Various Regions Of China Research Articles

Research on Ozone Pollution Characteristics and Source Apportionment During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Jilin City in 2022

The increasing Ozone (O3) concentration in various regions of China has garnered significant attention, highlighting the need to understand the mechanisms of O3 formation. This study focuses on the source apportionment of O3 in Jilin City during and after the COVID-19 lockdown countermeasure, and also the influence of anthropogenic emissions on O3 concentration. The contributions of different O3 emission sources were quantified using the Weather Research and Forecasting Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model in conjunction with the Integrated Source Apportionment Method (ISAM). The results indicate a significant increase in O3 concentrations during the lockdown in Jilin City, which were particularly characterized by long-distance transportation. Transportation is identified as the primary direct source of O3 in Jilin City, with Yongji County contributing the most among the six designated regions. This study highlights variations in the causes and sources of O3 pollution among the different regions of Jilin City. Simply controlling anthropogenic emissions is inadequate for effectively managing O3 pollution and may even worsen the situation. It is more effective to focus on controlling O3’s precursors. These findings improve the understanding of O3 pollution in Jilin City and provide valuable insights for developing O3 control policies. Similarly, this research is applicable to other countries and regions.

Geographical classification of population: Analysis of amino acid in fingermark residues using UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS combined with machine learning

ObjectiveTo determine the living regions of individuals based on amino acids in fingermark residues and to establish a rapid and accurate regional classification method using machine learning. Methods: A total of 71 fingermark donors from six different provinces in various regions of China were selected. The content of 18 amino acids in their fingermarks was detected using UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS. Classification models were established using various machine learning algorithms, and the cross-validation accuracy of 72 combinations, including feature engineering, classification algorithms, and optimization algorithms, was compared. Results: UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS successfully quantified 16 amino acids. Significant differences in the relative content of amino acids were found between the fingermarks from the eastern and western regions of China, as well as among neighboring provinces. The combination of SFS+SVM+BO was identified as the optimal classification model, achieving an accuracy of 90.14%. Conclusion: The study found regional differences in the relative content of amino acids in fingermarks and established a regional classification method combining UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS and machine learning. The method developed in this study can be applied to incomplete or distorted fingermarks, and the experimental results can be directly used in police investigations. This research uncovers the multidimensional information carried by fingerprint substances, demonstrating innovation and application value. It not only saves and shortens investigation time and provides investigative leads, but also enables previously unusable physical evidence to play a role again, enhancing the profiling of suspects.

Knowledge sharing among academics in higher education: a qualitative approach

Purpose Higher education institutions are the contemporary embodiment of knowledge-intensive organizations. The role of knowledge sharing among academics in enhancing teaching, research and innovation performance cannot be overlooked. However, a paucity of studies were devoted to uncovering the influencing factors of knowledge sharing among academics in China. This study aims to dig into the factors that influence academics’ knowledge-sharing behaviors in the context of Chinese higher education. Design/methodology/approach Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 academics from universities across various regions in China by using a combination of convenience, snowball and purposive sampling methods. Thematic analysis was used where data sets were examined according to the initial categorization of factors based on a review of the literature while new factors were searched based on frequency of re-occurrence. Findings Perceived loss of power and time and effort significantly hinder knowledge sharing whereas expected self-development and association are major catalysts of knowledge sharing. The organizational climate in higher education is featured by competition and individualism, which is not conducive to knowledge sharing while affiliation and trust are essential for cultivating a pro-sharing environment. Technological tools are perceived as user-friendly and useful in facilitating knowledge sharing, but doubts were raised about the effectiveness of online knowledge sharing compared to face-to-face communication. Originality/value Deviating from the conventional quantitative approach, this study provides novelty insights on this topic by revealing some less-investigated factors of knowledge sharing among Chinese academics by taking the qualitative approach.

