphasized in this study that the strengthened control measures with maintaining a certain ratio of NOx and VOCs should be implemented to further curb the increasing trend of O3 in urban areas.

Influence Mechanism of Different Environmental Regulations on Carbon Emission Efficiency.

The rational use of environmental regulation tools has become an important means by which to improve the efficiency of carbon emissions. Different types of environmental regulations and their combinations have different impacts on carbon emission efficiency. In order to determine the environmental regulation configurations that may achieve high carbon emission efficiency or lead to low carbon emission efficiency, we constructed an analytical framework of connections between environmental regulation configurations and carbon emission efficiency. Moreover, 30 Chinese provinces from the period covering 2016 to 2019 were selected as research cases. In addition, the super slacks-based measure of efficiency (SE-SBM) model was applied to evaluate carbon emission efficiency. Finally, the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method was employed to analyze the impact of different environmental regulation configurations on carbon emission efficiency. The results showed that the carbon emission efficiency of various regions of China is generally low (with most regions not having reached an effective level) and that there are large regional differences. We found that there are four environmental regulation configurations that can achieve high carbon emission efficiency and two environmental regulation configurations that lead to low carbon emission efficiency. Based on these configurations, we draw three conclusions: (1) There are three paths to achieving high carbon emission efficiency: one that values command-and-control environmental regulation but disfavors market-incentive environmental regulation, another that combines command-and-control environmental regulation with market-incentive environmental regulation, and a third that couples command-and-control environmental regulation with voluntary environmental regulation. (2) Two paths that may lead to low carbon emission efficiency were established: excessive penalties and the lack of specific measures. (3) In some conditions, environmental governance investment and fiscal expenditure could be substituted for each other; environmental protection administrative penalties and pollution charges are synchronized; environmental governance investment in the promotion of carbon emission efficiency is indispensable. Policies and suggestions on how the government can use environmental regulation tools to improve carbon emission efficiency are proposed from a general coordinative perspective in the final section of this paper.