Matching analysis between the heating/cooling capacity of PVT heat pumps and the heating/cooling demand of residential buildings across various regions in China

PVT-HP (Photovoltaic-Thermal Heat Pump) is a novel type of energy saving technology. Existing researches on PVT-HP technology focuses only on its operating performance under some specific conditions, ignoring the matching of its energy supply capacity with the energy demand of buildings, which is very important for its engineering design and application. In this paper, the matching relationship between the heating/cooling capacity of the PVT-HP system and the heating/cooling demand of residential buildings in major cities of China has been analyzed. To achieve this goal, a novel prediction model used to calculate the heating/cooling performance of the PVT-HP system has been proposed. And the daily heating guarantee rate and daily cooling guarantee rate have been put forward to evaluate the matching relationship. Based on the evaluation indexes, the applicable matching relationship between the installed capacity of the PVT-HP system and the heating/cooling area of residential buildings has been analyzed. The result of case study shows that for the selected cities of Shenyang, Beijing and Wuhan, the heating/cooling area of residential building for PVT-HP system with installed capacity of 1hp should not exceed 17m2, 31m2 and 25m2, respectively. Further matching analysis of major cities in China shows that the PVT-HP system is more suitable for application in hot summer and cold winter zones of China, in where the suggested heating/cooling area for the PVT-HP system with installed capacity of one horse power is within the range of 30m2 to 37m2.

Dynamic Changes and Correlation Analysis of Pumpkin Quality and Physiological Indicators during Postharvest Storage

Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) is a versatile crop with strong stress resistance and promising growth potential. Widely cultivated in various regions of China, it ranks among the top crops globally in terms of both planting area and consumption. Known for its pleasant taste and high nutritional value, pumpkin pulp is rich in essential trace elements for the human body. Even after harvest, pumpkin fruit remains metabolically active, requiring its own nutrients to complete the postripening process. Failure to provide proper postharvest storage conditions can lead to excessive water loss and rapid nutrient depletion, resulting in rough, shriveled, and even rotten peel, ultimately diminishing the economic value of the pumpkin. This study aimed to investigate the changes in pumpkin quality and physiological indicators during storage to provide insights to determine optimal consumption and processing periods of pumpkins. The pumpkins were stored at a temperature of 16 ± 2 °C and 60% to 80% humidity during the experiment. The dynamic changes in fruit quality, hardness, respiration rate, malondialdehyde content, level of antioxidant enzymes, and other indicators of two pumpkin cultivars (BM5 and JQ) were assessed during storage, and the correlation among these indicators was evaluated. The results indicated a decrease in the vitamin C content and pulp hardness, whereas the superoxide dismutase and catalase contents initially increased and then decreased, and malondialdehyde and weight loss rates increased over the storage period. The weight loss rate exhibited significant positive and negative correlations with the malondialdehyde content (P < 0.01) of the two cultivars, whereas the vitamin C content showed a significant positive correlation with pulp hardness (P < 0.01). The findings indicate that optimal fruit quality was maintained within 40 days of postharvest storage. This study provides valuable insights into the selection of storable pumpkin cultivars.

Study on the spatial distribution characteristics of traditional villages and their response to the water network system in the lower yangtze river basin

Traditional villages hold significant historical and cultural value as the precious heritage of China’s agricultural civilization. Currently, against the backdrop of increasing urbanization and rapid expansion of urban construction land, the spatial patterns of traditional villages across various regions in China are being encroached upon and damaged, with protection pressures growing daily. As one of the important cradles of Chinese civilization, the Lower Yangtze River Basin (LYRB) has traditional villages closely linked with its water systems, forming a unique human-land relationship and spatial distribution pattern. However, influenced by the rapid urbanization process, the spatial patterns of traditional villages in this region also face a crisis, and the contradiction between protection and development is becoming increasingly prominent. How to balance this contradiction and ensure the reasonable protection and sustainable development of traditional villages has become an urgent issue to address. Therefore, this study focuses on the LYRB. Using ArcGIS tools and combined with mathematical analysis methods, the spatial distribution characteristics and essential influencing factors of traditional villages in this area were screened and analyzed. The objective was to examine the spatial structural relationship between traditional villages, four water system types, and nine sub-basin units, intending to reveal the unique interdependence between the water system and traditional villages in this area. This would provide scientific support for the formulation of scientific conservation strategies. The research results show that: (1) Traditional villages in The LYRB form two core clusters spatially and exhibit substantial spatial accumulation; (2) Water system characteristics are the main factors affecting the distribution of traditional villages; (3) In the LYRB, the spatial distribution of the nine sub-basins is closely related to the spatial distribution of traditional villages, resulting in typical regional spatial differentiation of traditional villages in this area. This study is based on a watershed perspective, and the results highlight the importance of the water system network in the development of traditional villages, revealing a unique spatial dependency relationship between traditional villages and the water network in the LYRB. In order to ensure the comprehensive protection of the traditional village system in this region, it is essential to adhere to the fundamental principles that govern its spatial configuration. A tripartite collaborative protection system based on the watershed should be formulated from the perspective of the overall distribution relationship between the water network and the traditional villages. This system would serve to protect the overall landscape, the water network pattern, and the traditional villages. Establishing an overall pattern view of integrating the water system network and the traditional villages is essential.

Variation of surface solar radiation components from 2016 to 2020 in China: Perspective from geostationary satellite observation with a high spatiotemporal resolution

At present, traditional satellite datasets still grapple with inadequacies in terms of capturing solar radiation with fine spatiotemporal granularity. This study utilizes the high spatiotemporal resolution of CARE data, which is developed based on geostationary satellite observations, and employs multivariate analysis techniques to conduct an in-depth investigation into the multidimensional spatiotemporal variations of different types of solar radiation across various regions in China from 2016 to 2020. In addition, the potential of solar energy resources was also assessed using cluster analysis method. The results revealed an upward trend in different components of solar radiation across most of China, with shortwave radiation exhibiting a significantly negative correlation with PM2.5 concentrations (R = −0.91, p < 0.05). This finding suggests that the increase in SWR may be attributed to the effective implementation of China's Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan. It suggests that China's endeavors to mitigate air pollution have not only resulted in improvements in national air quality but have also had an indirect positive effect on enhancing the potential for photovoltaic power generation. The assessment of solar energy resources potential indicated, with 99 % statistical confidence, that western China constitutes the core region for solar energy resources development, whereas northeastern and southeastern regions face certain constraints in solar energy resources utilization. Furthermore, we examined the specific influence of atmospheric circulation patterns on solar energy resources, uncovering that the El Niño phenomenon, by altering cloud distribution and variability, indirectly affects solar radiation intensity in specific regions. This study aids in understanding China's solar radiation variations, crucial for shaping effective energy policies towards carbon neutrality.

Evolution of policy-driven ecosystem of original innovation talents

In an era of unprecedented global challenges, the cultivation, attraction, and retention of original innovation talent have become critical determinants of national competitiveness and sustainable development. This study introduces a novel multi-agent original innovation talent ecosystem model (MOITEM) to systematically analyze the effects of different talent policies on the ecosystems of original innovation talent across various regions in China. The simulations reveal that while direct talent policies drive short-term talent growth, they often fall short of addressing the long-term needs for resource allocation and environmental optimization, thereby limiting sustained competitiveness. In contrast, indirect and combined talent policies prioritize the overall quality of the ecosystem, providing more enduring support for original innovation. Furthermore, this study explores the interactions among agents within the ecosystem and their synergistic relationships with the external environment, highlighting the necessity of targeted policy formulation and multi-agent collaboration. The findings not only elucidate the strengths and limitations of various talent policies but also offer tailored recommendations based on regional characteristics, emphasizing the importance of continuous evaluation and adaptive policy adjustment. These insights hold substantial theoretical and practical implications for the development and optimization of global policies aimed at fostering original innovation talent.

Under the context of smart agriculture: assessment of agricultural product distribution efficiency in various regions of China

Under the context of smart agriculture: assessment of agricultural product distribution efficiency in various regions of China

A fair grid connection cost-sharing model for electricity based on the random forest machine learning method

Developing countries should clarify the dedicated grid connection cost-sharing model when reforming electricity user price policy, which could be learned from developed countries’ experiences. We use the random forest method and monthly data from several developed countries or regions, including the United States and the United Kingdom in 2018–2020, to identify key features that influence decision-makers in choosing dedicated grid connection cost-sharing models and simulate the connection cost-sharing models suitable for various regions of China using provincial data. It provides experience and enlightenment for China and other developing countries to implement the connection price policy reform.

Modification of carbapenemase inhibition test and comparison of its performance with NG-Test CARBA 5 for detection of carbapenemase-producing enterobacterales.

Adequately and accurately identifying carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) is vital for selecting appropriate antimicrobial therapy and implementing effective infection control measures. This study aims to optimize the phenotypic detection method of carbapenemase for routine diagnostics in clinical microbiology laboratories. Carbapenemase genes in 2665 non-duplicate carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) clinical strains collected from various regions of China were confirmed through whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The carbapenemase inhibition test (CIT) was conducted and interpreted using different methods and breakpoints, then compared with the NG-Test CARBA 5 for carbapenemase detection. The diagnostic performance of the CIT method was optimal when the carbapenemase types were determined by comparing the inhibition zone diameters of the imipenem disc with 3-aminophenylboronic acid (APB) plus ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to those of the imipenem disc with either APB or EDTA alone, with a breakpoint of 4mm. The overall sensitivities of the current CIT, the modified CIT and NG-Test CARBA 5 were 91.4%, 94.9% and 99.9%, respectively. For detecting isolates co-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) and metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), the modified CIT method had higher sensitivity than the current method (70.0%vs. 53.3%), though this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.063). The NG-Test CARBA 5 showed excellent performance for multi-carbapenemases diagnosis, with sensitivity and specificity of 97.1% and 100%, respectively. Optimizing and standardizing the CIT method for clinical use is necessary. It has certain advantages in diagnosing multi-carbapenemase and rare carbapenemase production. However, for identifying common carbapenemase types, the NG-Test CARBA 5 demonstrated superior performance.

Validation of an AI-Powered Automated X-ray Bone Age Analyzer in Chinese Children and Adolescents: A Comparison with the Tanner-Whitehouse3 Method.

Automated bone age assessment (BAA) is of growing interest because of its accuracy and time efficiency in daily practice. In this study, we validated the clinical applicability of a commercially available artificial intelligence (AI)-powered X-ray bone age analyzer equipped with a deep learning-based automated BAA system and compared its performance with that of the Tanner-Whitehouse3 (TW-3) method. Radiographs prospectively collected from 30 centers across various regions in China, including 900 Chinese children and adolescents, were assessed independently by six doctors (three experts and three residents) and an AI analyzer for TW3 radius, ulna, and short bones (RUS) and TW3 carpal bone age. The experts' mean estimates were accepted as the gold standard. The performance of the AI analyzer was compared with that of each resident. For the estimation of TW3-RUS, the AI analyzer had a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.48 ± 0.42. The percentage of patients with an absolute error of < 1.0years was 86.78%. The MAE was significantly lower than that of rater1 (0.54 ± 0.49, P = 0.0068); however, it was not significant for rater2 (0.48 ± 0.48) or rater3 (0.49 ± 0.46). For TW3 carpal, the AI analyzer had an MAE of 0.48 ± 0.65. The percentage of patients with an absolute error of < 1.0years was 88.78%. The MAE was significantly lower than that of rater2 (0.58 ± 0.67, P = 0.0018) and numerically lower for rater 1 (0.54 ± 0.64) and rater3 (0.50 ± 0.53). These results were consistent for the subgroups according to sex, and differences between the age groups were observed. In this comprehensive validation study conducted in China, an AI-powered X-ray bone age analyzer showed accuracies that matched or exceeded those of doctor raters. This method may improve the efficiency of clinical routines by reducing reading time without compromising accuracy.

Comparative study of volatile compounds and metabolic pathways of Congou black tea from four regions based on sensory evaluation and HS-SPME/GC–MS

Black tea cultivation spans various regions in China, where the economic value of black tea significantly varies based on geographical origin. This study examined Congou black teas originating from Sichuan (SC), Zhejiang (ZJ), Jiangxi (JX), and Fujian (FJ) using headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC–MS), identifying 16 key volatile compounds (rOAV > 1). Notably, eight volatile compounds were consistently found in all Congou black teas. Employing partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) effectively discriminated between the four kinds of Congou black teas, identifying 12, 14, 11, and 11 volatile compounds as distinct markers for Sichuan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Fujian variants, respectively. Sensory analysis revealed that SC Congou black tea had a citrus, sweet and slightly almond flavor, FJ Congou black tea had floral and minty aromas, JX Congou black tea had fruity and sweet aromas, and ZJ Congou black tea had a sweet aroma and a lingering aroma of aged leaves. These distinct metabolites were found to enrich into 8 specific metabolic pathways. The study showed that there were some differences in the volatile compounds in Congou black tea from different regions, which further provided some theoretical basis for distinguishing the differences in volatile compounds and sensory properties of Congou black tea from different geographical origins in China.

A study on the differences in edible insect taxonomy groups habitually consumed by people in different regions of China

Abstract A combination of questionnaires and field research was employed to investigate the types, characteristics, preferences, and socio-cultural of insect consumption among diverse groups across various regions of China, with particular emphasis on the types and characteristics of insects consumed in different localities. Findings indicated notable differences in the edible insect preferences among populations in distinct geographical areas. The insect taxonomic groups frequently consumed in China are primarily Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, and Coleoptera – examples of such insects include locusts and domestic silkworm pupae. People in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and other regions consume bamboo worms, wasp pupae, and other insects. Insect farming, including yellow mealworms, is prominent in Shandong Province. In the three northeastern provinces, people frequently consume silkworm pupae, ants, and dragonflies. In Yunnan and Guizhou, people preferred bamboo worms and wasp pupae. Deep-frying and stir-frying emerged as the predominant cooking methods for edible insects, while newer approaches like barbecue are becoming increasingly popular. Additionally, our research highlighted that several factors, such as local customs, regional traditions, and economic conditions, shape individuals’ perspectives on edible insects.

Tracing residual patterns and microbial communities of pharmaceuticals and personal care products from 17 urban landfills leachate in China

Landfill leachate contributes significantly to the presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment, and is a crucial source of contamination. To examine the occurrence of PPCPs and microbial communities, this study comprehensively investigated the concentrations of PPCPs and the abundance of microorganisms in the leachate from 17 municipal landfills across China. Generally, Lidocaine, Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate-C11, and Triclocarban, which are closely associated with human activities, exhibited a detection frequency of 100 % in the leachate. Driven by consumer demand, analgesic and antipyretic drugs have emerged as the most prominent PPCPs in leachate (accounting for 39.9 %). Notably, the Ibuprofen peaked at 56.3 μg/L. Regarding spatial distribution, the contamination of PPCPs in leachates from the eastern regions of China was significantly higher than that in other regions, owing to the level of economic development and demographic factors. Furthermore, the 16S rRNA results revealed significant differences in microbial communities among the leachates from different areas. Although the impact of PPCPs on microbial communities may not be as significant as that of environmental factors, most positive correlations between PPCPs and microorganisms indicate their potential role in providing nutrients and creating favorable conditions for microbial growth. Overall, this research offers new perspectives on the residual features of PPCPs and the microbial community structure in leachates from various regions in China.

Disparities in Genetic Diversity Drive the Population Displacement of Two Invasive Cryptic Species of the Bemisia tabaci Complex in China.

Within the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) complex, two cryptic species, namely Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED), are important invasive pests affecting global agriculture and horticulture. They were introduced into China sequentially in the mid-1990s and around 2003, respectively. Subsequently, the latter invader MED has outcompeted the earlier invader MEAM1, becoming the dominant population in the field. Although extensive studies have explored the underlying mechanisms driving this shift, the contribution of population genetics remains notably underexplored. In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity and structure of 22 MED and 8 MEAM1 populations from various regions of China using mitochondrial DNA sequencing and microsatellite genotyping. Our results indicate low and moderate levels of genetic differentiation among geographically separate populations of MED and MEAM1, respectively. Median-joining network analysis of mtCOI gene haplotypes revealed no clear geographic structuring for either, with common haplotypes observed across provinces, although MED had more haplotypes. Comparative analyses revealed that MED presented greater genetic diversity than MEAM1 on the basis of two markers. Furthermore, analysis of molecular variance supported these findings, suggesting that while some genetic variation exists between populations, a significant amount is also present within populations. These findings reveal the population genetics of the two invasive cryptic species of the B. tabaci complex in China and suggest that the disparities in genetic diversity drive the displacement of their populations in the field. This work also provides valuable information on the genetic factors influencing the population dynamics and dominance of these invasive whitefly species.

Navigating intellectual property challenges in China: Insights from RCEP and domestic factors

AbstractIn a high‐quality economic era, China needs innovative development. Intellectual property (IP) innovation and development are the first driving forces in China. At the same time, China has signed the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership agreement (RCEP), which has had a significant impact on the development of China's IP law. Under the combination of these two factors, China's IP innovation and development environment are worth studying. This paper uses the “factor analysis method” from five dimensions, including initiatives for civic awareness, regional IP development foundation, legislative support, law enforcement measures, and judicial protection, to study the development environment of IP innovation in 31 provincial regions in China, in the past 3 years. It is found that IP development in various regions of China is insufficient in some way, and the scores of different provinces vary greatly, so it will inevitably affect the development of China's IP integrally and then affect the construction process of strong provinces and cities with intellectual property rights (IPR). The novelty of this research is its in‐depth investigation into how the RCEP and global partnerships are influencing the transformation of China's intellectual property landscape. This transformation requires legal adjustments and underscores the importance of specialized IP judge training, alignment with international norms, and regional IP progress to realize China's ambition of becoming a dominant force in intellectual property. Combined with the fact that RCEP has come into effect in China and has had a significant impact, it is necessary to develop China's IP undertaking from legislative, judicial, law enforcement, and international cooperation aspects.

Research on the marketing strategy of agricultural product community e-commerce

With the continuous progress and development of the “global e-commerce era”, China's community e-commerce of marketing environment of agricultural products is growing rapidly. At present, the level of e-commerce development in various regions of China is not balanced, resulting in farmers in many regions still lacking marketing awareness of community e-commerce. Through the analysis of the current status of China's e-commerce development of agricultural products, this study found that there are existing problems such as: the imbalance of agricultural products e-commerce development scale in various regions, the difficulty of agricultural products logistics and distribution, the uneven quality level of agricultural products, the lack of community marketing awareness among merchants, and the gap in e-commerce talents. Based on the content marketing theory, this paper draws research conclusions and puts forward suggestions for optimizing community e-commerce marketing.

Impact of China’s Digital Economy on Integrated Urban–Rural Development

This paper measures the comprehensive level of the digital economy and integrated urban–rural development across Chinese provinces from 2013 to 2022. Using a two-way fixed effects model, it explores the nonlinear relationship, regional heterogeneity, and underlying causes of how the digital economy empowers integrated urban–rural development. The study finds that: (1) The digital economy promotes integrated urban–rural development, with a quadratic polynomial regression model and threshold regressive model revealing an inverted U-shaped relationship. The turning point has not yet been reached, and the promoting relationship shows a diminishing marginal trend. (2) In terms of sub-dimensions, the strengths of the promoting effect are ranked as follows: digital infrastructure construction, industrial digitization, and digital industrialization. (3) Regionally, the digital economy’s promoting effect on integrated urban–rural development is strongest in Central China, followed by Eastern China, and weakest in Western China. The innovation and contribution of this paper lie in discovering the nonlinear impact of the digital economy on China’s integrated urban–rural development, analyzing its intrinsic driving forces and regional differences, and providing valuable references for implementing regionally differentiated development policies for the digital economy and integrated urban–rural development in various regions of China.

Shadow prices of agrochemicals in the Chinese farming sector: A convex expectile regression approach

The use of agrochemical inputs has significantly enhanced agricultural yields in China; however, their excessive utilization has also caused a range of environmental issues. This paper examines the costs associated with reducing agrochemicals by employing shadow prices, which represent the value of the marginal product of agrochemicals, to further develop cost-effective environmental policy measures for reducing their usage. To this end, the shadow prices of agrochemicals have been assessed by adopting a newly developed convex expectile regression approach and using statistical data from 31 provinces in China spanning from 2005 to 2020. Furthermore, the present study investigates the disparities between shadow prices and market prices for different agrochemicals across various regions in China. The findings suggest that the costs of reducing chemical fertilizers are higher than those of reducing pesticides and plastic films. Moreover, the results indicate that central China exhibits relatively high potential for decreasing agrochemical usage. Finally, these findings can inform the Chinese government's restructuring of producer support and environmental policy in a cost-effective way to mitigate agrochemicals use in the future. Additionally, the research method employed in this study holds potential for extension to other agrochemicals-dependent countries.